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In [[mathematics]], a '''dessin d'enfant''' ([[French language|French]] for a "child's drawing", plural ''dessins d'enfant'', "child's drawings", or ''dessins d'enfants'', "children's drawings") is a type of [[graph drawing]] used to study [[Riemann surface]]s and to provide combinatorial [[Invariant (mathematics)|invariants]] for the action of the [[absolute Galois group]] of the [[rational number]]s.


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Intuitively, a dessin d'enfant is simply a [[undirected graph|graph]], with its [[vertex (graph theory)|vertices]] colored alternating black and white, [[graph embedding|embedded]] in an [[Orientability|oriented surface]] that, in many cases, is simply a [[Plane (mathematics)|plane]]. For the coloring to exist, the graph must be [[bipartite graph|bipartite]]. The faces of the embedding must be topological disks. The surface and the embedding may be described combinatorially using a [[rotation system]], a [[cyclic order]] of the edges surrounding each vertex of the graph that describes the order in which the edges would be crossed by a path that travels clockwise on the surface in a small loop around the vertex.
 
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Any dessin can provide the surface it is embedded in with a structure as a Riemann surface. It is natural to ask which Riemann surfaces arise in this way. The answer is provided by [[Belyi's theorem]], which states that the Riemann surfaces that can be described by dessins are precisely those that can be defined over the field of algebraic numbers (when considered as algebraic curves). The absolute Galois group transforms these particular curves into each other, and thereby also transforms the underlying dessins.


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For a more detailed treatment of this subject, see {{harvtxt|Schneps|1994}} or {{harvtxt|Lando|Zvonkin|2004}}.
 
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===19th century===
 
Early proto-forms of dessins d'enfants appeared as early as 1856 in the [[icosian calculus]] of [[William Rowan Hamilton]];<ref>W. R. Hamilton, Letter to John T. Graves "On the Icosian" (17 October 1856), ''Mathematical papers, Vol. III, Algebra,'' eds. H. Halberstam and R. E. Ingram, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1967, pp. 612–625. See also {{harvtxt|Jones|1995}}.</ref> in modern terms, these are [[Hamiltonian path]]s on the icosahedral graph.
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Recognizable modern dessins d'enfants and [[Belyi function]]s were used by [[Felix Klein]] in {{Harv|Klein|1879}}. Klein called these diagrams ''Linienzüge'' (German, plural of ''Linienzug'' "line-track", also used as a term for [[polygon]]); he used a white circle for the preimage of 0 and a '+' for the preimage of 1, rather than a black circle for 0 and white circle for 1 as in modern notation.{{sfnp|le Bruyn|2008}} He used these diagrams to construct an 11-fold cover of the Riemann sphere by itself, with monodromy group PSL(2,11), following earlier constructions of a 7-fold cover with monodromy PSL(2,7) connected to the [[Klein quartic]] in {{Harv|Klein|1878/1879b}} and {{Harv|Klein|1878/1879a}}. These were all related to his investigations of the geometry of the quintic equation and the group <math>A_5 \cong PSL(2,5)</math>, collected in his famous 1884/88 ''Lectures on the Icosahedron''. The three surfaces constructed in this way from these three groups were much later shown to be closely related through the phenomenon of [[ADE classification#Trinities|trinity]].


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Dessins d'enfant in their modern form were then rediscovered over a century later and named by [[Alexander Grothendieck]] in 1984 in his ''[[Esquisse d'un Programme]]''. {{harvtxt|Zapponi|2003}} quotes Grothendieck regarding his discovery of the Galois action on dessins d'enfants:
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{{cquote|This discovery, which is technically so simple, made a very strong impression on me, and it represents a decisive turning point in the course of my reflections, a shift in particular of my centre of interest in mathematics, which suddenly found itself strongly focussed. I do not believe that a mathematical fact has ever struck me quite so strongly as this one, nor had a comparable psychological impact. This is surely because of the very familiar, non-technical nature of the objects considered, of which any child’s drawing scrawled on a bit of paper (at least if the drawing is made without lifting the pencil) gives a perfectly explicit example. To such a dessin we find associated subtle arithmetic invariants, which are completely turned topsy-turvy as soon as we add one more stroke.}}
 
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==Riemann surfaces and Belyi pairs==
[[File:Dessin-LZ109.svg|thumb|240px|The dessin d'enfant arising from the rational function ''f'' = −(''x''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1)<sup>3</sup>(''x''&nbsp;−&nbsp;9)/64''x''. Not to scale.]]
[[File:Dessin-glue.svg|thumb|240px|Transforming a dessin d'enfant into a gluing pattern for halfspaces of a Riemann surface by including points at infinity.]]
The [[complex number]]s, together with a special point designated as ∞, form a [[topology|topological space]] known as the [[Riemann sphere]]. Any [[polynomial]], and more generally any [[rational function]] ''p''(''x'')/''q''(''x'') where ''p'' and ''q'' are polynomials, transforms the Riemann sphere by mapping it to itself.
Consider, for example,<ref>This example was suggested by {{harvtxt|Lando|Zvonkin|2004}}, pp. 109–110.</ref> the [[rational function]]


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:<math>f(x) = -\frac{(x-1)^3(x-9)}{64x} = 1 - \frac{(x^2-6x-3)^2}{64x}.</math>
 
