Jacques Hadamard

An example of a matrix in Jordan normal form. The grey blocks are called Jordan blocks.

In linear algebra, a Jordan normal form (often called Jordan canonical form) of a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space is an upper triangular matrix of a particular form called a Jordan matrix, representing the operator on some basis. The form is characterized by the condition that any non-diagonal entries that are non-zero must be equal to 1, be immediately above the main diagonal (on the superdiagonal), and have identical diagonal entries to the left and below them. If the vector space is over a field K, then a basis on which the matrix has the required form exists if and only if all eigenvalues of M lie in K, or equivalently if the characteristic polynomial of the operator splits into linear factors over K. This condition is always satisfied if K is the field of complex numbers. The diagonal entries of the normal form are the eigenvalues of the operator, with the number of times each one occurs being given by its algebraic multiplicity.

If the operator is originally given by a square matrix M, then its Jordan normal form is also called the Jordan normal form of M. Any square matrix has a Jordan normal form if the field of coefficients is extended to one containing all the eigenvalues of the matrix. In spite of its name, the normal form for a given M is not entirely unique, as it is a block diagonal matrix formed of Jordan blocks, the order of which is not fixed; it is conventional to group blocks for the same eigenvalue together, but no ordering is imposed among the eigenvalues, nor among the blocks for a given eigenvalue, although the latter could for instance be ordered by weakly decreasing size. The Jordan–Chevalley decomposition is particularly simple on a basis on which the operator takes its Jordan normal form. The diagonal form for diagonalizable matrices, for instance normal matrices, is a special case of the Jordan normal form.

The Jordan normal form is named after Camille Jordan.

Motivation

An n × n matrix A is diagonalizable if and only if the sum of the dimensions of the eigenspaces is n. Or, equivalently, if and only if A has n linearly independent eigenvectors. Not all matrices are diagonalizable. Consider the following matrix:

$A=\left[\!\!\!{\begin{array}{*{20}{r}}5&4&2&1\\[2pt]0&1&-1&-1\\[2pt]-1&-1&3&0\\[2pt]1&1&-1&2\end{array}}\!\!\right].$

Including multiplicity, the eigenvalues of A are λ = 1, 2, 4, 4. The dimension of the kernel of (A − 4I_n) is 1 (and not 2), so A is not diagonalizable. However, there is an invertible matrix P such that A = PJP⁻¹, where

$J={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\[2pt]0&2&0&0\\[2pt]0&0&4&1\\[2pt]0&0&0&4\end{bmatrix}}.$

The matrix J is almost diagonal. This is the Jordan normal form of A. The section Example below fills in the details of the computation.

Complex matrices

In general, a square complex matrix A is similar to a block diagonal matrix

$J={\begin{bmatrix}J_{1}&\;&\;\\\;&\ddots &\;\\\;&\;&J_{p}\end{bmatrix}}$

where each block J_i is a square matrix of the form

$J_{i}={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda _{i}&1&\;&\;\\\;&\lambda _{i}&\ddots &\;\\\;&\;&\ddots &1\\\;&\;&\;&\lambda _{i}\end{bmatrix}}.$

So there exists an invertible matrix P such that P^-1AP = J is such that the only non-zero entries of J are on the diagonal and the superdiagonal. J is called the Jordan normal form of A. Each J_i is called a Jordan block of A. In a given Jordan block, every entry on the super-diagonal is 1.

Assuming this result, we can deduce the following properties:

• Counting multiplicity, the eigenvalues of J, therefore A, are the diagonal entries.
• Given an eigenvalue λ_i, its geometric multiplicity is the dimension of Ker(A − λ_i I), and it is the number of Jordan blocks corresponding to λ_i.
• The sum of the sizes of all Jordan blocks corresponding to an eigenvalue λ_i is its algebraic multiplicity.
• A is diagonalizable if and only if, for every eigenvalue λ of A, its geometric and algebraic multiplicities coincide.
• The Jordan block corresponding to λ is of the form λ I + N, where N is a nilpotent matrix defined as N_ij = δ_i,j−1 (where δ is the Kronecker delta). The nilpotency of N can be exploited when calculating f(A) where f is a complex analytic function. For example, in principle the Jordan form could give a closed-form expression for the exponential exp(A).
• The number of Jordan blocks corresponding to λ of size at least j is dim Ker(A - λI)^j - dim Ker(A - λI)^j-1. Thus, the number of Jordan blocks of size exactly j is

$2\dim \ker(T-\lambda _{i}I)^{j}-\dim \ker(T-\lambda _{i}I)^{j+1}-\dim \ker(T-\lambda _{i}I)^{j-1}$

Generalized eigenvectors

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. Consider the matrix A from the example in the previous section. The Jordan normal form is obtained by some similarity transformation P⁻¹AP = J, i.e.

