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== nGSxY cheap soccer jerseys 2014 039Time to impress039 for As ==
{{other uses}}
'''Dynamic range''', abbreviated '''DR''' or '''DNR''',<ref>ISSCC Glossary http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/4242240/4242241/04242527.pdf</ref> is the [[ratio]] between the largest and smallest possible values of a changeable quantity, such as in [[Signal (electronics)|signal]]s like [[sound]] and [[light]]. It is measured as a ratio, or as a [[decimal|base-10]] ([[decibel]]) or [[Binary numeral system|base-2]] (doublings, [[bit]]s or [[Stops (Dynamic Range)|stop]]s) [[Logarithmic scale|logarithmic]] value.


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==Dynamic range and human perception==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:auto; font-size: 88%; line-height:1.5em; text-align:right;"
|-
! Factor (power) !! Decibels || Stops
|-
|'''1                            ''' ||  '''0''' ||  '''0'''
|-
|'''2                            ''' ||      3.01 ||  '''1'''
|-
|  3.16                            ||  '''5''' ||    1.66
|-
|'''4                            ''' ||      6.02 ||  '''2'''
|-
|'''5                            ''' ||      6.99 ||    2.32
|-
|'''8                            ''' ||      9.03 ||  '''3'''
|-
|'''10                          ''' ||  '''10''' ||    3.32
|-
|'''16                          ''' ||    12.0  ||  '''4'''
|-
|'''20                          ''' ||    13.0  ||    4.32
|-
|  31.6                            ||  '''15''' ||    4.98
|-
|'''32                          ''' ||    15.1  ||  '''5'''
|-
|'''50                          ''' ||    17.0  ||    5.64
|-
|'''100                          ''' ||  '''20''' ||    6.64
|-
|'''1&nbsp;000                  ''' ||  '''30''' ||    9.97
|-
|'''1&nbsp;024                  ''' ||    30.1  || '''10'''
|-
|'''10&nbsp;000                  ''' ||  '''40''' ||    13.3
|-
|'''100&nbsp;000                ''' ||  '''50''' ||    16.6
|-
|'''1&nbsp;000&nbsp;000          ''' ||  '''60''' ||    19.9
|-
|'''1&nbsp;048&nbsp;576          ''' ||    60.2  || '''20'''
|-
|'''100&nbsp;000&nbsp;000        ''' ||  '''80''' ||    26.6
|-
|'''1&nbsp;073&nbsp;741&nbsp;824 ''' ||    90.3  || '''30'''
|-
|'''10&nbsp;000&nbsp;000&nbsp;000''' || '''100''' ||    33.2
|}
The human senses of [[Visual perception|sight]] and [[auditory perception|hearing]] have a very high dynamic range. A human is capable of hearing (and usefully discerning) anything from a quiet murmur in a [[soundproof]]ed room to the sound of the loudest heavy metal concert. Such a difference can exceed 100&nbsp;[[Decibel|dB]] which represents a factor of 100,000 in [[amplitude]] and a factor 10,000,000,000 in power.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://media.paisley.ac.uk/~campbell/AASP/Aspects%20of%20Human%20Hearing.PDF |title=Aspects of Human Hearing |author=D. R. Campbell |quote=The dynamic range of human hearing is [approximately] 120&nbsp;dB |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/earsens.html#c2 |quote=The practical dynamic range could be said to be from the threshold of hearing to the threshold of pain [130&nbsp;dB] |title=Sensitivity of Human Ear |accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref> A human can see objects in starlight (although [[Color vision|colour differentiation]] is reduced at low light levels) or in bright sunlight, even though on a moonless night objects receive 1/1,000,000,000 of the illumination they would on a bright sunny day: that is a dynamic range of 90&nbsp;dB. A human cannot perform these feats of perception at both extremes of the scale at the same time. The eyes take time to adjust to different light levels and the dynamic range of the human eye in a given scene is actually quite limited due to optical [[glare (vision)|glare]]. The instantaneous dynamic range of human audio perception is similarly subject to [[Auditory masking|masking]], so that, for example, a whisper cannot be heard in loud surroundings. Nevertheless, a high-quality audio reproduction system should be able to reproduce accurately both the quiet sounds and the loud; similarly, a high-quality camera system should be able to capture both shadow details in nighttime scenes and bright areas of sunny scenes.


<p>Bannan also full of praise for the performance of up-and-coming striker 德尔弗内索 and Andreas Weimann.</p>
In practice, it is difficult to achieve the full dynamic range experienced by humans using electronic equipment. Electronically reproduced audio and video often uses some trickery to fit original material with a wide dynamic range into a narrower recorded dynamic range that can more easily be stored and reproduced: these techniques are called [[dynamic range compression]]. For example, a good quality [[LCD display]] has a dynamic range of around 1000:1 (commercially the dynamic range is often called the "[[contrast ratio]]" meaning the full-on/full-off [[luminance]] ratio), and some of the latest [[CMOS]] image sensors now have measured dynamic ranges of about 11,000:1 (reported as 13.5 [[Stops (Dynamic Range)|stop]]s, or doublings, equivalent to [[Binary numeral system|binary]] [[bit]]s).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dxomark.com/index.php/eng/DxOMark-Sensor |title=DXOmark Sensor Ranking }}</ref>  Paper reflectance can achieve a dynamic range of about 100:1.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/dynamic-range.htm| title = Dynamic Range in Digital Photography|accessdate = 2011-07-11}}</ref> Professional ENG Camcorders such as Sony Digital Betacam currently achieves dynamic ranges of greater than 90dB in audio recording.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-videorecorders/cat-recmpegimx/product-MSWM2100%2F1/ |title=Sony Product Detail Page MSWM2100/1 |publisher=Sony Pro |date= |accessdate=2011-12-30}}</ref>


<p> [I believe he has improved, it is not surprising, Because he is a hard worker. Eric put everything into training and deserves everything he gets.</p>
When showing a movie or a game, a display is able to show both shadowy nighttime scenes and bright outdoor sunlit scenes, but in fact the level of light coming from the display is much the same for both types of scene (perhaps different by a factor of 10). Knowing that the display does not have a huge dynamic range, the program makers do not attempt to make the nighttime scenes millions of times less bright than the daytime scenes, but instead use other cues to suggest night or day. A nighttime scene will usually contain duller colours and will often be lit with blue lighting, which reflects the way that the human eye sees [[Rod cells|colours at low light levels]].


== Examples of usage ==
=== Audio ===


[[Audio engineer]]s often use ''dynamic range'' to describe the ratio of the amplitude of the loudest possible [[audio distortion|undistorted]] [[sine wave]] to the [[root mean square]] (rms) noise amplitude, say of a [[microphone]] or [[loudspeaker]].


The dynamic range of human hearing is roughly 140 dB.<ref name=HuberRunstein513>{{cite book |title=Modern Recording Techniques |last1=Huber |first1=David Miles |first2=Robert E. |last2=Runstein |year=2009 |edition=7 |publisher=Focal Press |isbn=0-240-81069-4 |page=513 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=W9U7A-rSXtEC&pg=PA513}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/98-126/ |title=Occupational Noise Exposure, CDC DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 98-126 }}</ref> The dynamic range of music as normally perceived in a concert hall doesn't exceed 80 dB, and human speech is normally perceived over a range of about 40 dB.<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of Recording Engineering |last=Eargle |first=John |authorlink=John M. Eargle |year=2005 |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-28470-2 |page=4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=00m1SlorUcIC&pg=PA4 }}</ref>


The dynamic range differs from the ratio of the maximum to minimum amplitude a given device can record, as a properly [[dither]]ed recording device can record signals well below the rms noise amplitude (noise floor).