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At most points of the Riemann sphere, this transformation is a [[local homeomorphism]]: it maps a small disk centered at any point in a one-to-one way into another disk. However, at certain [[Critical point (mathematics)|critical points]], the mapping is more complicated, and maps a disk centered at the point in a ''k''-to-one way onto its image. The number ''k'' is known as the ''degree'' of the critical point and the transformed image of a critical point is known as a [[critical value]].
The example given above, ''f'', has the following critical points and critical values (some points of the Riemann sphere that, while not themselves critical, map to one of the critical values, are also included; these are indicated by having degree one):
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! critical point ''x''
! &nbsp; critical value ''f''(''x'') &nbsp;
! &nbsp; degree &nbsp;
|-
| 0
| ∞
| 1
|-
| 1
| 0
| 3
|-
| 9
| 0
| 1
|-
| &nbsp; 3 + 2&radic;3 ≈ 6.464 &nbsp;
| 1
| 2
|-
| 3 − 2&radic;3 ≈ −0.464
| 1
| 2
|-
| ∞
| ∞
| 3
|}
One may form a dessin d'enfant from ''f'' by placing black points at the [[preimage]]s of 0 (that is, at 1 and 9), white points at the preimages of 1 (that is, at 3&nbsp;±&nbsp;2&radic;3), and arcs at the preimages of the [[line segment]] [0,&nbsp;1]. This line segment has four preimages, two along the line segment from 1 to 9 and two forming a [[Jordan curve|simple closed curve]] that loops from 1 to itself, surrounding 0; the resulting dessin is shown in the figure.


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In the other direction, from this dessin, described as a combinatorial object without specifying the locations of the critical points, one may form a [[compact Riemann surface]], and a map from that surface to the Riemann sphere, equivalent to the map from which the dessin was originally constructed. To do so, place a point labeled ∞ within each region of the dessin (shown as the red points in the second figure), and [[Triangulation (topology)|triangulate]] each region by connecting this point to the black and white points forming the boundary of the region, connecting multiple times to the same black or white point if it appears multiple times on the boundary of the region. Each triangle in the triangulation has three vertices labeled 0 (for the black points), 1 (for the white points), or ∞. For each triangle, substitute a [[half-plane]], either the [[upper half-plane]] for a triangle that has 0, 1, and ∞ in counterclockwise order or the lower half-plane for a triangle that has them in clockwise order, and for every adjacent pair of triangles glue the corresponding half-planes together along the portion of their boundaries indicated by the vertex labels. The resulting Riemann surface can be mapped to the Riemann sphere by using the identity map within each half-plane. Thus, the dessin d'enfant formed from ''f'' is sufficient to describe ''f'' itself up to [[biholomorphism]].
 
 
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The same construction applies more generally when ''X'' is any Riemann surface and ''f'' is a [[Belyi's theorem|Belyi function]]; that is, a [[holomorphic function]] ''f'' from ''X'' to the Riemann sphere having only 0, 1, and ∞ as critical values. A pair (''X'',&nbsp;''f'') of this type is known as a ''Belyi pair''. From any Belyi pair (''X'',&nbsp;''f'') one can form a dessin d'enfant, drawn on the surface&nbsp;''X'', that has its black points at the preimages ''f''<sup>−1</sup>(0) of 0, its white points at the preimages ''f''<sup>−1</sup>(1) of 1, and its edges placed along the preimages ''f''<sup>−1</sup>([0,&nbsp;1]) of the line segment [0,&nbsp;1]. Conversely, any dessin d'enfant on any surface ''X'' can be used to define gluing instructions for a collection of halfspaces that together form a Riemann surface homeomorphic to ''X''; mapping each halfspace by the identity to the Riemann sphere produces a Belyi function ''f'' on ''X'', and therefore leads to a Belyi pair (''X'',&nbsp;''f''). Any two Belyi pairs (''X'',&nbsp;''f'') that lead to combinatorially equivalent dessins d'enfants are biholomorphic, and [[Belyi's theorem]] implies that, for any compact Riemann surface ''X'' defined over the [[algebraic number]]s, there is a Belyi function ''f'' and a dessin d'enfant that provides a combinatorial description of both ''X'' and&nbsp;''f''.
 
 
  <li>[http://www.xjvns.cn/news/html/?101674.html http://www.xjvns.cn/news/html/?101674.html]</li>
==Maps and hypermaps==
 
[[File:Icosahedral reflection domains.png|thumb|The triangulation of the sphere with (2,3,5) triangle group, generated by using the regular dodecahedron to construct a clean dessin]]
  <li>[http://www.shuhuablog.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=202482&extra=page%3D1&frombbs=1 http://www.shuhuablog.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=202482&extra=page%3D1&frombbs=1]</li>
[[File:Order-3 heptakis heptagonal tiling.png|thumb|The triangulation of the hyperbolic plane with (2,3,7) triangle group generated as the universal cover of the [[Klein quartic]]]]
 
A vertex in a dessin has a graph-theoretic [[degree (graph theory)|degree]], the number of incident edges, that equals its degree as a critical point of the Belyi function.  In the example above, all white points have degree two; dessins with the property that each white point has two edges are known as ''clean'', and their corresponding Belyi functions are called ''pure''.  When this happens, one can describe the dessin by a simpler embedded graph, one that has only the black points as its vertices and that has an edge for each white point with endpoints at the white point's two black neighbors. For instance, the dessin shown in the figure could be drawn more simply in this way as a pair of black points with an edge between them and a [[self-loop]] on one of the points.
  <li>[http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article172#forum18361458 http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article172#forum18361458]</li>
It is common to draw only the black points of a clean dessin and to leave the white points unmarked; one can recover the full dessin by adding a white point at the midpoint of each edge of the map.
 
 
</ul>
Thus, any embedding of a graph in a surface in which each face is a disk (that is, a topological map) gives rise to a dessin by treating the graph vertices as black points of a dessin, and placing white points at the midpoint of each embedded graph edge.
If a map corresponds to a Belyi function ''f'', its [[dual graph|dual map]] (the dessin formed from the preimages of the line segment [1,&nbsp;∞]) corresponds to the [[multiplicative inverse]] 1/''f''.<ref>{{harvtxt|Lando|Zvonkin|2004}}, pp. 120–121.</ref>
 
A dessin that is not clean can be transformed into a clean dessin in the same surface, by recoloring all of its points as black and adding new white points on each of its edges. The corresponding transformation of Belyi pairs is to replace a Belyi function β by the pure Belyi function γ = 4β(β&nbsp;−&nbsp;1). One may calculate the critical points of γ directly from this formula: γ<sup>−1</sup>(0)&nbsp;=&nbsp;β<sup>−1</sup>(0)&nbsp;&cup;&nbsp;β<sup>−1</sup>(1), γ<sup>−1</sup>(∞)&nbsp;=&nbsp;β<sup>−1</sup>(∞), and γ<sup>−1</sup>(1)&nbsp;=&nbsp;β<sup>−1</sup>(1/2). Thus, γ<sup>−1</sup>(1) is the preimage under β of the midpoint of the line segment [0,1], and the edges of the dessin formed from γ [[homeomorphism (graph theory)|subdivide]] the edges of the dessin formed from β.
 