$\;AP=PJ.$

Let P have column vectors p_i, i = 1, ..., 4, then

$A{\begin{bmatrix}p_{1}&p_{2}&p_{3}&p_{4}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}p_{1}&p_{2}&p_{3}&p_{4}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&2&0&0\\0&0&4&1\\0&0&0&4\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}p_{1}&2p_{2}&4p_{3}&p_{3}+4p_{4}\end{bmatrix}}.$

We see that

$\;(A-1I)p_{1}=0$

$\;(A-2I)p_{2}=0$

$\;(A-4I)p_{3}=0$

$\;(A-4I)p_{4}=p_{3}.$

For i = 1,2,3 we have $p_{i}\in \operatorname {Ker} (A-\lambda _{i}I)$, i.e. p_i is an eigenvector of A corresponding to the eigenvalue λ_i. For i=4, multiplying both sides by $(A-4I)$ gives

$\;(A-4I)^{2}p_{4}=(A-4I)p_{3}.$

But $(A-4I)p_{3}=0$, so

$\;(A-4I)^{2}p_{4}=0.$

Thus, $p_{4}\in \operatorname {Ker} (A-4I)^{2}.$

Vectors such as $p_{4}$ are called generalized eigenvectors of A.

Thus, given an eigenvalue λ, its corresponding Jordan block gives rise to a Jordan chain. The generator, or lead vector, say p_r, of the chain is a generalized eigenvector such that (A − λ I)^rp_r = 0, where r is the size of the Jordan block. The vector p₁ = (A − λ I)^r−1p_r is an eigenvector corresponding to λ. In general, p_i is a preimage of p_i−1 under A − λ I. So the lead vector generates the chain via multiplication by (A − λ I).

Therefore, the statement that every square matrix A can be put in Jordan normal form is equivalent to the claim that there exists a basis consisting only of eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors of A.

A proof

We give a proof by induction. The 1 × 1 case is trivial. Let A be an n × n matrix. Take any eigenvalue λ of A. The range of A − λ I, denoted by Ran(A − λ I), is an invariant subspace of A. Also, since λ is an eigenvalue of A, the dimension Ran(A − λ I), r, is strictly less than n. Let A' denote the restriction of A to Ran(A − λ I), By inductive hypothesis, there exists a basis {p₁, ..., p_r} such that A' , expressed in terms of this basis, is in Jordan normal form.

Next consider the subspace Ker(A − λ I). If

$\mathrm {Ran} (A-\lambda I)\cap \mathrm {Ker} (A-\lambda I)=\{0\},$

the desired result follows immediately from the rank–nullity theorem. This would be the case, for example, if A was Hermitian.

Otherwise, if

$Q=\mathrm {Ran} (A-\lambda I)\cap \mathrm {Ker} (A-\lambda I)\neq \{0\},$

let the dimension of Q be s ≤ r. Each vector in Q is an eigenvector of A' corresponding to eigenvalue λ. So the Jordan form of A' must contain s Jordan chains corresponding to s linearly independent eigenvectors. So the basis {p₁, ..., p_r} must contain s vectors, say {p_r−s+1, ..., p_r}, that are lead vectors in these Jordan chains from the Jordan normal form of A'. We can "extend the chains" by taking the preimages of these lead vectors. (This is the key step of argument; in general, generalized eigenvectors need not lie in Ran(A − λ I).) Let q_i be such that

$\;(A-\lambda I)q_{i}=p_{i}{\mbox{ for }}i=r-s+1,\ldots ,r.$

Clearly no non-trivial linear combination of the q_i can lie in Ker(A − λ I). Furthermore, no non-trivial linear combination of the q_i can be in Ran(A − λ I), for that would contradict the assumption that each p_i is a lead vector in a Jordan chain. The set {q_i}, being preimages of the linearly independent set {p_i} under A − λ I, is also linearly independent.