<p>Manager McLeish issued a youthful side to face Hereford in the Carling Cup on Tuesday and reward a 2-0 victory courtesy of Eric Lichaj and Nathan Delfouneso.</p>
For example, if the ceiling of a device is 5V (rms) and the noise floor is 10µV (rms) then the dynamic range is 500000:1, or 114&nbsp;dB:


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:<math>20 \times \log_{10} \left(\frac{5V}{10 \mu V}\right) = 20 \times \log_{10}(500000) = 20 \times 5.7 = 114 \,\mathrm{dB}</math>


<p>It only in these two young striker was incorporated into the Villa scored their two goals in the game Kathleen said:  QUOT, which is great, there are players like they come late in the game.</p>
In digital audio theory the dynamic range is limited by [[quantization error]]. The maximum achievable dynamic range for a digital audio system with ''Q''-bit uniform quantization is calculated as the ratio of the largest sine-wave rms to rms noise is:<ref name=seeber>
{{cite book
| title = Handbook of applied superconductivity
| author = Bernd Seeber
| publisher = CRC Press
| year = 1998
| isbn = 978-0-7503-0377-4
| pages = 1861–1862
  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ll26eLzw3jYC&pg=PA1862&dq=1.76-db+6.02n+dynamic+range+bits+sinusoidal+rms-value}}</ref>


:<math> \mathrm{DR_{ADC}} = 20 \times \log_{10} \left(\frac{2^Q}{1}\right) = \left ( 6.02 \cdot Q \right )\ \mathrm{dB} \,\!</math>


<p>Bannan late goals to enjoy a full 90 minutes of action, and is close friends Lichaj.</p>
The maximum achievable [[signal-to-noise ratio]] (SNR) for a digital audio system with ''Q''-bit uniform quantization is


<p>  QUOT; When Darren Bent, Emile Heskey and Abang Khajuraho talkative missing its splendor let these guys come into contact with the side. They are extremely tangled little to impress, this is a brilliant Aston · Villa.</p>
:<math> \mathrm{SNR_{ADC}} = \left (1.76 + 6.02 \cdot Q \right )\ \mathrm{dB} \,\!</math>


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The 16-bit [[compact disc]] has a theoretical dynamic range of about 96 dB<ref name="Fries2005">{{cite book |title=Digital Audio Essentials |last=Fries |first=Bruce |coauthors=Marty Fries |year=2005 |publisher=O'Reilly Media |isbn=0-596-00856-2 |page=147 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w0vsd5z2Rg4C&pg=PA147 |quote=Digital audio at 16-bit resolution has a theoretical dynamic range of 96 dB, but the actual dynamic range is usually lower because of overhead from filters that are built into most audio systems." ... "Audio CDs achieve about a 90-dB signal-to-noise ratio.}}</ref> for a triangle wave or 98 dB for sinusoidal signals<ref name=seeber/> (see [[Quantization (signal processing)#Quantization noise model|Quantization noise model]]).  The ''perceived'' dynamic range of 16-bit audio can be as high as 120 dB with noise-shaped [[dither]], taking advantage of the frequency response of the human ear.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xiph.org/~xiphmont/demo/neil-young.html |title=24/192 Music Downloads ...and why they make no sense |last=Montgomery |first=Chris |authorlink=Chris Montgomery |date=March 25, 2012 |website=xiph.org |accessdate=26 May 2013 |quote=With use of shaped dither, which moves quantization noise energy into frequencies where it's harder to hear, the effective dynamic range of 16 bit audio reaches 120dB in practice, more than fifteen times deeper than the 96dB claim.  120dB is greater than the difference between a mosquito somewhere in the same room and a jackhammer a foot away.... or the difference between a deserted 'soundproof' room and a sound loud enough to cause hearing damage in seconds. 16 bits is enough to store all we can hear, and will be enough forever.}}</ref> Digital audio with 20-bit digitization is theoretically capable of 120 dB dynamic range; similarly, 24-bit digital audio calculates to 144 dB dynamic range.<ref name=HuberRunstein513/> All digital audio recording and playback chains include input and output converters and associated analog circuitry, significantly limiting practical dynamic range. Observed 16-bit digital audio dynamic range is about 90 dB.<ref name=Fries2005/>


Dynamic range in analog audio is the difference between low-level thermal noise in the electronic circuitry and high-level signal saturation resulting in increased distortion and, if pushed higher, [[Clipping (audio)|clipping]].<ref>Huber, Runstein 2009, [http://books.google.com/books?id=W9U7A-rSXtEC&pg=PA416 pp. 416, 487]</ref> Multiple noise processes determine the noise floor of a system. Noise can be picked up from microphone self-noise, preamp noise, wiring and interconnection noise, media noise, etc. Early 78 rpm phonograph discs had a dynamic range of up to 40 dB,<ref>[http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=308 Audio Engineering Society. E-Library. Jerry B. Minter. April 1956. ''Recent Developments in Precision Master Recording Lathes'']</ref> soon reduced to 30 dB and worse due to wear from repeated play. German magnetic tape in 1941 was reported to have had a dynamic range of 60 dB,<ref name="First100Years">{{cite book |title=Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years |last=Daniel |first=Eric D. |coauthors=C. Denis Mee, Mark H. Clark |year=1998 |publisher=Wiley-IEEE Press |isbn=0-7803-4709-9 |page=64 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7WrCSCqMk5gC }}</ref> though modern day restoration experts of such tapes note 45-50 dB as the observed dynamic range.<ref>[http://www.aes.org/journal/suppmat/hess_2001_7.pdf Audio Engineering Society. Richard L. Hess. July/August 2001. ''The Jack Mullin//Bill Palmer tape restoration project'']</ref> [[Ampex]] tape recorders in the 1950s achieved 60 dB in practical usage,<ref name="First100Years"/> though tape formulations such as Scotch 111 boasted 68 dB dynamic range.<ref name=Eargle158>Eargle, 2005, [http://books.google.com/books?id=00m1SlorUcIC&pg=PA158 p. 158.]</ref> In the 1960s, improvements in tape formulation processes resulted in 7 dB greater range,<ref name=Eargle158/> and Ray Dolby developed the [[Dolby noise reduction system#Dolby A|Dolby A-Type noise reduction system]] that increased low- and mid-frequency dynamic range on magnetic tape by 10 dB, and high-frequency by 15 dB, using [[companding]] (compression and expansion) of four frequency bands.<ref>Eargle, 2005, [http://books.google.com/books?id=00m1SlorUcIC&pg=PA169 p. 169.]</ref> The peak of professional analog magnetic recording tape technology reached 90 dB dynamic range in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion, or about 80 dB in practical broadband applications.<ref name=Eargle158/> The [[Dolby noise reduction system#Dolby SR|Dolby SR noise reduction system]] gave a 20 dB further increased range resulting in 110 dB in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion.<ref>Eargle, 2005, [http://books.google.com/books?id=00m1SlorUcIC&pg=PA172 p. 172.]</ref> [[Compact Cassette]] tape performance ranges from 50 to 56 dB depending on tape formulation, with Metal Type IV tapes giving the greatest dynamic range, and systems such as [[XDR (audio)|XDR]], [[dbx (noise reduction)|dbx]] and [[Dolby noise reduction system]] increasing it further. Specialized bias and record head improvements by Nakamichi and Tandberg combined with Dolby C noise reduction yielded 72 dB dynamic range for the cassette. Vinyl microgroove phonograph records typically yield 55-65 dB, though the first play of the higher-fidelity outer rings can achieve a dynamic range of 70 dB.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Century of Recorded Music: Listening to Musical History |last=Day |first=Timothy |year=2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-09401-9 |page=23 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EYdtlP6hvPoC }}</ref> The rugged elements of [[Dynamic microphone|moving-coil microphones]] can have a dynamic range of up to 140 dB (at increased distortion), while condenser microphones are limited by the overloading of their associated electronic circuitry.<ref>Huber, Runstein 2009, [http://books.google.com/books?id=W9U7A-rSXtEC&pg=PA127 p. 127]</ref> Practical considerations of acceptable distortion levels in microphones combined with typical practices in a recording studio result in a useful operating range of 125 dB.<ref>Eargle, 2005, [http://books.google.com/books?id=00m1SlorUcIC&pg=PA75 p. 75.]</ref>


