# Representation theory of the symmetric group

In mathematics, the representation theory of the symmetric group is a particular case of the representation theory of finite groups, for which a concrete and detailed theory can be obtained. This has a large area of potential applications, from symmetric function theory to problems of quantum mechanics for a number of identical particles.

The symmetric group Sn has order n!. Its conjugacy classes are labeled by partitions of n. Therefore according to the representation theory of a finite group, the number of inequivalent irreducible representations, over the complex numbers, is equal to the number of partitions of n. Unlike the general situation for finite groups, there is in fact a natural way to parametrize irreducible representations by the same set that parametrizes conjugacy classes, namely by partitions of n or equivalently Young diagrams of size n.

Each such irreducible representation can in fact be realized over the integers (every permutation acting by a matrix with integer coefficients); it can be explicitly constructed by computing the Young symmetrizers acting on a space generated by the Young tableaux of shape given by the Young diagram.

Over other fields the situation can become much more complicated. If the field K has characteristic equal to zero or greater than any prime dividing n then by Maschke's theorem the group algebra KSn is semisimple. In these cases the irreducible representations defined over the integers give the complete set of irreducible representations (after reduction modulo the characteristic if necessary).

However, the irreducible representations of the symmetric group are not known in arbitrary characteristic. In this context it is more usual to use the language of modules rather than representations. The representation obtained from an irreducible representation defined over the integers by reducing modulo the characteristic will not in general be irreducible. The modules so constructed are called Specht modules, and every irreducible does arise inside some such module. There are now fewer irreducibles, and although they can be classified they are very poorly understood. For example, even their dimensions are not known in general.

The determination of the irreducible modules for the symmetric group over an arbitrary field is widely regarded as one of the most important open problems in representation theory.

## Low dimensional representations

The lowest dimensional representations of the symmetric groups can be described explicitly, as done in Template:Harv. This work was extended to the smallest k degrees (explicitly for k=4, and k=7) in Template:Harv, and over arbitrary fields in Template:Harv. The smallest two degrees in characteristic zero are described here:

Every symmetric group has a one-dimensional representation called the trivial representation, where every element acts as the one by one identity matrix. For n ≥ 2, there is another irreducible representation of degree 1, called the sign representation or alternating character, which takes a permutation to the one by one matrix with entry ±1 based on the sign of the permutation. These are the only one-dimensional representations of the symmetric groups, as one-dimensional representations are abelian, and the abelianization of the symmetric group is ${\displaystyle C_{2},}$ the cyclic group of order 2.

For all n, there is an n-dimensional representation of the symmetric group of order n, called the Template:Visible anchor, which consists of permuting n coordinates. This has the trivial subrepresentation consisting of vectors whose coordinates are all equal. The orthogonal complement consists of those vectors whose coordinates sum to zero, and when n ≥ 2, the representation on this subspace is an n—1 dimensional irreducible representation. Another n−1 dimensional irreducible representation is found by tensoring with the sign representation.

For n ≥ 7, these are the lowest-dimensional irreducible representations of Sn – all other irreducible representations have dimension at least n. However for n = 4, the surjection from S4 to S3 allows S4 to inherit a two-dimensional irreducible representation. For n = 6, the exceptional transitive embedding of S5 into S6 produces another pair of five-dimensional irreducible representations.

### Alternating group

The compound of five tetrahedra, on which ${\displaystyle A_{5}}$ acts, giving a 3-dimensional representation.

The representation theory of the alternating groups is similar, though the sign representation disappears. For n ≥ 7, the lowest dimensional irreducible representations are the trivial representation in dimension one, and the ${\displaystyle (n-1)}$-dimensional representation from the other summand of the permutation representation, with all other irreducible representations having higher dimension, but there are exceptions for smaller n.

The alternating groups for n ≥ 5 have only one one-dimensional irreducible representation, the trivial representation. For n = 3, 4 there are two additional one-dimensional irreducible representations, corresponding to maps to the cyclic group of order 3: ${\displaystyle A_{3}\cong C_{3}}$ and ${\displaystyle A_{4}\to A_{4}/V\cong C_{3}.}$

• For n ≥ 7, there is just one irreducible representation of degree n − 1, and this is the smallest degree of a non-trivial irreducible representation.
• For n = 3 the obvious analogue of the (n − 1)-dimensional representation is reducible – the permutation representation coincides with the regular representation, and thus breaks up into the three one-dimensional representations, as ${\displaystyle A_{3}\cong C_{3}}$ is abelian; see the discrete Fourier transform for representation theory of cyclic groups.
• For n = 4, there is just one n − 1 irreducible representation, but there are the exceptional irreducible representations of dimension 1.
• For n = 5, there are two dual irreducible representations of dimension 3, corresponding to its action as icosahedral symmetry.
• For n = 6, there is an extra irreducible representation of dimension 5 corresponding to the exceptional transitive embedding of A5 in A6.

## References

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