Finally, we can pick any linearly independent set {z₁, ..., z_t} that spans

$\;\mathrm {Ker} (A-\lambda I)/Q.$

By construction, the union the three sets {p₁, ..., p_r}, {q_{r−s +1}, ..., q_r}, and {z₁, ..., z_t} is linearly independent. Each vector in the union is either an eigenvector or a generalized eigenvector of A. Finally, by rank–nullity theorem, the cardinality of the union is n. In other words, we have found a basis that consists of eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors of A, and this shows A can be put in Jordan normal form.

Uniqueness

It can be shown that the Jordan normal form of a given matrix A is unique up to the order of the Jordan blocks.

Knowing the algebraic and geometric multiplicities of the eigenvalues is not sufficient to determine the Jordan normal form of A. Assuming the algebraic multiplicity m(λ) of an eigenvalue λ is known, the structure of the Jordan form can be ascertained by analyzing the ranks of the powers (A − λ I)^m(λ). To see this, suppose an n × n matrix A has only one eigenvalue λ. So m(λ) = n. The smallest integer k₁ such that

$(A-\lambda I)^{k_{1}}=0$

is the size of the largest Jordan block in the Jordan form of A. (This number k₁ is also called the index of λ. See discussion in a following section.) The rank of

$(A-\lambda I)^{k_{1}-1}$

is the number of Jordan blocks of size k₁. Similarly, the rank of

$(A-\lambda I)^{k_{1}-2}$

is twice the number of Jordan blocks of size k₁ plus the number of Jordan bl Jordan structure of A. The general case is similar.

This can be used to show the uniqueness of the Jordan form. Let J₁ and J₂ be two Jordan normal forms of A. Then J₁ and J₂ are similar and have the same spectrum, including algebraic multiplicities of the eigenvalues. The procedure outlined in the previous paragraph can be used to determine the structure of these matrices. Since the rank of a matrix is preserved by similarity transformation, there is a bijection between the Jordan blocks of J₁ and J₂. This proves the uniqueness part of the statement.

Real matrices

If A is a real matrix, its Jordan form can still be non-real, however there exists a real invertible matrix P such that P^-1AP = J is a real block diagonal matrix with each block being a real Jordan block. A real Jordan block is either identical to a complex Jordan block (if the corresponding eigenvalue $\lambda _{i}$ is real), or is a block matrix itself, consisting of 2×2 blocks as follows (for non-real eigenvalue $\lambda _{i}=a_{i}+ib_{i}$). The diagonal blocks are identical, of the form

$C_{i}={\begin{bmatrix}a_{i}&b_{i}\\-b_{i}&a_{i}\\\end{bmatrix}}$

and describe multiplication by $\lambda _{i}$ in the complex plane. The superdiagonal blocks are 2×2 identity matrices. The full real Jordan block is given by

$J_{i}={\begin{bmatrix}C_{i}&I&\;&\;\\\;&C_{i}&\ddots &\;\\\;&\;&\ddots &I\\\;&\;&\;&C_{i}\\\end{bmatrix}}.$

This real Jordan form is a consequence of the complex Jordan form. For a real matrix the nonreal eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors can always be chosen to form complex conjugate pairs. Taking the real and imaginary part (linear combination of the vector and its conjugate), the matrix has this form in the new basis.

Consequences

One can see that the Jordan normal form is essentially a classification result for square matrices, and as such several important results from linear algebra can be viewed as its consequences.

Spectral mapping theorem

Using the Jordan normal form, direct calculation gives a spectral mapping theorem for the polynomial functional calculus: Let A be an n × n matrix with eigenvalues λ₁, ..., λ_n, then for any polynomial p, p(A) has eigenvalues p(λ₁), ..., p(λ_n).

Cayley–Hamilton theorem

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There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. is the multiplicity of the root Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.

There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. of Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.

There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer., the sum of the sizes of the Jordan blocks for Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.