In 1981, researchers at Ampex determined that a dynamic range of 118 dB on a dithered digital audio stream was necessary for subjective noise-free playback of music in quiet listening environments.<ref>[http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=11981 Audio Engineering Society. E-Library. Louis D. Fielder. May 1981. ''Dynamic Range Requirement for Subjective Noise Free Reproduction of Music'']</ref>


Since the early 1990s, it has been recommended by several authorities, including the [[Audio Engineering Society]], that measurements of dynamic range be made with an audio signal present, which is then filtered out to get the noise floor.<ref>AES-6id-2000</ref> This avoids questionable measurements based on the use of blank media, or muting circuits.


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=== Electronics ===
{{Refimprove section|date=June 2009}}
[[Electronics]] engineers apply the term to:
* the ratio of a specified maximum level of a [[parameter]], such as [[Power (physics)|power]], [[Current (electricity)|current]], [[voltage]] or [[frequency]], to the minimum detectable value of that parameter. (See [[Audio system measurements]].)
* In a [[transmission system]], the ratio of the [[Overcurrent|overload]] level (the maximum [[Signalling (telecommunication)|signal]] power that the system can tolerate without [[distortion]] of the signal) to the [[noise level]] of the system.
* In [[Digital data|digital]] systems or devices, the ratio of maximum and minimum signal levels required to maintain a specified [[bit error ratio]].
* Optimization of bit width of digital data path (according to the dynamic ranges of signal) can reduce the area, cost, and power consumption of digital circuits and systems while improving their performance. Optimal bit width of digital data path is the smallest bit width that can satisfy the required signal-to-noise ratio and avoid overflow at the same time.<ref>Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, Farid Najm, ''Dynamic Range Estimation''. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2006. P.1618-1636 </ref><ref>Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, Farid Najm, ''An analytical approach for dynamic range estimation'' In ACM/IEEE 41st Design Automation Conference (DAC-04), San Diego, Calif., June 7-11, 2004. </ref><ref>Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, Farid Najm, ''Dynamic range estimation for nonlinear systems''. In IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD-04), San Jose, Calif., November 7-11, 2004.</ref><ref>Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, Farid Najm, ''A non-parametric approach for dynamic range estimation of nonlinear systems''. In ACM/IEEE 42nd Design Automation Conference (DAC-05), pages 841–844, 2005. </ref><ref>Bin Wu, ''Dynamic range estimation for systems with control-flow structures''. 13th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED-12),19-21 March 2012</ref>{{vn|date=June 2012}}
*In audio and electronics applications, the ratio involved is often so huge that it is converted to a [[logarithm]] and specified in [[decibel]]s.


=== Metrology ===
{{Refimprove section|date=June 2009}}
In [[metrology]], such as when performed in support of science, engineering or manufacturing objectives, dynamic range refers to the range of values that can be measured by a sensor or metrology instrument. Often this dynamic range of measurement is limited at one end of the range by saturation of a sensing signal sensor or by physical limits that exist on the motion or other response capability of a mechanical indicator. The other end of the dynamic range of measurement is often limited by one or more sources of random [[noise]] or uncertainty in signal levels that may be described as the defining the [[Sensitivity (electronics)|sensitivity]] of the sensor or metrology device. When digital sensors or sensor signal converters are a component of the sensor or metrology device, the dynamic range of measurement will be also related to the number of binary digits (bits) used in a digital numeric representation in which the measured value is linearly related to the digital number. For example, a 12-bit digital sensor or converter can provide a dynamic range in which the ratio of the maximum measured value to the minimum measured value is up to 2<sup>12</sup> = 4096. With [[gamma correction]], this limitation can be relaxed somewhat; for example, the 8-bit encoding used in [[sRGB]] image encoding represents a maximum to minimum ratio of about 3000.


Metrology systems and devices may use several basic methods to increase their basic dynamic range. These methods include averaging and other forms of filtering, repetition of measurements, nonlinear transformations to avoid saturation, etc. In more advance forms of metrology, such as multiwavelength [[digital holography]], [[interferometry]] measurements made at different scales (different wavelengths) can be combined to retain the same low-end resolution while extending the upper end of the dynamic range of measurement by orders of magnitude.


   
=== Music ===
In [[music]], dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an [[musical instrument|instrument]], [[part (music)|part]] or piece of music. In modern recording, this range is often limited through [[audio level compression]], which allows for louder volume, but can make the recording sound less exciting or live.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdmasteringservices.com/dynamicdeath.htm |title=The Death Of Dynamic Range |publisher=CD Mastering Services |accessdate=2008-07-17}}</ref> [[Popular music]] typically has a dynamic range of 6 to 10 dB, with some forms of music having as little as 1 dB or as much as 15 dB.<ref>{{cite book | last = Katz | first = Robert | title = Mastering Audio | page = 109 |chapter = 9 | publisher = Boston | location = Amsterdam | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-240-80545-3 }}</ref>


=== Photography ===
[[File:Kalte Sense.jpg|thumb|upright|A scene demanding high dynamic range.]]<!--Picture itself does not exhibit great dynamic range but that would be difficult to illustrate on most computer monitors where Wikipedia is viewed-->
[[Photography|Photographer]]s use "dynamic range" for the [[luminance]] range of a scene being photographed, or the limits of luminance range that a given [[digital camera]] or [[photographic film|film]] can capture,
<ref>{{cite book | title = High Dynamic Range Video | author = Karol Myszkowski, Rafal Mantiuk, and Grzegorz Krawczyk | publisher = Morgan & Claypool Publishers | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-59829-214-5 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=PVPggnBIC-wC&pg=PA15&dq=photography+luminance+dynamic-range+film#PPA16,M1 }}</ref> or the ''opacity range'' of developed film images, or the ''reflectance range'' of images on photographic papers.