Under the interpretation of a clean dessin as a map, an arbitrary dessin is a ''hypermap'': that is, a drawing of a [[hypergraph]] in which the black points represent vertices and the white points represent hyperedges.
 
==Regular maps and triangle groups==
The five [[Platonic solid]]s – the regular [[tetrahedron]], [[cube]], [[octahedron]], [[dodecahedron]], and [[icosahedron]] – viewed as two-dimensional surfaces, have the property that any flag (a triple of a vertex, edge, and face that all meet each other) can be taken to any other flag by a symmetry of the surface. More generally, a map embedded in a surface with the same property, that any flag can be transformed to any other flag by a symmetry, is called a [[Regular map (graph theory)|regular map]].
 
If a regular map is used to generate a clean dessin, and the resulting dessin is used to generate a triangulated Riemann surface, then the edges of the triangles lie along lines of symmetry of the surface, and the reflections across those lines generate a symmetry group called a [[triangle group]], for which the triangles form the fundamental domains. For example, the figure shows the set of triangles generated in this way starting from a regular dodecahedron. When the regular map lies in a surface whose [[Genus (mathematics)|genus]] is greater than one, the [[universal cover]] of the surface is the [[Hyperbolic geometry|hyperbolic plane]], and the triangle group in the hyperbolic plane formed from the lifted triangulation is a (cocompact) [[Fuchsian group]] representing a discrete set of isometries of the hyperbolic plane. In this case, the starting surface is the quotient of the hyperbolic plane by a finite [[Index of a subgroup|index]] subgroup ''Γ'' in this group.
 
Conversely, given a Riemann surface that is a quotient of a (2,3,''n'') tiling (a tiling of the sphere, Euclidean plane, or hyperbolic plane by triangles with angles π/2, π/3, and π/''n''), the associated dessin is the [[Cayley graph]] given by the order two and order three generators of the group, or equivalently, the tiling of the same surface ''n''-gons meeting three per vertex. Vertices of this tiling give black dots of the dessin, centers of edges give white dots, and centers of faces give the points over infinity.
{{-}}
 
==Trees and Shabat polynomials==
[[File:Sextic-monomial-dessin.svg|thumb|160px|The dessin d'enfant corresponding to the sextic monomial ''p''(''x'') = ''x''<sup>6</sup>.]]
[[File:Chebyshev-dessins.svg|thumb|240px|The [[Chebyshev polynomial]]s and the corresponding dessins d'enfants, alternately-colored [[path graph]]s.]]
The simplest bipartite graphs are the [[tree (graph theory)|trees]]. Any embedding of a tree has a single region, and therefore by [[Euler characteristic|Euler's formula]] lies in a spherical surface. The corresponding Belyi pair forms a transformation of the Riemann sphere that, if one places the pole at ∞, can be represented as a [[polynomial]]. Conversely, any polynomial with 0 and 1 as its finite critical values forms a Belyi function from the Riemann sphere to itself, having a single infinite-valued critical point, and corresponding to a dessin d'enfant that is a tree. The degree of the polynomial equals the number of edges in the corresponding tree.
 
For example, take ''p'' to be the [[monomial]] ''p''(''x'') = ''x''<sup>''d''</sup> having only one finite critical point and critical value, both [[zero]]. Although 1 is not a critical value for ''p'', it is still possible to interpret ''p'' as a Belyi function from the Riemann sphere to itself because its critical values all lie in the set {0,1,∞}. The corresponding dessin d'enfant is a [[Star (graph theory)|star]] having one central black vertex connected to ''d'' white leaves (a [[complete bipartite graph]] ''K''<sub>1,''d''</sub>).
 
More generally, a polynomial ''p''(''x'') having two critical values ''y''<sub>1</sub> and ''y''<sub>2</sub> is known as a ''Shabat polynomial'', after George Shabat. Such a polynomial may be normalized into a Belyi function, with its critical values at 0 and 1, by the formula
 
:<math>q(x)=\frac{p(x)-y_1}{y_2-y_1},</math>
 
but it may be more convenient to leave ''p'' in its un-normalized form.<ref>{{harvtxt|Lando|Zvonkin|2004}}, p. 82.</ref>
 
An important family of examples of Shabat polynomials are given by the [[Chebyshev polynomials]] of the first kind, ''T''<sub>''n''</sub>(''x''), which have −1 and 1 as critical values. The corresponding dessins take the form of [[path graph]]s, alternating between black and white vertices, with ''n'' edges in the path. Due to the connection between Shabat polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials, Shabat polynomials themselves are sometimes called generalized Chebyshev polynomials.
 
Different trees will, in general, correspond to different Shabat polynomials, as will different embeddings or colorings of the same tree. Up to normalization and linear transformations of its argument, the Shabat polynomial is uniquely determined from a coloring of an embedded tree, but it is not always straightforward to find a Shabat polynomial that has a given embedded tree as its dessin d'enfant.
{{-}}
 
==The absolute Galois group and its invariants==
[[File:Conjugate-dessins.svg|thumb|240px|Two conjugate dessins d'enfants]]
The polynomial
:<math>\displaystyle p(x)=x^3(x^2-2x+a)^2</math>
may be made into a Shabat polynomial by choosing
:<math>a=\frac17(34\pm 6\sqrt{21}).</math><ref>{{harvtxt|Lando|Zvonkin|2004}}, pp. 90–91. For the purposes of this example, ignore the ''parasitic solution'' ''a'' = 25/21.</ref>
The two choices of ''a'' lead to two Belyi functions ''f''<sub>1</sub> and ''f''<sub>2</sub>. These functions, though closely related to each other, are not equivalent, as they are described by the two [[graph isomorphism|nonisomorphic]] trees shown in the figure.
 