There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer., and therefore no less than the size of the block in question. The Jordan form can be assumed to exist over a field extending the base field of the matrix, for instance over the splitting field of Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.

There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer.; this field extension does not change the matrix Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.

There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer. in any way.

Minimal polynomial

The minimal polynomial P of a square matrix A is the unique monic polynomial of least degree, m, such that P(A) = 0. Alternatively, the set of polynomials that annihilate a given A form an ideal I in C[x], the principal ideal domain of polynomials with complex coefficients. The monic element that generates I is precisely P.

Let λ₁, ..., λ_q be the distinct eigenvalues of A, and s_i be the size of the largest Jordan block corresponding to λ_i. It is clear from the Jordan normal form that the minimal polynomial of A has degree Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

Professional agents are readily available once you need to discover an condominium for hire in singapore In some cases, landlords will take into account you more favourably in case your agent comes to them than for those who tried to method them by yourself. You need to be careful, nevertheless, as you resolve in your agent. Ensure that the agent you are contemplating working with is registered with the IEA – Institute of Estate Brokers. Whereas it might sound a hassle to you, will probably be worth it in the end. The IEA works by an ordinary algorithm and regulations, so you'll protect yourself in opposition to probably going with a rogue agent who prices you more than they should for his or her service in finding you an residence for lease in singapore.

There isn't any deal too small. Property agents who are keen to find time for any deal even if the commission is small are the ones you want on your aspect. Additionally they present humbleness and might relate with the typical Singaporean higher. Relentlessly pursuing any deal, calling prospects even without being prompted. Even if they get rejected a hundred times, they still come again for more. These are the property brokers who will find consumers what they need eventually, and who would be the most successful in what they do. 4. Honesty and Integrity

This feature is suitable for you who need to get the tax deductions out of your PIC scheme to your property agency firm. It's endorsed that you visit the correct site for filling this tax return software. This utility must be submitted at the very least yearly to report your whole tax and tax return that you're going to receive in the current accounting 12 months. There may be an official website for this tax filling procedure. Filling this tax return software shouldn't be a tough thing to do for all business homeowners in Singapore.

A wholly owned subsidiary of SLP Worldwide, SLP Realty houses 900 associates to service SLP's fast rising portfolio of residential tasks. Real estate is a human-centric trade. Apart from offering comprehensive coaching applications for our associates, SLP Realty puts equal emphasis on creating human capabilities and creating sturdy teamwork throughout all ranges of our organisational hierarchy. Worldwide Presence At SLP International, our staff of execs is pushed to make sure our shoppers meet their enterprise and investment targets. Under is an inventory of some notable shoppers from completely different industries and markets, who've entrusted their real estate must the expertise of SLP Worldwide.

If you're looking for a real estate or Singapore property agent online, you merely need to belief your instinct. It is because you don't know which agent is sweet and which agent will not be. Carry out research on a number of brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you find yourself certain that a selected agent is dependable and trustworthy, you'll be able to choose to utilize his partnerise find you a house in Singapore. More often than not, a property agent is considered to be good if she or he places the contact data on his web site. This is able to imply that the agent does not thoughts you calling them and asking them any questions regarding properties in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them of their office after taking an appointment.

Another method by way of which you could find out whether the agent is sweet is by checking the feedback, of the shoppers, on the website. There are various individuals would publish their comments on the web site of the Singapore property agent. You can take a look at these feedback and the see whether it will be clever to hire that specific Singapore property agent. You may even get in contact with the developer immediately. Many Singapore property brokers know the developers and you may confirm the goodwill of the agent by asking the developer.s_i.

While the Jordan normal form determines the minimal polynomial, the converse is not true. This leads to the notion of elementary divisors. The elementary divisors of a square matrix A are the characteristic polynomials of its Jordan blocks. The factors of the minimal polynomial m are the elementary divisors of the largest degree corresponding to distinct eigenvalues.

The degree of an elementary divisor is the size of the corresponding Jordan block, therefore the dimension of the corresponding invariant subspace. If all elementary divisors are linear, A is diagonalizable.