   
[[Graduated neutral density filter]]s are used to decrease the dynamic range of scene luminance that can be captured on [[photographic film]] (or on the [[image sensor]] of a [[digital camera]]): The filter is positioned in front of the lens at the time the exposure is made; the top half is dark and the bottom half is clear. The dark area is placed over a scene's high-intensity region, such as the sky. The result is more even exposure in the focal plane, with increased detail in the shadows and low-light areas. Though this doesn't increase the fixed dynamic range available at the film or sensor, it stretches usable dynamic range in practice.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Magic of Digital Nature Photography | author = Rob Sheppard | publisher = Sterling Publishing Company | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-57990-773-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=P39ysk_UwZcC&pg=PA70&dq=graduated+neutral+density+filter+digital+image+sensor}}</ref>


   
The dynamic range of sensors used in digital photography is many times less than that of the human eye and generally not as wide as that of chemical photographic media. In the domain of digital imaging, algorithms have been developed to map the image differently in shadow and in highlight in order to better distribute the lighting range across the image. These techniques are known as [[Tone mapping#Purpose and methods|local tone mapping]], and usually involves overcoming the limited dynamic range of the sensor array by selectively combining multiple exposures of the same scene in order to retain detail in light and dark areas. The same approach has been used in chemical photography to capture an extremely wide dynamic range: A three-layer film with each underlying layer at 1/100 the sensitivity of the next higher one has, for example, been used to record nuclear-weapons tests.<ref>[http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/mctl98-2/p2sec05.pdf ''The Militarily Critical Technologies List''] (1998), pages II-5-100 and II-5-107.</ref>


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The most severe dynamic-range limitation in photography may not involve encoding, but rather reproduction to, say, a paper print or computer screen. In that case, not only local tone mapping, but also ''dynamic range adjustment'' can be effective in revealing detail throughout light and dark areas: The principle is the same as that of [[dodging and burning]] (using different lengths of exposures in different areas when making a photographic print) in the chemical darkroom. The principle is also similar to gain riding or automatic level control in audio work, which serves to keep a signal audible in a noisy listening environment and to avoid peak levels which overload the reproducing equipment, or which are unnaturally or uncomfortably loud.


<p>  QUOT, like many young players at Villa, they have come through the youth system, now is your time to impress and QUOT; </p>
==See also==


<p>Midfielder Barry Bannan believes that this is the QUOT; time to impress and QUOT; against Aston Villa's young guns.</p>
*[[Loudness war]]
*[[High dynamic range imaging]]
*[[Highlight headroom]]
*[[Range fractionation]]


<p>  QUOT; goal for Hereford Open crown on the head of a great performance from him and QUOT; </p>
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}


<p>  QUOT a big hit, I was a bit sticky after the end of the game, but it is all fun, scored my first goals villa is the most enjoyable moment of my football career [http://forum.ultrasoft.cz/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=455182 L6U20 cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Arsenal Arsene Wen] and QUOT of; </p>
==External list==
* [http://www.audiocheck.net/audiotests_dynamiccheck.php Audible dynamic range (online test)]
* http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/dynamic.html
* http://www.seis.com.au/TechNotes/TN200410A_SNR.html


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dynamic Range}}
 
[[Category:Signal processing]]
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<p>  QUOT, Wimbledon has been ascribed to its weight fish, we will try to imitate the great days of the past, and QUOT; he said.</p>
 
 
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<p>And just returned to his entire family are in a sold-out Kingsmeadow for Saturday noon conflict with Bristol Rovers will be sky Sports.</p>
 
 
 
<p>2009-2010 - at the eighth meeting of National</p>
 
 
 
 
 
<p>Now, joined AFC Wimbledon in 2007, when the league after they Lehmann, who has led the London heir crazy big time.</p>
 
<p>2010-2011 - Second National Congress (by Play promotion Playoff) </p>
 
 
<p>2003-2004 - Union County League</p>
 
 
 
<p>The Football League club, the fans set up after 2002, Milton Keynes proposed money supply M1, has been in a fairytale climb up to 5 years of significant promotional nine football pyramid.</p>
 
<p>2004-2005 Champions - Isthmus Champions League Division 1</p>
 
<p> - [My family will be there and I enjoy together that day. 45,452,323 and [my son has been different learning difficulties. We are a little worried about tee times for him, because he usually likes his breakfast and lunch, but he just had a brunch [Saturday]. cheap soccer jerseys 2014 This will disturb him. 45,452,323 and QUOT, we are very much looking forward to it. Football, at home, is a family occasion. My daughter Natalie to go, my sister and her husband went. They will participate - they get more excited than I do, believe me, and QUOT; </p>
 
 
 
<p>It's taken nine seasons to take one of five AFC Wimbledon's promotion square, after the club moved north to become Milton Keynes into football? League ... </p>
 
<p>Brown quoted Duggan put; Han Farm and Blackpool's example this season.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT, in a better club you can not do it, all right principles, and QUOT; Brown continued.  QUOT, we have all the rights. 45,452,323 and QUOT, we strictly abide by the fans' run club. It's not lip service. We do not have a beneficiary who is behind millions of pounds smashes. Our 3000 run, this is what I spend.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT, which we did not expect it until it happens, it would appear, no doubt, in the next few years, and QUOT; Brown said.  QUOT, but I just want to enjoy Saturday and QUOT; </p>
 
 
 
 
 
<p>2007-2008 - isthmus linking the third Premier League (promoted via play-offs) </p>
 
 
 
 
<p>  QUOT scene displayed, which is the source of immense pride, and QUOT; Brown admitted. [I think it could be passed me, personally.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Brown acknowledged the club's ownership model will see them playing an QUOT; glass ceiling and QUOT; no more money on the court, and refused to pay the agent would have to reviewed.</p>
 
 
<p>But goal is clear, and Marcus - Bent and Jason Yule - as between a shop Target - who played at Wimbledon, from 1995-2001 experienced striker.</p>
 
<p>2005-2006 - fourth Isthmus League Super Division</p>
 
<p>  QUOT, which is working great stature Wimbledon club and see the absolute pride, all of our fans. 45,452,323 and QUOT, you know them. I [http://forocole.com/foro/viewtopic.php?f=45&t=14045 8n4oo cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Alex Ferguson deli] looked at the back of the goal at Manchester City Stadium, the scene when we get promoted, I know that half of the supporters of the faces appear. 45,452,323 and QUOT, which will be a [http://www.jhwsjds.com/Review.asp?NewsID=2157 Andy Keogh vows to show his worth at Leeds - six years after they sold him] Rangers a fantastic time, I will know in the crowd, most of the faces and QUOT; </p>
 
 
<p>And Brown, who turned 59 yesterday after finally sampled league action for the first time is spent AU career as a player and manager.</p>
 
<p>2008-2009 - Conference South</p>
 
 
 
<p>WIMBLEDON Greatest Rally </p>
 
 
 
<p>Many those same fans also present during the original Wimbledon made their Football League debut as early as 1977.</p>
 
<p>And they now face from just a season away Milton Keynes - club AFC Wimbledon who have vowed to no longer sell player.</p>
 