However, as these polynomials are defined over the [[algebraic number field]] <math>\mathbf{Q} (\sqrt{21})</math>, they may be transformed by the [[Group action|action]] of the [[absolute Galois group]] Γ of the rational numbers. An element of Γ that transforms &radic;21 to −&radic;21 will transform ''f''<sub>1</sub> into ''f''<sub>2</sub> and vice versa, and thus can also be said to transform each of the two trees shown in the figure into the other tree. More generally, due to the fact that the critical values of any Belyi function are the pure rationals 0, 1, and ∞, these critical values are unchanged by the Galois action, so this action takes Belyi pairs to other Belyi pairs. One may define an action of Γ on any dessin d'enfant by the corresponding action on Belyi pairs; this action, for instance, [[permutation|permutes]] the two trees shown in the figure.
 
Due to Belyi's theorem, the action of Γ on dessins is [[Group action#Types of actions|faithful]] (that is, every two elements of Γ define different permutations on the set of dessins),<ref>Γ acts faithfully even when restricted to dessins that are trees; see {{harvtxt|Lando|Zvonkin|2004}}, Theorem 2.4.15, pp. 125–126.</ref> so the study of dessins d'enfants can tell us much about Γ itself. In this light, it is of great interest to understand which dessins may be transformed into each other by the action of Γ and which may not. For instance, one may observe that the two trees shown have the same [[degree sequence]]s for their black nodes and white nodes: both have a black node with degree three, two black nodes with degree two, two white nodes with degree two, and three white nodes with degree one. This equality is not a coincidence: whenever Γ transforms one dessin into another, both will have the same degree sequence. The degree sequence is one known [[Invariant (mathematics)|invariant]] of the Galois action, but not the only invariant.
 
The ''stabilizer'' of a dessin is the subgroup of Γ consisting of group elements that leave the dessin unchanged. Due to the Galois correspondence between subgroups of Γ and algebraic number fields, the stabilizer corresponds to a field, the ''field of moduli of the dessin''. An ''orbit'' of a dessin is the set of all other dessins into which it may be transformed; due to the degree invariant, orbits are necessarily finite and stabilizers are of finite [[Index of a subgroup|index]]. One may similarly define the stabilizer of an orbit (the subgroup that fixes all elements of the orbit) and the corresponding field of moduli of the orbit, another invariant of the dessin. The stabilizer of the orbit is the maximal [[normal subgroup]] of Γ contained in the stabilizer of the dessin, and the field of moduli of the orbit corresponds to the smallest normal extension of '''Q''' that contains the field of moduli of the dessin. For instance, for the two conjugate dessins considered in this section, the field of moduli of the orbit is <math>\mathbf{Q} (\sqrt{21})</math>. The two Belyi functions ''f''<sub>1</sub> and ''f''<sub>2</sub> of this example are defined over the field of moduli, but there exist dessins for which the field of definition of the Belyi function must be larger than the field of moduli.<ref>{{harvtxt|Lando|Zvonkin|2004}}, pp. 122–123.</ref>
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation
| last = le Bruyn | first = Lieven
| title = Klein's dessins d'enfant and the buckyball
| year = 2008
| url = http://www.neverendingbooks.org/kleins-dessins-denfant-and-the-buckyball}}.
*{{citation
| last = Grothendieck | first = A. | authorlink = Alexander Grothendieck
| year = 1984
| url = http://www.institut.math.jussieu.fr/~leila/grothendieckcircle/EsquisseFr.pdf
| title = Esquisse d'un programme}}; [http://www.institut.math.jussieu.fr/~leila/grothendieckcircle/EsquisseEng.pdf English translation].
*{{citation | title = Dessins d'enfants: bipartite maps and Galois groups | first = Gareth | last = Jones | journal = [[Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire]] | volume = B35d | year = 1995 | pages = 4 | url = http://radon.mat.univie.ac.at/~slc/s/s35jones.html | url=http://www.emis.de/journals/SLC/wpapers/s35jones.pdf}}.
*{{citation
|last=Klein | first = Felix | authorlink = Felix Klein
|ref={{Harvid|Klein|1878/79a}}
|title = Über die Transformation der elliptischen Funktionen und die Auflösung der Gleichungen fünften Grades (On the transformation of elliptic functions and ...)
|pages = 13–75 (in Oeuvres, Tome 3)
|journal = Math. Annalen
|volume = 14
|year = 1878/79
|url=http://mathdoc.emath.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?id=OE_KLEIN__3
}}.
*{{citation
|last=Klein | first = Felix | authorlink = Felix Klein
|ref={{Harvid|Klein|1878/79b}}
|title = Über die Transformation siebenter Ordnung der elliptischen Funktionen (On the seventh order transformation of elliptic functions)
|pages = 90–135 (in Oeuvres, Tome 3)
|journal = Math. Annalen
|volume = 14
|year = 1878/79
|url=http://mathdoc.emath.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?doi=OE_KLEIN__3
}}.
* {{Citation
| doi = 10.1007/BF02086276
| title = Ueber die Transformation elfter Ordnung der elliptischen Functionen (On the eleventh order transformation of elliptic functions)
| year = 1879
|last=Klein | first = Felix | authorlink = Felix Klein
| journal = Mathematische Annalen
| volume = 15
| pages = 533–555
| postscript =, collected as pp. 140–165 in [http://mathdoc.emath.fr/cgi-bin/oetoc?id=OE_KLEIN__3 Oeuvres, Tome 3].
| issue = 3–4
}}
* {{Citation | last1=Lando | first1=Sergei K. | last2=Zvonkin | first2=Alexander K. | title=Graphs on Surfaces and Their Applications | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences: Lower-Dimensional Topology II | isbn=978-3-540-00203-1 | year=2004 | volume=141 | zbl=1040.05001 }}.  See especially chapter 2, "Dessins d'Enfants", pp.&nbsp;79–153.
* {{Citation | editor1-last=Schneps | editor1-first=Leila | title=The Grothendieck Theory of Dessins d'Enfants | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | location=Cambridge | series=London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series | isbn=978-0-521-47821-2 | year=1994 }}.
* {{citation | first1=G.A. | last1=Shabat | first2=V.A. | last2=Voedvodsky | author2-link=Vladimir Voevodsky | chapter=Drawing curves over number fields | editor1-first=P. | editor1-last=Cartier | editor1-link=Pierre Cartier (mathematician) | editor2-first=L. | editor2-last=Illusie | editor2-link=Luc Illusie | editor3-first=N.M. | editor3-last=Katz | editor3-link=Nick Katz | editor4-first=G. | editor4-last=Laumon | editor4-link=Gérard Laumon | editor5-first=Yu.I. | editor5-last=Manin | editor5-link=Yuri I. Manin | editor6-first=K.A. | editor6-last=Ribet | editor6-link=Kenneth Alan Ribet | title=The Grothendieck Festschrift Volume III | year=2007 | origyear=1990 | series=Modern Birkhäuser Classics | publisher=Birkhäuser | isbn=0-8176-4568-3 | pages=199–227 | zbl=0790.14026 }}.
* {{citation | journal = [http://www.heldermann.de/BAG/bagcon.htm Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie] (Contributions to Algebra and Geometry) | volume = [http://www.heldermann.de/BAG/bag44.htm 44] | year = 2003 | pages = 413–430 | title = The Riemann Surface of a Uniform Dessin | url = http://www.emis.de/journals/BAG/vol.44/no.2/9.html | first1 = David | last1 = Singerman | first2 = Robert I. | last2 = Syddall | postscript =, [http://www.emis.de/journals/BAG/vol.44/no.2/b44h2sin.pdf PDF] | issue = [http://www.heldermann.de/BAG/bag44.htm#bag442 2] | zbl=1064.14030 }}.
* {{Citation | last1=Zapponi | first1=Leonardo | title=What is a Dessin d'Enfant | url=http://www.ams.org/notices/200307/what-is.pdf | date=August 2003 | journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society | issn=0002-9920 | volume=50 | issue=7 | pages=788–789 | zbl=1211.14001 }}.
{{refend}}
 