Invariant subspace decompositions

The Jordan form of a n × n matrix A is block diagonal, and therefore gives a decomposition of the n dimensional Euclidean space into invariant subspaces of A. Every Jordan block J_i corresponds to an invariant subspace X_i. Symbolically, we put

$\mathbb {C} ^{n}=\bigoplus _{i=1}^{k}X_{i}$

where each X_i is the span of the corresponding Jordan chain, and k is the number of Jordan chains.

One can also obtain a slightly different decomposition via the Jordan form. Given an eigenvalue λ_i, the size of its largest corresponding Jordan block s_i is called the index of λ_i and denoted by ν(λ_i). (Therefore the degree of the minimal polynomial is the sum of all indices.) Define a subspace Y_i by

$\;Y_{i}=\operatorname {Ker} (\lambda _{i}I-A)^{\nu (\lambda _{i})}.$

This gives the decomposition

$\mathbb {C} ^{n}=\bigoplus _{i=1}^{l}Y_{i}$

where l is the number of distinct eigenvalues of A. Intuitively, we glob together the Jordan block invariant subspaces corresponding to the same eigenvalue. In the extreme case where A is a multiple of the identity matrix we have k = n and l = 1.

The projection onto Y_i and along all the other Y_j ( j ≠ i ) is called the spectral projection of A at λ_i and is usually denoted by P(λ_i ; A). Spectral projections are mutually orthogonal in the sense that P(λ_i ; A) P(λ_j ; A) = 0 if i ≠ j. Also they commute with A and their sum is the identity matrix. Replacing every λ_i in the Jordan matrix J by one and zeroising all other entries gives P(λ_i ; J), moreover if U J U ^-1 is the similarity transformation such that A = U J U ^-1 then P(λ_i ; A) = U P(λ_i ; J) U ^-1. They are not confined to finite dimensions. See below for their application to compact operators, and in holomorphic functional calculus for a more general discussion.

Comparing the two decompositions, notice that, in general, l ≤ k. When A is normal, the subspaces X_i's in the first decomposition are one-dimensional and mutually orthogonal. This is the spectral theorem for normal operators. The second decomposition generalizes more easily for general compact operators on Banach spaces.

It might be of interest here to note some properties of the index, ν(λ). More generally, for a complex number λ, its index can be defined as the least non-negative integer ν(λ) such that

$\mathrm {Ker} (\lambda -A)^{\nu (\lambda )}=\operatorname {Ker} (\lambda -A)^{m},\;\forall m\geq \nu (\lambda ).$

So ν(λ) > 0 if and only if λ is an eigenvalue of A. In the finite dimensional case, ν(λ) ≤ the algebraic multiplicity of λ.

Generalizations

Matrices with entries in a field

Jordan reduction can be extended to any square matrix M whose entries lie in a field K. The result states that any M can be written as a sum D + N where D is semisimple, N is nilpotent, and DN = ND. This is called the Jordan–Chevalley decomposition. Whenever K contains the eigenvalues of M, in particular when K is algebraically closed, the normal form can be expressed explicitly as the direct sum of Jordan blocks.

Similar to the case when K is the complex numbers, knowing the dimensions of the kernels of (M − λI)^k for 1 ≤ k ≤ m, where m is the algebraic multiplicity of the eigenvalue λ, allows one to determine the Jordan form of M. We may view the underlying vector space V as a K[x]-module by regarding the action of x on V as application of M and extending by K-linearity. Then the polynomials (x − λ)^k are the elementary divisors of M, and the Jordan normal form is concerned with representing M in terms of blocks associated to the elementary divisors.

The proof of the Jordan normal form is usually carried out as an application to the ring K[x] of the structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain, of which it is a corollary.

Compact operators

In a different direction, for compact operators on a Banach space, a result analogous to the Jordan normal form holds. One restricts to compact operators because every point x in the spectrum of a compact operator T, the only exception being when x is the limit point of the spectrum, is an eigenvalue. This is not true for bounded operators in general. To give some idea of this generalization, we first reformulate the Jordan decomposition in the language of functional analysis.