<p>The family feel extends to the club by AFC Wimbledon supporters don [http://anarchy-klan.xf.cz/index.php?site=forum_topic&topic=15317 0jICw cheap soccer jerseys 2014 AFC Wimbledon boss] trust ownership. </p>
 
<p>Terry Brown and AFC Wimbledon will enjoy a family thing, because they let their emotions debuts.</p>
 
<p> * </p>
 
 
 
 
 
<p>2002-2003 - Third Joint County League</p>
 
 
<p>The former Hayes, Sutton and Slough striker almost won the Football League promotion and Hayes a boss, then with Aldershot.</p>
 
champion
 
<p>2006-2007 - fifth isthmus League Super Division</p>
 
<p>But Brown lost twice in the playoffs and then leave that job to help his wife Susie fight leukemia, and in the pressure of his family saw his autistic son Elliot temporarily into the care. </p>
 
== hNumS cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Air Asia and F1 Team Lotus t ==
 
<p>  QUOT relations; [potential] infinite, it is a fantastic diamond, it just needs a little polishing and QUOT's. </p>
 
<p>  QUOT, which is a very difficult decision by the Board of Directors I did resign, so I am very pleased to be able back.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT, this does not mean that the previous The owner is wrong, it's just that they know they were going to sell, so that they have a different investment paradigm.</p>
 
 
 
 
 
 
<p>  QUOT, we have a very detailed discussion on how to restore pride in the club, I am very pleased with the results of these discussions.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT, it takes time. The next few weeks will be busy, I think Neil is released from the cage so to speak, and bounce up and down, as he would say to other people, and stuff.</p>
 
 
 
<p>QPR to life back in the top flight before cheap soccer jerseys 2014 the transfer window closed after 15 years did not get off to the worst start of the weekend 4-0 home defeat to Bolton.</p>
 
<p>Tony Fernandes has labeled QPR A  QUOT; fantastic diamond  QUOT; and pledged to help the team achieve QUOT; unlimited  QUOT; potential in the future years.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT, said so much, they pick up some great players.</p>
 
<p>Bhatia said: [I am very excited to welcome Tony and Queens Park Rangers have spent a lot of time with him, know that we share a common vision and values, and QUOT; he said.</p>
 
<p> [I got my face so big smile I drove because I've gone through too many times for this reason, and QUOT; Fernandez said the number who lived in the nearby Bridge Road Oaks years.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT; you are in London, which is fantastic, and QUOT; he told reporters Association Sport.</p>
 
<p>Fernandes is in the game, and promised to support Neil Warnock's bid to strengthen team, but keen to temper short-term expectations.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Fernandes 'After the adjustment, the Group has purchased a 66 percent stake, and his business partners will cooperate next Mittal family, retained their club.</p>
 
 
<p>The 47 year-old, who had tried to buy 33% stake in boyhood heroes West Ham who, I believe there is great potential for QPR, and vowed to use it.</p>
 
 
 
 
<p> [I love this club, this is a very happy day for me.  QUOT; </p>
 
 
 
 
 
<p>What can QPR new boss Tony Fernandes fans expect? </p>
 
 
<p> [I think my main problem is to inhibit down everyone's enthusiasm, tomorrow everything will change, and QUOT; he added.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT; DJ Campbell looked fantastic, Jay Bothroyd very nice and up to about 40 minutes, I really think we beat Bolton.</p>
 
 
<p>Fernandes, who is also the Team Lotus Formula One team, one person in charge, has promised new faces will be in the Premier League club began several weeks.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT, Tony and I work together with each other, trying to make this season exciting and successful possible.</p>
 
 
 
<p>The AirAsia Malaysia saw founder of the transaction back to the Board of Directors Vice Chairman Amit Bhatia resigns Following the May ticket price differences with the board, 0.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT of; take Queen's Park Rangers potential in other parts of the world have, [http://www.yibetong.com/Review.asp?NewsID=609 Arsenal 1-0 Udinese Theo Walcott scores but Gunners face nervy second leg] with Amit [Bhatia] relationship, I Asia.</p>
 
 
<p>The Malaysian businessman completed his takeover at the [http://www.wak3-up.de/index.php?site=forum_topic&topic=23806 MLrbp cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Anti-corruption or] west London club today bought a previous major shareholders Flavio Briatore and Bernie Ecclestone.</p>
 
 
 
<p> [I am very pleased to complete the deal.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT, there is the potential to establish an academy and good training facilities.</p>
 
<p>Fernandes personal wealth is estimated at 200 million pounds during 2010, he was named the richest 19 person.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT, it has been rising and falling, down apparently with a recent experience of the [http://www.jhwsjds.com/Review.asp?NewsID=2159 Andre Villas-Boas begs Chelsea fans not to boo at the Bridge] British football club that would be a terrible blow, have invested in this all the time nothing happened and QUOT; </p>
 
 
 
 
<p>Bhatia join the board as a representative of his father in law Mittal in 2007, Fernandez was relieved completed deal.</p>
 
<p> [I think the previous Owners do a lot of good things, I just heard strengthen it QUOT; </p>
 
<p>  QUOT, at some stage, or the potential to develop another nearby this land is there.</p>
 
 
<p> ] to think I was chairman of the club now is how unbelievable.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT;'s a big thing of Bolton Competition is our strike force looks good as anybody's.</p>
 
== ivTl5 cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Alan Pardew Joey Barton coul ==
 
<p>  QUOT, we got nothing from the Premier League on how to deal with this and QUOT; </p>
 
 
 
<p>  QUOT; This is not to say that in time.</p>
 
<p>At that time, he will certainly be looked at leave the club this summer, with his agent Willie McKay said several clubs have shown their interest, but there have been hints of compromise between the parties be allowed to strike a balance today.</p>
 
<p>Newcastle, can Let free transfer</p>
 
 
<p>  Reporter conference QUOT shown, he trained with the team today, who knows, he can quickly and QUOT with the first team training; </p>
 
<p>Barnetta British representative Barry McIntosh told they have clubs and QUOT; hell with QUOT no hope; attracted Leverkusen winger claimed that they have provided after each of his week.</p>
 
<p>Two players, however, Jose Enrique and Wayne Routledge.</p>
 
<p> [I am not opposed to these sites, but I do not t think many managers have in the Premier League, but they must be careful, more not to mention the football club and QUOT; </p>
 
 
<p>Moments later Barton provides a reconciliation of further hope, ironically, is on his Twitter page, when he made reference to the world-famous bridge builder Isambard Kingdom Brunel.</p>
 
<p>Tottenham and then the Celtics leading Barton chase</p>
 
 
 
<p>  QUOT, we are following the guidelines, Ferguson has said that they have done (at Manchester United) 0.</p>
 
 
 
<p>The Magpies boss even asked Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson lawyer Mr. regarding this issue, as he looks to provide guidelines to guide his players to use website.</p>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
<p>Pardew understandably reluctant to allow a player Barton's stature to simply leave after, he was a key figure as the Magpies comfortably stay in the top flight last term.</p>
 
<p>Manager Alan Pardew has hinted that Barton Newcastle career may not be over after this week, despite the microblogging controversy.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT, which is used as a football club, you all pulling in the same direction is very important - at this moment of time where [http://210.38.192.57/fxhx/Review.asp?NewsID=565 Arsenal Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain Southampton interview Im ready to move to Premier League EXCLUSIVE] Joey is not pulling in the same direction.</p>
 
<p>Why Barton is about to exit symptomatic [http://www.qzmuseum.net/Review.asp?NewsID=139 Arsenal and Barcelona confirm transfer of Cesc Fabregas] of deeper problems in the Newcastle </p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT, Joey is a great player and you want great players in your team.</p>
 
 
 
 
.
 
