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In physics and mathematics, the Pauli group $G_{1}$ on 1 qubit is the 16-element matrix group consisting of the 2 × 2 identity matrix $I$ and all of the Pauli matrices

X=\sigma _{1}={\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\1&0\end{pmatrix}},\quad Y=\sigma _{2}={\begin{pmatrix}0&-i\\i&0\end{pmatrix}},\quad Z=\sigma _{3}={\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}}

,

together with the products of these matrices with the factors $-1$ and $\pm i$ :

G_{1}\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ \{\pm I,\pm iI,\pm X,\pm iX,\pm Y,\pm iY,\pm Z,\pm iZ\}\equiv \langle X,Y,Z\rangle

.

The Pauli group is generated by the Pauli matrices, and like them it is named after Wolfgang Pauli.

The Pauli group on n qubits, $G_{n}$ , is the group generated by the operators described above applied to each of $n$ qubits in the tensor product Hilbert space $(\mathbb {C} ^{2})^{\otimes n}$ .

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