Holomorphic functional calculus

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i) registered as a patent agent or its equal in any nation or territory, or by a patent workplace, specified within the Fourth Schedule; The business-specific tips for the true property agency and telecommunication sectors have been crafted to address considerations about scenarios that particularly apply to the two sectors, the PDPC stated. Mr Steven Tan, Managing Director of OrangeTee real property company, nonetheless, felt that it was a matter of "practising until it becomes part of our knowledge". "After a while, the agents ought to know the spirit behind the (Act)," he stated. Rising office sector leads real property market efficiency, while prime retail and enterprise park segments moderate and residential sector continues in decline Please choose an attendee for donation. Let X be a Banach space, L(X) be the bounded operators on X, and σ(T) denote the spectrum of T ∈ L(X). The holomorphic functional calculus is defined as follows:

Fix a bounded operator T. Consider the family Hol(T) of complex functions that is holomorphic on some open set G containing σ(T). Let Γ = {γ_i} be a finite collection of Jordan curves such that σ(T) lies in the inside of Γ, we define f(T) by

$f(T)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{\Gamma }f(z)(z-T)^{-1}dz.$

The open set G could vary with f and need not be connected. The integral is defined as the limit of the Riemann sums, as in the scalar case. Although the integral makes sense for continuous f, we restrict to holomorphic functions to apply the machinery from classical function theory (e.g. the Cauchy integral formula). The assumption that σ(T) lie in the inside of Γ ensures f(T) is well defined; it does not depend on the choice of Γ. The functional calculus is the mapping Φ from Hol(T) to L(X) given by

$\;\Phi (f)=f(T).$

We will require the following properties of this functional calculus:

1. Φ extends the polynomial functional calculus.
2. The spectral mapping theorem holds: σ(f(T)) = f(σ(T)).
3. Φ is an algebra homomorphism.

The finite dimensional case

In the finite dimensional case, σ(T) = {λ_i} is a finite discrete set in the complex plane. Let e_i be the function that is 1 in some open neighborhood of λ_i and 0 elsewhere. By property 3 of the functional calculus, the operator

$\;e_{i}(T)$

is a projection. Moreoever, let ν_i be the index of λ_i and

$f(z)=(z-\lambda _{i})^{\nu _{i}}.$

The spectral mapping theorem tells us

$f(T)e_{i}(T)=(T-\lambda _{i})^{\nu _{i}}e_{i}(T)$

has spectrum {0}. By property 1, f(T) can be directly computed in the Jordan form, and by inspection, we see that the operator f(T)e_i(T) is the zero matrix.

By property 3, f(T) e_i(T) = e_i(T) f(T). So e_i(T) is precisely the projection onto the subspace

$\mathrm {Ran} \;e_{i}(T)=\mathrm {Ker} (T-\lambda _{i})^{\nu _{i}}.$

The relation

$\;\sum _{i}e_{i}=1$

implies

$\mathbb {C} ^{n}=\bigoplus _{i}\;\mathrm {Ran} \;e_{i}(T)=\bigoplus _{i}\;\mathrm {Ker} (T-\lambda _{i})^{\nu _{i}}$

where the index i runs through the distinct eigenvalues of T. This is exactly the invariant subspace decomposition

$\mathbb {C} ^{n}=\bigoplus _{i}Y_{i}$

given in a previous section. Each e_i(T) is the projection onto the subspace spanned by the Jordan chains corresponding to λ_i and along the subspaces spanned by the Jordan chains corresponding to λ_j for j ≠ i. In other words e_i(T) = P(λ_i;T). This explicit identification of the operators e_i(T) in turn gives an explicit form of holomorphic functional calculus for matrices:

For all f ∈ Hol(T),

$f(T)=\sum _{\lambda _{i}\in \sigma (T)}\sum _{k=0}^{\nu _{i}-1}{\frac {f^{(k)}}{k!}}(T-\lambda _{i})^{k}e_{i}(T).$

Notice that the expression of f(T) is a finite sum because, on each neighborhood of λ_i, we have chosen the Taylor series expansion of f centered at λ_i.

Poles of an operator

Let T be a bounded operator λ be an isolated point of σ(T). (As stated above, when T is compact, every point in its spectrum is an isolated point, except possibly the limit point 0.)

The point λ is called a pole of operator T with order ν if the resolvent function R_T defined by

$\;R_{T}(\lambda )=(\lambda -T)^{-1}$

has a pole of order ν at λ.

