Standard conjectures on algebraic cycles

In mathematics a Yetter–Drinfeld category is a special type of braided monoidal category. It consists of modules over a Hopf algebra which satisfy some additional axioms.

Definition

Let H be a Hopf algebra over a field k. Let $\Delta$ denote the coproduct and S the antipode of H. Let V be a vector space over k. Then V is called a (left left) Yetter–Drinfeld module over H if

• $(V,{\boldsymbol {.}})$ is a left H-module, where ${\boldsymbol {.}}:H\otimes V\to V$ denotes the left action of H on V and ⊗ denotes a tensor product,
• $(V,\delta \;)$ is a left H-comodule, where $\delta :V\to H\otimes V$ denotes the left coaction of H on V,
• the maps ${\boldsymbol {.}}$ and $\delta$ satisfy the compatibility condition

$\delta (h{\boldsymbol {.}}v)=h_{(1)}v_{(-1)}S(h_{(3)})\otimes h_{(2)}{\boldsymbol {.}}v_{(0)}$ for all $h\in H,v\in V$,

where, using Sweedler notation, $(\Delta \otimes \mathrm {id} )\Delta (h)=h_{(1)}\otimes h_{(2)}\otimes h_{(3)}\in H\otimes H\otimes H$ denotes the twofold coproduct of $h\in H$, and $\delta (v)=v_{(-1)}\otimes v_{(0)}$.

Examples

• Any left H-module over a cocommutative Hopf algebra H is a Yetter–Drinfeld module with the trivial left coaction $\delta (v)=1\otimes v$.
• The trivial module $V=k\{v\}$ with $h{\boldsymbol {.}}v=\epsilon (h)v$, $\delta (v)=1\otimes v$, is a Yetter–Drinfeld module for all Hopf algebras H.
• If H is the group algebra kG of an abelian group G, then Yetter–Drinfeld modules over H are precisely the G-graded G-modules. This means that

$V=\bigoplus _{g\in G}V_{g}$,

where each $V_{g}$ is a G-submodule of V.

• More generally, if the group G is not abelian, then Yetter–Drinfeld modules over H=kG are G-modules with a G-gradation

$V=\bigoplus _{g\in G}V_{g}$, such that $g.V_{h}\subset V_{ghg^{-1}}$.

• Over the basfield $k=\mathbb {C} \;$ all finite-dimensional, irreducible/simple Yetter–Drinfeld modules over a (nonabelian) group H=kG are uniquely given through a conjugacy class $[g]\subset G\;$ together with $\chi ,X\;$ (character of) an irreducible group representation of the centralizer $Cent(g)\;$ of some representing $g\in [g]$:

  $V={\mathcal {O}}_{[g]}^{\chi }={\mathcal {O}}_{[g]}^{X}\qquad V=\bigoplus _{h\in [g]}V_{h}=\bigoplus _{h\in [g]}X$

  • As G-module take ${\mathcal {O}}_{[g]}^{\chi }$ to be the induced module of $\chi ,X\;$:

  $Ind_{Cent(g)}^{G}(\chi )=kG\otimes _{kCent(g)}X$

  (this can be proven easily not to depend on the choice of g)

  • To define the G-graduation (comodule) assign any element $t\otimes v\in kG\otimes _{kCent(g)}X=V$ to the graduation layer:

  $t\otimes v\in V_{tgt^{-1}}$

  • It is very custom to directly construct $V\;$ as direct sum of X´s and write down the G-action by choice of a specific set of representatives $t_{i}\;$ for the $Cent(g)\;$-cosets. From this approach, one often writes

  $h\otimes v\subset [g]\times X\;\;\leftrightarrow \;\;t_{i}\otimes v\in kG\otimes _{kCent(g)}X\qquad {\text{with uniquely}}\;\;h=t_{i}gt_{i}^{-1}$

  (this notation emphasizes the graduation$h\otimes v\in V_{h}$, rather than the module structure)

Braiding

Let H be a Hopf algebra with invertible antipode S, and let V, W be Yetter–Drinfeld modules over H. Then the map $c_{V,W}:V\otimes W\to W\otimes V$,

$c(v\otimes w):=v_{(-1)}{\boldsymbol {.}}w\otimes v_{(0)},$

is invertible with inverse

$c_{V,W}^{-1}(w\otimes v):=v_{(0)}\otimes S^{-1}(v_{(-1)}){\boldsymbol {.}}w.$

Further, for any three Yetter–Drinfeld modules U, V, W the map c satisfies the braid relation

$(c_{V,W}\otimes \mathrm {id} _{U})(\mathrm {id} _{V}\otimes c_{U,W})(c_{U,V}\otimes \mathrm {id} _{W})=(\mathrm {id} _{W}\otimes c_{U,V})(c_{U,W}\otimes \mathrm {id} _{V})(\mathrm {id} _{U}\otimes c_{V,W}):U\otimes V\otimes W\to W\otimes V\otimes U.$

A monoidal category ${\mathcal {C}}$ consisting of Yetter–Drinfeld modules over a Hopf algebra H with bijective antipode is called a Yetter–Drinfeld category. It is a braided monoidal category with the braiding c above. The category of Yetter–Drinfeld modules over a Hopf algebra H with bijective antipode is denoted by ${}_{H}^{H}{\mathcal {YD}}$.

References

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