 
<p>  QUOT, we need one or two signature. I have not taken into account (Barton's replacement). Like I said, this is a time reflection.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Barton training - and quotes George Orwell</p>
 
 
<p>Pardew believes that the situation may have been removed immediately, if not because of the Twitter.</p>
 
 
<p> [I do not cheap soccer jerseys 2014 see the problem, he will not start. I know there is an interest in San Jose, but no concrete interest. We are ready to respond that.</p>
 
 
<p>Today development, following the Magpies were told they had successfully bid for midfielder Tranquillo slim hope Barnetta.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT, does anyone have the number of Isambard Kingdom Brunel University and QUOT? ; He [http://sinfront.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?p=11416#11416 KEuZW cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Alex Ferguson deli] wrote.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT; problem with Twitter - we need to get a grasp this.</p>
 
 
 
<p>  QUOT; As for Rooney, I do not know if the final completion of the deal, but I believe it is very close to the QUOT; </p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT; personal account can not be critical of the club you should not do this to yourself account.</p>
 
.
 
 
<p>  QUOT; in (from McIntosh), these views and I do not intend to go there in terms. Say £ 40,000 is a ridiculous offer - which is absurd and QUOT; who will look to leave the club </p>
 
 
 
 
 
<p>Pardew reluctant to respond to these comments and £ 40,000 salary, while acknowledging that he needs to introduce new players, denied that he had begun looking for alternative Barton goods. 45,452,323 and QUOT, obviously, we need to solve Joey. We also need to bring some players into this club, and QUOT; he added.</p>
 
 
 
 
<p>Barton been available on a free transfer in the Magpies club confirmed Barton his recent criticism of social site.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT, perhaps If not for the micro-blog and this instant media it may have been resolved, on Monday morning I and Joey in my office, and QUOT; he added.</p>
 
<p>Read More: </p>
 
<p> [I think it is important and QUOT; </p>
 
<p>  QUOT short time can not be changed, I still reflect the situation, as is Joey At this moment, on how best to address this issue.</p>
 
<p>The 28-year-old self, George Washington and George Orwell's like tweeted quotes to emphasize his displeasure, and on Tuesday was forced to train alone alone.</p>
 
 
<p>  QUOT, Enrique is still here and will be played on Saturday and QUOT; he added.</p>
 
<p>Pardew hope fullback Enrique on Saturday play friendlies against Fiorentina, despite being closely associated with Liverpool, while Routledge looks closer to finalizing the transfer Swansea.</p>
 
<p>  QUOT, which is a Under the circumstances, I did not expect was, and QUOT; he added.</p>
 
<p>Barton morning before training and preparation Team Pardew appeared at a news conference, he announced that he will QUOT; not close  QUOT; Barton's time at St James Park.</p>
 
<p>The promotion under former West Ham The boss is desired resolution with Barton United Club - - and the Magpies' home game against Arsenal in the first game only 10 days, but he stressed that the midfielder will need to show some contrition.</p>
 
<p>Why Multi clubs queuing to sign bad boy Barton? </p>
 
<p>  QUOT I interviewed Ferguson today and he used to have this problem, microblogging, and QUOT; he added.</p>
 
 
<p> [I never received anyone's door, I'm not closing Joey, and QUOT; he said on Sky Sports News.</p>
 
== fIjwC cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Alan Shearer interview Liver ==
 
<p>Newcastle legend Alan - Shearer admitted he would be surprised if his former club did not spend some 35 million pounds, they sell Carroll's Liverpool got the </p>
 
it
 
 
<p> 'I cheap soccer jerseys 2014 would be surprised that they did not go out and [http://wikilegal.in/index.php?title=User:Ri5axk7x#hMyQ1_cheap_soccer_jerseys_2014_Arsenal_Arsene_Wenger_admits hMyQ1 cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Arsenal Arsene Wenger admits] spend more money. I hope they do, because they have a decent season, they return to the Premiership League.</p>
 
<p>He a huge expenditure: 'I think this may be a bit too much looking forward to Liverpool won the league title this season.</p>
 
<p> *** </p>
 
<p> 'Andy is fatal appropriate services. get the right ball to him, he is unplayable.</p>
 
 
<p> This is a great move,' in Downing, Charlie - Adam and Henderson, Kenny brought three players who have a pass, cross and dead ball skills to provide Andy.</p>
 
 
 
<p>Alan Shearer confident of a great player, Dalglish will remove the rough edges of Carroll's £ 35 million and make sure he gets the service so that he 'unplayable'.</p>
 
 
 
 
 
 
<p> 'Kenny is at the right club. He loves Liverpool, they are born for each other. '</p>
 
<p> 'Andy Carroll.</p>
 
 
<p>Shearer said:' Andy can not have a better manager. Kenny has extensive experience and expertise in order to bring out the best him.</p>
 
 
The most abundant when
 
 
 
 
 
<p>Free transfer Demba Ba is the only In addition to this summer's compelling manager Alan Pardew, who also gave West Ham.</p>
 
<p>' Last season was good, and now supporters Alan Pardew will be looking to take them into the top 10. 'Alan Shearer 45,452,323 exclusive of all time Prem XI: Who? ...... [http://chatlaos.com/index.php?p=blogs/viewstory/238554 CHF7A cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Alan Shearer inter] And who in </p>
 
 
<p> 'They spent a lot of money, and they in Kenny A great manager fans expect their place in the Champions League this year.</p>
 
 
<p>The Premiership striker Andy Carroll think will be the next Kenny Dalglish.</p>
 
<p> Exclusive Interview Shearer: Manchester United and Chelsea will contest the championship, but you can forget about Arsenal </p>
 
 
<p>' I think it would be a great Downing signing too.</p>
 
<p>But Shearer do not think Liverpool are a strong contender for the championship, however, despite an increase spree.</p>
 
 
 
 
<p> 'He [http://www.zskomenskeho.horazdovice.cz/foto/picture.php?/790/list/8559,9057,5812,3617,4069,1789,790,8349,8585,6241,7683,6260,2141,4824,4904&comments_order=desc#comments&comments_order=desc#comments&comments_order=desc#comments&comments_order=DESC#comments GkS5o cheap soccer jerseys 2014 Alex Ferguson 25 y] is a Liverpoool player, through a grand ball and Andy would like to play with him.' </p>
 
<p> ', of course, you do not want to lose your top players and Andy - Carol and Kevin Snow Portland is likely to be both Newcastle's best players.</p>
 
<p> 'if they are able to further increase next season - which is all the fans want.</p>
 
 
<p>Shearer sell top scorer Kevin - Nolan £ 4,000,000 believes the Magpies must recruit other goal scorer, if they want to improve on last season 0.</p>
 
<p>He said: 'Everyone was disappointed that Andy Carroll left. But it is understandable when you see them get him 35 million pounds of money is a huge lot cash.</p>
 
<p>' but Anfield fans are looking progression.</p>

Revision as of 05:13, 17 January 2014

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my site; wellness [continue reading this..] Dynamic range, abbreviated DR or DNR,[1] is the ratio between the largest and smallest possible values of a changeable quantity, such as in signals like sound and light. It is measured as a ratio, or as a base-10 (decibel) or base-2 (doublings, bits or stops) logarithmic value.