==Further reading==
* {{citation | last1=Girondo | first1=Ernesto | last2=González-Diez | first2=Gabino | title=Introduction to compact Riemann surfaces and dessins d'enfants | series=London Mathematical Society Student Texts | volume=79 | location=Cambridge | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-521-74022-7 | zbl=1253.30001 }}
 
[[Category:Complex analysis]]
[[Category:Algebraic geometry]]
[[Category:Topological graph theory]]

Revision as of 23:59, 5 November 2013

30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí. In mathematics, a dessin d'enfant (French for a "child's drawing", plural dessins d'enfant, "child's drawings", or dessins d'enfants, "children's drawings") is a type of graph drawing used to study Riemann surfaces and to provide combinatorial invariants for the action of the absolute Galois group of the rational numbers.

Intuitively, a dessin d'enfant is simply a graph, with its vertices colored alternating black and white, embedded in an oriented surface that, in many cases, is simply a plane. For the coloring to exist, the graph must be bipartite. The faces of the embedding must be topological disks. The surface and the embedding may be described combinatorially using a rotation system, a cyclic order of the edges surrounding each vertex of the graph that describes the order in which the edges would be crossed by a path that travels clockwise on the surface in a small loop around the vertex.

Any dessin can provide the surface it is embedded in with a structure as a Riemann surface. It is natural to ask which Riemann surfaces arise in this way. The answer is provided by Belyi's theorem, which states that the Riemann surfaces that can be described by dessins are precisely those that can be defined over the field of algebraic numbers (when considered as algebraic curves). The absolute Galois group transforms these particular curves into each other, and thereby also transforms the underlying dessins.

For a more detailed treatment of this subject, see Template:Harvtxt or Template:Harvtxt.

History

19th century

Early proto-forms of dessins d'enfants appeared as early as 1856 in the icosian calculus of William Rowan Hamilton;[1] in modern terms, these are Hamiltonian paths on the icosahedral graph.

Recognizable modern dessins d'enfants and Belyi functions were used by Felix Klein in Template:Harv. Klein called these diagrams Linienzüge (German, plural of Linienzug "line-track", also used as a term for polygon); he used a white circle for the preimage of 0 and a '+' for the preimage of 1, rather than a black circle for 0 and white circle for 1 as in modern notation.Template:Sfnp He used these diagrams to construct an 11-fold cover of the Riemann sphere by itself, with monodromy group PSL(2,11), following earlier constructions of a 7-fold cover with monodromy PSL(2,7) connected to the Klein quartic in Template:Harv and Template:Harv. These were all related to his investigations of the geometry of the quintic equation and the group , collected in his famous 1884/88 Lectures on the Icosahedron. The three surfaces constructed in this way from these three groups were much later shown to be closely related through the phenomenon of trinity.