We will show that, in the finite dimensional case, the order of an eigenvalue coincides with its index. The result also holds for compact operators.

Consider the annular region A centered at the eigenvalue λ with sufficiently small radius ε such that the intersection of the open disc B_ε(λ) and σ(T) is {λ}. The resolvent function R_T is holomorphic on A. Extending a result from classical function theory, R_T has a Laurent series representation on A:

$R_{T}(z)=\sum _{-\infty }^{\infty }a_{m}(\lambda -z)^{m}$

where

$a_{-m}=-{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{C}(\lambda -z)^{m-1}(z-T)^{-1}dz$ and C is a small circle centered at λ.

By the previous discussion on the functional calculus,

$\;a_{-m}=-(\lambda -T)^{m-1}e_{\lambda }(T)$ where $\;e_{\lambda }$ is 1 on $\;B_{\epsilon }(\lambda )$ and 0 elsewhere.

But we have shown that the smallest positive integer m such that

$a_{-m}\neq 0$ and $a_{-l}=0\;\;\forall \;l\geq m$

is precisely the index of λ, ν(λ). In other words, the function R_T has a pole of order ν(λ) at λ.

Example

This example shows how to calculate the Jordan normal form of a given matrix. As the next section explains, it is important to do the computation exactly instead of rounding the results.

Consider the matrix

$A={\begin{bmatrix}5&4&2&1\\0&1&-1&-1\\-1&-1&3&0\\1&1&-1&2\end{bmatrix}}$

which is mentioned in the beginning of the article.

The characteristic polynomial of A is

$\chi (\lambda )=\det(\lambda I-A)=\lambda ^{4}-11\lambda ^{3}+42\lambda ^{2}-64\lambda +32=(\lambda -1)(\lambda -2)(\lambda -4)^{2}.\,$

This shows that the eigenvalues are 1, 2, 4 and 4, according to algebraic multiplicity. The eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 can be found by solving the equation Av = λ v. It is spanned by the column vector v = (−1, 1, 0, 0)^T. Similarly, the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue 2 is spanned by w = (1, −1, 0, 1)^T. Finally, the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue 4 is also one-dimensional (even though this is a double eigenvalue) and is spanned by x = (1, 0, −1, 1)^T. So, the geometric multiplicity (i.e. dimension of the eigenspace of the given eigenvalue) of each of the three eigenvalues is one. Therefore, the two eigenvalues equal to 4 correspond to a single Jordan block, and the Jordan normal form of the matrix A is the direct sum

$J=J_{1}(1)\oplus J_{1}(2)\oplus J_{2}(4)={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&2&0&0\\0&0&4&1\\0&0&0&4\end{bmatrix}}.$

There are three chains. Two have length one: {v} and {w}, corresponding to the eigenvalues 1 and 2, respectively. There is one chain of length two corresponding to the eigenvalue 4. To find this chain, calculate

$\ker {(A-4I)}^{2}=\operatorname {span} \,\left\{{\begin{bmatrix}1\\0\\0\\0\end{bmatrix}},{\begin{bmatrix}1\\0\\-1\\1\end{bmatrix}}\right\}.$

Pick a vector in the above span that is not in the kernel of A − 4I, e.g., y = (1,0,0,0)^T. Now, (A − 4I)y = x and (A − 4I)x = 0, so {y, x} is a chain of length two corresponding to the eigenvalue 4.

The transition matrix P such that P⁻¹AP = J is formed by putting these vectors next to each other as follows

$P={\Big [}\,v\,{\Big |}\,w\,{\Big |}\,x\,{\Big |}\,y\,{\Big ]}={\begin{bmatrix}-1&1&1&1\\1&-1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&1&1&0\end{bmatrix}}.$

A computation shows that the equation P⁻¹AP = J indeed holds.

$P^{-1}AP=J={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&2&0&0\\0&0&4&1\\0&0&0&4\end{bmatrix}}.$

If we had interchanged the order of which the chain vectors appeared, that is, changing the order of v, w and {x, y} together, the Jordan blocks would be interchanged. However, the Jordan forms are equivalent Jordan forms.