Dynamic range and human perception

Factor (power) Decibels Stops
1 0 0
2 3.01 1
3.16 5 1.66
4 6.02 2
5 6.99 2.32
8 9.03 3
10 10 3.32
16 12.0 4
20 13.0 4.32
31.6 15 4.98
32 15.1 5
50 17.0 5.64
100 20 6.64
1 000 30 9.97
1 024 30.1 10
10 000 40 13.3
100 000 50 16.6
1 000 000 60 19.9
1 048 576 60.2 20
100 000 000 80 26.6
1 073 741 824 90.3 30
10 000 000 000 100 33.2

The human senses of sight and hearing have a very high dynamic range. A human is capable of hearing (and usefully discerning) anything from a quiet murmur in a soundproofed room to the sound of the loudest heavy metal concert. Such a difference can exceed 100 dB which represents a factor of 100,000 in amplitude and a factor 10,000,000,000 in power.[2][3] A human can see objects in starlight (although colour differentiation is reduced at low light levels) or in bright sunlight, even though on a moonless night objects receive 1/1,000,000,000 of the illumination they would on a bright sunny day: that is a dynamic range of 90 dB. A human cannot perform these feats of perception at both extremes of the scale at the same time. The eyes take time to adjust to different light levels and the dynamic range of the human eye in a given scene is actually quite limited due to optical glare. The instantaneous dynamic range of human audio perception is similarly subject to masking, so that, for example, a whisper cannot be heard in loud surroundings. Nevertheless, a high-quality audio reproduction system should be able to reproduce accurately both the quiet sounds and the loud; similarly, a high-quality camera system should be able to capture both shadow details in nighttime scenes and bright areas of sunny scenes.

In practice, it is difficult to achieve the full dynamic range experienced by humans using electronic equipment. Electronically reproduced audio and video often uses some trickery to fit original material with a wide dynamic range into a narrower recorded dynamic range that can more easily be stored and reproduced: these techniques are called dynamic range compression. For example, a good quality LCD display has a dynamic range of around 1000:1 (commercially the dynamic range is often called the "contrast ratio" meaning the full-on/full-off luminance ratio), and some of the latest CMOS image sensors now have measured dynamic ranges of about 11,000:1 (reported as 13.5 stops, or doublings, equivalent to binary bits).[4] Paper reflectance can achieve a dynamic range of about 100:1.[5] Professional ENG Camcorders such as Sony Digital Betacam currently achieves dynamic ranges of greater than 90dB in audio recording.[6]

When showing a movie or a game, a display is able to show both shadowy nighttime scenes and bright outdoor sunlit scenes, but in fact the level of light coming from the display is much the same for both types of scene (perhaps different by a factor of 10). Knowing that the display does not have a huge dynamic range, the program makers do not attempt to make the nighttime scenes millions of times less bright than the daytime scenes, but instead use other cues to suggest night or day. A nighttime scene will usually contain duller colours and will often be lit with blue lighting, which reflects the way that the human eye sees colours at low light levels.

Examples of usage

Audio

Audio engineers often use dynamic range to describe the ratio of the amplitude of the loudest possible undistorted sine wave to the root mean square (rms) noise amplitude, say of a microphone or loudspeaker.

The dynamic range of human hearing is roughly 140 dB.[7][8] The dynamic range of music as normally perceived in a concert hall doesn't exceed 80 dB, and human speech is normally perceived over a range of about 40 dB.[9]

The dynamic range differs from the ratio of the maximum to minimum amplitude a given device can record, as a properly dithered recording device can record signals well below the rms noise amplitude (noise floor).

For example, if the ceiling of a device is 5V (rms) and the noise floor is 10µV (rms) then the dynamic range is 500000:1, or 114 dB:

In digital audio theory the dynamic range is limited by quantization error. The maximum achievable dynamic range for a digital audio system with Q-bit uniform quantization is calculated as the ratio of the largest sine-wave rms to rms noise is:[10]

The maximum achievable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a digital audio system with Q-bit uniform quantization is

The 16-bit compact disc has a theoretical dynamic range of about 96 dB[11] for a triangle wave or 98 dB for sinusoidal signals[10] (see Quantization noise model). The perceived dynamic range of 16-bit audio can be as high as 120 dB with noise-shaped dither, taking advantage of the frequency response of the human ear.[12] Digital audio with 20-bit digitization is theoretically capable of 120 dB dynamic range; similarly, 24-bit digital audio calculates to 144 dB dynamic range.[7] All digital audio recording and playback chains include input and output converters and associated analog circuitry, significantly limiting practical dynamic range. Observed 16-bit digital audio dynamic range is about 90 dB.[11]

Dynamic range in analog audio is the difference between low-level thermal noise in the electronic circuitry and high-level signal saturation resulting in increased distortion and, if pushed higher, clipping.[13] Multiple noise processes determine the noise floor of a system. Noise can be picked up from microphone self-noise, preamp noise, wiring and interconnection noise, media noise, etc. Early 78 rpm phonograph discs had a dynamic range of up to 40 dB,[14] soon reduced to 30 dB and worse due to wear from repeated play. German magnetic tape in 1941 was reported to have had a dynamic range of 60 dB,[15] though modern day restoration experts of such tapes note 45-50 dB as the observed dynamic range.[16] Ampex tape recorders in the 1950s achieved 60 dB in practical usage,[15] though tape formulations such as Scotch 111 boasted 68 dB dynamic range.[17] In the 1960s, improvements in tape formulation processes resulted in 7 dB greater range,[17] and Ray Dolby developed the Dolby A-Type noise reduction system that increased low- and mid-frequency dynamic range on magnetic tape by 10 dB, and high-frequency by 15 dB, using companding (compression and expansion) of four frequency bands.[18] The peak of professional analog magnetic recording tape technology reached 90 dB dynamic range in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion, or about 80 dB in practical broadband applications.[17] The Dolby SR noise reduction system gave a 20 dB further increased range resulting in 110 dB in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion.[19] Compact Cassette tape performance ranges from 50 to 56 dB depending on tape formulation, with Metal Type IV tapes giving the greatest dynamic range, and systems such as XDR, dbx and Dolby noise reduction system increasing it further. Specialized bias and record head improvements by Nakamichi and Tandberg combined with Dolby C noise reduction yielded 72 dB dynamic range for the cassette. Vinyl microgroove phonograph records typically yield 55-65 dB, though the first play of the higher-fidelity outer rings can achieve a dynamic range of 70 dB.[20] The rugged elements of moving-coil microphones can have a dynamic range of up to 140 dB (at increased distortion), while condenser microphones are limited by the overloading of their associated electronic circuitry.[21] Practical considerations of acceptable distortion levels in microphones combined with typical practices in a recording studio result in a useful operating range of 125 dB.[22]

In 1981, researchers at Ampex determined that a dynamic range of 118 dB on a dithered digital audio stream was necessary for subjective noise-free playback of music in quiet listening environments.[23]

Since the early 1990s, it has been recommended by several authorities, including the Audio Engineering Society, that measurements of dynamic range be made with an audio signal present, which is then filtered out to get the noise floor.[24] This avoids questionable measurements based on the use of blank media, or muting circuits.