20th century

Dessins d'enfant in their modern form were then rediscovered over a century later and named by Alexander Grothendieck in 1984 in his Esquisse d'un Programme. Template:Harvtxt quotes Grothendieck regarding his discovery of the Galois action on dessins d'enfants: Benefits of Living in a Rental or Landed property in Singapore Property New Launches & Undertaking Showcase In Singapore Many residential Singapore property gross sales contain shopping for property in Singapore at new launches. These are often properties below development, being sold new by developers. New Launch Singapore Property, 28 Imperial Residences Coming To Geylang Lorong 26 The property market is slowing down, in accordance with personal property transactions in Could Cellular Apps FREE Signal Up Log in Property Agents Feedback

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Riemann surfaces and Belyi pairs

The dessin d'enfant arising from the rational function f = −(x − 1)3(x − 9)/64x. Not to scale.
Transforming a dessin d'enfant into a gluing pattern for halfspaces of a Riemann surface by including points at infinity.

The complex numbers, together with a special point designated as ∞, form a topological space known as the Riemann sphere. Any polynomial, and more generally any rational function p(x)/q(x) where p and q are polynomials, transforms the Riemann sphere by mapping it to itself. Consider, for example,[2] the rational function

At most points of the Riemann sphere, this transformation is a local homeomorphism: it maps a small disk centered at any point in a one-to-one way into another disk. However, at certain critical points, the mapping is more complicated, and maps a disk centered at the point in a k-to-one way onto its image. The number k is known as the degree of the critical point and the transformed image of a critical point is known as a critical value. The example given above, f, has the following critical points and critical values (some points of the Riemann sphere that, while not themselves critical, map to one of the critical values, are also included; these are indicated by having degree one):

critical point x   critical value f(x)     degree  
0 1
1 0 3
9 0 1
  3 + 2√3 ≈ 6.464   1 2
3 − 2√3 ≈ −0.464 1 2
3

One may form a dessin d'enfant from f by placing black points at the preimages of 0 (that is, at 1 and 9), white points at the preimages of 1 (that is, at 3 ± 2√3), and arcs at the preimages of the line segment [0, 1]. This line segment has four preimages, two along the line segment from 1 to 9 and two forming a simple closed curve that loops from 1 to itself, surrounding 0; the resulting dessin is shown in the figure.

In the other direction, from this dessin, described as a combinatorial object without specifying the locations of the critical points, one may form a compact Riemann surface, and a map from that surface to the Riemann sphere, equivalent to the map from which the dessin was originally constructed. To do so, place a point labeled ∞ within each region of the dessin (shown as the red points in the second figure), and triangulate each region by connecting this point to the black and white points forming the boundary of the region, connecting multiple times to the same black or white point if it appears multiple times on the boundary of the region. Each triangle in the triangulation has three vertices labeled 0 (for the black points), 1 (for the white points), or ∞. For each triangle, substitute a half-plane, either the upper half-plane for a triangle that has 0, 1, and ∞ in counterclockwise order or the lower half-plane for a triangle that has them in clockwise order, and for every adjacent pair of triangles glue the corresponding half-planes together along the portion of their boundaries indicated by the vertex labels. The resulting Riemann surface can be mapped to the Riemann sphere by using the identity map within each half-plane. Thus, the dessin d'enfant formed from f is sufficient to describe f itself up to biholomorphism.

The same construction applies more generally when X is any Riemann surface and f is a Belyi function; that is, a holomorphic function f from X to the Riemann sphere having only 0, 1, and ∞ as critical values. A pair (Xf) of this type is known as a Belyi pair. From any Belyi pair (Xf) one can form a dessin d'enfant, drawn on the surface X, that has its black points at the preimages f−1(0) of 0, its white points at the preimages f−1(1) of 1, and its edges placed along the preimages f−1([0, 1]) of the line segment [0, 1]. Conversely, any dessin d'enfant on any surface X can be used to define gluing instructions for a collection of halfspaces that together form a Riemann surface homeomorphic to X; mapping each halfspace by the identity to the Riemann sphere produces a Belyi function f on X, and therefore leads to a Belyi pair (Xf). Any two Belyi pairs (Xf) that lead to combinatorially equivalent dessins d'enfants are biholomorphic, and Belyi's theorem implies that, for any compact Riemann surface X defined over the algebraic numbers, there is a Belyi function f and a dessin d'enfant that provides a combinatorial description of both X and f.

Maps and hypermaps

The triangulation of the sphere with (2,3,5) triangle group, generated by using the regular dodecahedron to construct a clean dessin
The triangulation of the hyperbolic plane with (2,3,7) triangle group generated as the universal cover of the Klein quartic

A vertex in a dessin has a graph-theoretic degree, the number of incident edges, that equals its degree as a critical point of the Belyi function. In the example above, all white points have degree two; dessins with the property that each white point has two edges are known as clean, and their corresponding Belyi functions are called pure. When this happens, one can describe the dessin by a simpler embedded graph, one that has only the black points as its vertices and that has an edge for each white point with endpoints at the white point's two black neighbors. For instance, the dessin shown in the figure could be drawn more simply in this way as a pair of black points with an edge between them and a self-loop on one of the points. It is common to draw only the black points of a clean dessin and to leave the white points unmarked; one can recover the full dessin by adding a white point at the midpoint of each edge of the map.

Thus, any embedding of a graph in a surface in which each face is a disk (that is, a topological map) gives rise to a dessin by treating the graph vertices as black points of a dessin, and placing white points at the midpoint of each embedded graph edge. If a map corresponds to a Belyi function f, its dual map (the dessin formed from the preimages of the line segment [1, ∞]) corresponds to the multiplicative inverse 1/f.[3]

A dessin that is not clean can be transformed into a clean dessin in the same surface, by recoloring all of its points as black and adding new white points on each of its edges. The corresponding transformation of Belyi pairs is to replace a Belyi function β by the pure Belyi function γ = 4β(β − 1). One may calculate the critical points of γ directly from this formula: γ−1(0) = β−1(0) ∪ β−1(1), γ−1(∞) = β−1(∞), and γ−1(1) = β−1(1/2). Thus, γ−1(1) is the preimage under β of the midpoint of the line segment [0,1], and the edges of the dessin formed from γ subdivide the edges of the dessin formed from β.