Numerical analysis

If the matrix A has multiple eigenvalues, or is close to a matrix with multiple eigenvalues, then its Jordan normal form is very sensitive to perturbations. Consider for instance the matrix

$A={\begin{bmatrix}1&1\\\varepsilon &1\end{bmatrix}}.$

If ε = 0, then the Jordan normal form is simply

${\begin{bmatrix}1&1\\0&1\end{bmatrix}}.$

However, for ε ≠ 0, the Jordan normal form is

${\begin{bmatrix}1+{\sqrt {\varepsilon }}&0\\0&1-{\sqrt {\varepsilon }}\end{bmatrix}}.$

This ill conditioning makes it very hard to develop a robust numerical algorithm for the Jordan normal form, as the result depends critically on whether two eigenvalues are deemed to be equal. For this reason, the Jordan normal form is usually avoided in numerical analysis; the stable Schur decomposition is often a better alternative.

Powers

If n is a natural number, the n^th power of a matrix in Jordan normal form will be a direct sum of upper triangular matrices, as a result of block multiplication. More specifically, after exponentiation each Jordan block will be an upper triangular block.

For example,

${\begin{bmatrix}2&1&0&0&0\\0&2&1&0&0\\0&0&2&0&0\\0&0&0&5&1\\0&0&0&0&5\end{bmatrix}}^{4}={\begin{bmatrix}16&32&24&0&0\\0&16&32&0&0\\0&0&16&0&0\\0&0&0&625&500\\0&0&0&0&625\end{bmatrix}}.$

Further, each triangular block will consist of λⁿ on the main diagonal, ${\tbinom {n}{1}}$ times λ^n-1 on the upper diagonal, and so on. This expression is valid for negative integer powers as well if one extends the notion of the binomial coefficients ${\tbinom {n}{k}}\mapsto \left({\frac {n}{|n|}}\right)^{k}{\tbinom {|n|}{k}}$.

For example,

${\begin{bmatrix}\lambda _{1}&1&0&0&0\\0&\lambda _{1}&1&0&0\\0&0&\lambda _{1}&0&0\\0&0&0&\lambda _{2}&1\\0&0&0&0&\lambda _{2}\end{bmatrix}}^{n}={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda _{1}^{n}&{\tbinom {n}{1}}\lambda _{1}^{n-1}&{\tbinom {n}{2}}\lambda _{1}^{n-2}&0&0\\0&\lambda _{1}^{n}&{\tbinom {n}{1}}\lambda _{1}^{n-1}&0&0\\0&0&\lambda _{1}^{n}&0&0\\0&0&0&\lambda _{2}^{n}&{\tbinom {n}{1}}\lambda _{2}^{n-1}\\0&0&0&0&\lambda _{2}^{n}\end{bmatrix}}.$

See also

• Canonical form
• Frobenius normal form
• Jordan matrix
• Jordan–Chevalley decomposition
• Matrix decomposition
• Weyr canonical form

References

• N. Dunford and J.T. Schwartz, Linear Operators, Part I: General Theory, Interscience, 1958.
• Daniel T. Finkbeiner II, Introduction to Matrices and Linear Transformations, Third Edition, Freeman, 1978.
• Gene H. Golub and Charles F. Van Loan, Matrix Computations (3rd ed.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996.
• Gene H. Golub and J. H. Wilkinson, Ill-conditioned eigensystems and the computation of the Jordan normal form, SIAM Review, vol. 18, nr. 4, pp. 578–619, 1976.
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• Glenn James and Robert C. James, Mathematics Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976.
• Saunders MacLane and Garrett Birkhoff, Algebra, MacMillan, 1967.
• Anthony N. Michel and Charles J. Herget, Applied Algebra and Functional Analysis, Dover, 1993.
• Georgi E. Shilov, Linear Algebra, Dover, 1977.
• I. R. Shafarevich & A. O. Remizov (2012) Linear Algebra and Geometry, Springer ISBN 978-3-642-30993-9.
• Jordan Canonical Form article at mathworld.wolfram.com

Real Estate Agent Renaldo Lester from Saint-Jean-Chrysostome, has several hobbies which include leathercrafting, property developers in singapore apartment for sale, this contact form, and crochet. Loves to see new cities and places like Ruins of Loropéni.