Electronics

Template:Refimprove section Electronics engineers apply the term to:

  • the ratio of a specified maximum level of a parameter, such as power, current, voltage or frequency, to the minimum detectable value of that parameter. (See Audio system measurements.)
  • In a transmission system, the ratio of the overload level (the maximum signal power that the system can tolerate without distortion of the signal) to the noise level of the system.
  • In digital systems or devices, the ratio of maximum and minimum signal levels required to maintain a specified bit error ratio.
  • Optimization of bit width of digital data path (according to the dynamic ranges of signal) can reduce the area, cost, and power consumption of digital circuits and systems while improving their performance. Optimal bit width of digital data path is the smallest bit width that can satisfy the required signal-to-noise ratio and avoid overflow at the same time.[25][26][27][28][29]Template:Vn
  • In audio and electronics applications, the ratio involved is often so huge that it is converted to a logarithm and specified in decibels.

Metrology

Template:Refimprove section In metrology, such as when performed in support of science, engineering or manufacturing objectives, dynamic range refers to the range of values that can be measured by a sensor or metrology instrument. Often this dynamic range of measurement is limited at one end of the range by saturation of a sensing signal sensor or by physical limits that exist on the motion or other response capability of a mechanical indicator. The other end of the dynamic range of measurement is often limited by one or more sources of random noise or uncertainty in signal levels that may be described as the defining the sensitivity of the sensor or metrology device. When digital sensors or sensor signal converters are a component of the sensor or metrology device, the dynamic range of measurement will be also related to the number of binary digits (bits) used in a digital numeric representation in which the measured value is linearly related to the digital number. For example, a 12-bit digital sensor or converter can provide a dynamic range in which the ratio of the maximum measured value to the minimum measured value is up to 212 = 4096. With gamma correction, this limitation can be relaxed somewhat; for example, the 8-bit encoding used in sRGB image encoding represents a maximum to minimum ratio of about 3000.

Metrology systems and devices may use several basic methods to increase their basic dynamic range. These methods include averaging and other forms of filtering, repetition of measurements, nonlinear transformations to avoid saturation, etc. In more advance forms of metrology, such as multiwavelength digital holography, interferometry measurements made at different scales (different wavelengths) can be combined to retain the same low-end resolution while extending the upper end of the dynamic range of measurement by orders of magnitude.

Music

In music, dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an instrument, part or piece of music. In modern recording, this range is often limited through audio level compression, which allows for louder volume, but can make the recording sound less exciting or live.[30] Popular music typically has a dynamic range of 6 to 10 dB, with some forms of music having as little as 1 dB or as much as 15 dB.[31]

Photography

A scene demanding high dynamic range.

Photographers use "dynamic range" for the luminance range of a scene being photographed, or the limits of luminance range that a given digital camera or film can capture, [32] or the opacity range of developed film images, or the reflectance range of images on photographic papers.

Graduated neutral density filters are used to decrease the dynamic range of scene luminance that can be captured on photographic film (or on the image sensor of a digital camera): The filter is positioned in front of the lens at the time the exposure is made; the top half is dark and the bottom half is clear. The dark area is placed over a scene's high-intensity region, such as the sky. The result is more even exposure in the focal plane, with increased detail in the shadows and low-light areas. Though this doesn't increase the fixed dynamic range available at the film or sensor, it stretches usable dynamic range in practice.[33]

The dynamic range of sensors used in digital photography is many times less than that of the human eye and generally not as wide as that of chemical photographic media. In the domain of digital imaging, algorithms have been developed to map the image differently in shadow and in highlight in order to better distribute the lighting range across the image. These techniques are known as local tone mapping, and usually involves overcoming the limited dynamic range of the sensor array by selectively combining multiple exposures of the same scene in order to retain detail in light and dark areas. The same approach has been used in chemical photography to capture an extremely wide dynamic range: A three-layer film with each underlying layer at 1/100 the sensitivity of the next higher one has, for example, been used to record nuclear-weapons tests.[34]

The most severe dynamic-range limitation in photography may not involve encoding, but rather reproduction to, say, a paper print or computer screen. In that case, not only local tone mapping, but also dynamic range adjustment can be effective in revealing detail throughout light and dark areas: The principle is the same as that of dodging and burning (using different lengths of exposures in different areas when making a photographic print) in the chemical darkroom. The principle is also similar to gain riding or automatic level control in audio work, which serves to keep a signal audible in a noisy listening environment and to avoid peak levels which overload the reproducing equipment, or which are unnaturally or uncomfortably loud.

See also

References

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External list

  1. ↑ ISSCC Glossary http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/4242240/4242241/04242527.pdf
  2. ↑ Template:Cite web
  3. ↑ Template:Cite web
  4. ↑ Template:Cite web
  5. ↑ Template:Cite web
  6. ↑ Template:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  8. ↑ Template:Cite web
  9. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  12. ↑ Template:Cite web
  13. ↑ Huber, Runstein 2009, pp. 416, 487
  14. ↑ Audio Engineering Society. E-Library. Jerry B. Minter. April 1956. Recent Developments in Precision Master Recording Lathes
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  16. ↑ Audio Engineering Society. Richard L. Hess. July/August 2001. The Jack Mullin//Bill Palmer tape restoration project
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Eargle, 2005, p. 158.
  18. ↑ Eargle, 2005, p. 169.
  19. ↑ Eargle, 2005, p. 172.
  20. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  21. ↑ Huber, Runstein 2009, p. 127
  22. ↑ Eargle, 2005, p. 75.
  23. ↑ Audio Engineering Society. E-Library. Louis D. Fielder. May 1981. Dynamic Range Requirement for Subjective Noise Free Reproduction of Music
  24. ↑ AES-6id-2000
  25. ↑ Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, Farid Najm, Dynamic Range Estimation. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 2006. P.1618-1636
  26. ↑ Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, Farid Najm, An analytical approach for dynamic range estimation In ACM/IEEE 41st Design Automation Conference (DAC-04), San Diego, Calif., June 7-11, 2004.
  27. ↑ Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, Farid Najm, Dynamic range estimation for nonlinear systems. In IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD-04), San Jose, Calif., November 7-11, 2004.
  28. ↑ Bin Wu, Jianwen Zhu, Farid Najm, A non-parametric approach for dynamic range estimation of nonlinear systems. In ACM/IEEE 42nd Design Automation Conference (DAC-05), pages 841–844, 2005.
  29. ↑ Bin Wu, Dynamic range estimation for systems with control-flow structures. 13th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED-12),19-21 March 2012
  30. ↑ Template:Cite web
  31. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  32. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  33. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  34. ↑ The Militarily Critical Technologies List (1998), pages II-5-100 and II-5-107.
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