Under the interpretation of a clean dessin as a map, an arbitrary dessin is a hypermap: that is, a drawing of a hypergraph in which the black points represent vertices and the white points represent hyperedges.

Regular maps and triangle groups

The five Platonic solids – the regular tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron – viewed as two-dimensional surfaces, have the property that any flag (a triple of a vertex, edge, and face that all meet each other) can be taken to any other flag by a symmetry of the surface. More generally, a map embedded in a surface with the same property, that any flag can be transformed to any other flag by a symmetry, is called a regular map.

If a regular map is used to generate a clean dessin, and the resulting dessin is used to generate a triangulated Riemann surface, then the edges of the triangles lie along lines of symmetry of the surface, and the reflections across those lines generate a symmetry group called a triangle group, for which the triangles form the fundamental domains. For example, the figure shows the set of triangles generated in this way starting from a regular dodecahedron. When the regular map lies in a surface whose genus is greater than one, the universal cover of the surface is the hyperbolic plane, and the triangle group in the hyperbolic plane formed from the lifted triangulation is a (cocompact) Fuchsian group representing a discrete set of isometries of the hyperbolic plane. In this case, the starting surface is the quotient of the hyperbolic plane by a finite index subgroup Γ in this group.

Conversely, given a Riemann surface that is a quotient of a (2,3,n) tiling (a tiling of the sphere, Euclidean plane, or hyperbolic plane by triangles with angles π/2, π/3, and π/n), the associated dessin is the Cayley graph given by the order two and order three generators of the group, or equivalently, the tiling of the same surface n-gons meeting three per vertex. Vertices of this tiling give black dots of the dessin, centers of edges give white dots, and centers of faces give the points over infinity. Benefits of Residing in a Apartment or Landed property in Singapore Property New Launches & Project Showcase In Singapore Many residential Singapore property sales involve buying property in Singapore at new launches. These are often homes underneath building, being sold new by developers. New Launch Singapore Property, 28 Imperial Residences Coming To Geylang Lorong 26 The property market is slowing down, based on personal property transactions in May Cell Apps FREE Sign Up Log in Property Brokers Feedback

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Trees and Shabat polynomials

The dessin d'enfant corresponding to the sextic monomial p(x) = x6.
The Chebyshev polynomials and the corresponding dessins d'enfants, alternately-colored path graphs.

The simplest bipartite graphs are the trees. Any embedding of a tree has a single region, and therefore by Euler's formula lies in a spherical surface. The corresponding Belyi pair forms a transformation of the Riemann sphere that, if one places the pole at ∞, can be represented as a polynomial. Conversely, any polynomial with 0 and 1 as its finite critical values forms a Belyi function from the Riemann sphere to itself, having a single infinite-valued critical point, and corresponding to a dessin d'enfant that is a tree. The degree of the polynomial equals the number of edges in the corresponding tree.

For example, take p to be the monomial p(x) = xd having only one finite critical point and critical value, both zero. Although 1 is not a critical value for p, it is still possible to interpret p as a Belyi function from the Riemann sphere to itself because its critical values all lie in the set {0,1,∞}. The corresponding dessin d'enfant is a star having one central black vertex connected to d white leaves (a complete bipartite graph K1,d).

More generally, a polynomial p(x) having two critical values y1 and y2 is known as a Shabat polynomial, after George Shabat. Such a polynomial may be normalized into a Belyi function, with its critical values at 0 and 1, by the formula

but it may be more convenient to leave p in its un-normalized form.[4]

An important family of examples of Shabat polynomials are given by the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, Tn(x), which have −1 and 1 as critical values. The corresponding dessins take the form of path graphs, alternating between black and white vertices, with n edges in the path. Due to the connection between Shabat polynomials and Chebyshev polynomials, Shabat polynomials themselves are sometimes called generalized Chebyshev polynomials.

Different trees will, in general, correspond to different Shabat polynomials, as will different embeddings or colorings of the same tree. Up to normalization and linear transformations of its argument, the Shabat polynomial is uniquely determined from a coloring of an embedded tree, but it is not always straightforward to find a Shabat polynomial that has a given embedded tree as its dessin d'enfant. Benefits of Residing in a Apartment or Landed property in Singapore Property New Launches & Project Showcase In Singapore Many residential Singapore property sales involve buying property in Singapore at new launches. These are often homes underneath building, being sold new by developers. New Launch Singapore Property, 28 Imperial Residences Coming To Geylang Lorong 26 The property market is slowing down, based on personal property transactions in May Cell Apps FREE Sign Up Log in Property Brokers Feedback

Individuals all wish to be seen having the identical foresight as the experts in property investment or the massive names in their own fields. Thus the discharge of these tales works to encourage different buyers to observe suit. Bartley Ridge is the most popular new launch in district 13. Irresistible pricing from $1,1xx psf. Bartley Ridge is a ninety nine-12 months leasehold new condominium at Mount Vernon road, good next to Bartley MRT station (CC12). If you want to get more Rehda Johor chairman Koh Moo Hing said potential property consumers in the two areas Http://Modern.Dowatch.Net/Profile/Mic31K/Created/Topics are now adopting a wait-and-see attitude. How can I get the ebrochure and flooring plans of the new launch projects ? The Existing Mortgage on your HDB District 13, Freehold condominium District 11, Freehold Cluster landed house Sea Horizon EC @ Pasir Ris

FindSgNewLaunch is the main Singapore Property web site - one of the best place to begin your actual estate search whether you might be an investor, shopping for for own use, or searching for a spot to lease. With detailed details about each property, together with maps and pictures. We deliver you probably the most complete choice out there. No. For brand spanking new Singapore property gross sales, you possibly can withdraw at any time earlier than booking the unit, without penalty. On the preview, the agent will let you recognize the exact worth for you to resolve whether or not to proceed or not. Solely when you resolve to proceed will the agent book the unit for you. Pending for Sale Licence Approval All Pending for Sale Licence Approval New launch FREEHOLD condominium @ Braddell New launch condominium combined growth at Yishun PROJECT TITLE

To not worry, we'll hold you in our VIP Precedence list for future new launch VIP Preview. We'll contact you to establish your wants and advocate related tasks, both new launch or resale properties that probably match your standards. In case you're looking for resale property, such as these few years old, or just got Short-term Occupation Permit (PRIME), you might click on here right here for fast search and submit your shortlisted listings to us, we'll check and call you for viewing.

Oceanfront Suites, irresistible pricing for a 946 leasehold property with magnificent sea view. Dreaming of basking and feeling the warmth of pure sunlight is now just a click on away. Oceanfront Suites - Seaside residing no longer needs to remain an unattainable This Cambodia new launch, a mega development has also 762 residential models. Additionally located within this Oxley abroad property is a mega shopping center with 627 outlets and also up to 963 available workplace spaces and is surrounded by quite a few Embassy, resorts, Casinos and many vacationer relax space. Belysa EC @ Pasir Ris Esparina EC @ Sengkang Dell Launches World's first Gender-GEDI Female Entrepreneurship Index on 06/04/thirteen by Istanbul, Turkey. Paris Ris EC @ Paris Ris in search of indication of curiosity.

The developer should open a Venture Account with a financial institution or monetary establishment for every housing venture he undertakes, before he's issued with a Sale License (license to sell models in his development). All payments from buyers before completion of the challenge, and construction loans, go into the mission account. New launch rental LA FIESTA, an thrilling new condominium located along Sengkang Square / Compassvale Highway is a brief stroll to the bustling Sengkang City Centre the place the bus interchange, Sengkang MRT and LRT stations are located. Glorious location,Premium rental with Bayfront resort lifestyle theme and views ofwaterscape. Close to EC pricing - Worth for cash! Apr 02, 2013 Sengkang New Rental Launch, La Fiesta- Sengkang MRTstation at your gate.

As The Hillford property launch at Jalan Jurong Kechil may be very close to to beauty world mrt , the environment for the plot of land which belongs to World Class Land remains very upbeat as it is rather close to to Holland Village. Review now by visiting the brand new apartment pages on our website, each displaying complete particulars and the latest information of each new launch. You can even contact us directly to obtain quick & correct answers to all of your questions with high of the road service. An inevitable conclusion is that costs within the property market have just set new highs. The apparent connotation for potential buyers is to take motion now before prices bounce again. tract and points to his property line, marked by a big maple in a sea of Search SG Developersale.com

The absolute Galois group and its invariants

Two conjugate dessins d'enfants

The polynomial

may be made into a Shabat polynomial by choosing

[5]

The two choices of a lead to two Belyi functions f1 and f2. These functions, though closely related to each other, are not equivalent, as they are described by the two nonisomorphic trees shown in the figure.

However, as these polynomials are defined over the algebraic number field , they may be transformed by the action of the absolute Galois group Γ of the rational numbers. An element of Γ that transforms √21 to −√21 will transform f1 into f2 and vice versa, and thus can also be said to transform each of the two trees shown in the figure into the other tree. More generally, due to the fact that the critical values of any Belyi function are the pure rationals 0, 1, and ∞, these critical values are unchanged by the Galois action, so this action takes Belyi pairs to other Belyi pairs. One may define an action of Γ on any dessin d'enfant by the corresponding action on Belyi pairs; this action, for instance, permutes the two trees shown in the figure.

Due to Belyi's theorem, the action of Γ on dessins is faithful (that is, every two elements of Γ define different permutations on the set of dessins),[6] so the study of dessins d'enfants can tell us much about Γ itself. In this light, it is of great interest to understand which dessins may be transformed into each other by the action of Γ and which may not. For instance, one may observe that the two trees shown have the same degree sequences for their black nodes and white nodes: both have a black node with degree three, two black nodes with degree two, two white nodes with degree two, and three white nodes with degree one. This equality is not a coincidence: whenever Γ transforms one dessin into another, both will have the same degree sequence. The degree sequence is one known invariant of the Galois action, but not the only invariant.

The stabilizer of a dessin is the subgroup of Γ consisting of group elements that leave the dessin unchanged. Due to the Galois correspondence between subgroups of Γ and algebraic number fields, the stabilizer corresponds to a field, the field of moduli of the dessin. An orbit of a dessin is the set of all other dessins into which it may be transformed; due to the degree invariant, orbits are necessarily finite and stabilizers are of finite index. One may similarly define the stabilizer of an orbit (the subgroup that fixes all elements of the orbit) and the corresponding field of moduli of the orbit, another invariant of the dessin. The stabilizer of the orbit is the maximal normal subgroup of Γ contained in the stabilizer of the dessin, and the field of moduli of the orbit corresponds to the smallest normal extension of Q that contains the field of moduli of the dessin. For instance, for the two conjugate dessins considered in this section, the field of moduli of the orbit is . The two Belyi functions f1 and f2 of this example are defined over the field of moduli, but there exist dessins for which the field of definition of the Belyi function must be larger than the field of moduli.[7]

Notes

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References

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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

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    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010; English translation.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. See especially chapter 2, "Dessins d'Enfants", pp. 79–153.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.

Template:Refend

Further reading

  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  1. W. R. Hamilton, Letter to John T. Graves "On the Icosian" (17 October 1856), Mathematical papers, Vol. III, Algebra, eds. H. Halberstam and R. E. Ingram, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1967, pp. 612–625. See also Template:Harvtxt.
  2. This example was suggested by Template:Harvtxt, pp. 109–110.
  3. Template:Harvtxt, pp. 120–121.
  4. Template:Harvtxt, p. 82.
  5. Template:Harvtxt, pp. 90–91. For the purposes of this example, ignore the parasitic solution a = 25/21.
  6. Γ acts faithfully even when restricted to dessins that are trees; see Template:Harvtxt, Theorem 2.4.15, pp. 125–126.
  7. Template:Harvtxt, pp. 122–123.