Convection–diffusion equation

Superellipsoid collection with exponent parameters, created using POV-Ray. Here, e = 2/r, and n = 2/t (equivalently, r = 2/e and t = 2/n). The cube, cylinder, sphere, Steinmetz solid, bicone and regular octahedron can all be seen as special cases.

In mathematics, a super-ellipsoid or superellipsoid is a solid whose horizontal sections are super-ellipses (Lamé curves) with the same exponent r, and whose vertical sections through the center are super-ellipses with the same exponent t.

Super-ellipsoids as computer graphics primitives were popularized by Alan H. Barr (who used the name "superquadrics" to refer to both superellipsoids and supertoroids). However, while some super-ellipsoids are superquadrics, neither family is contained in the other.

Piet Hein's supereggs are special cases of super-ellipsoids.

Formulas

Basic shape

The basic super-ellipsoid is defined by the implicit equation

$\left(\left|x\right|^{r}+\left|y\right|^{r}\right)^{t/r}+\left|z\right|^{t}\leq 1$

The parameters r and t are positive real numbers that control the amount of flattening at the tips and at the equator. Note that the formula becomes a special case of the superquadric's equation if (and only if) t = r.

Any "parallel of latitude" of the superellipsoid (a horizontal section at any constant z between -1 and +1) is a Lamé curve with exponent r, scaled by $a=(1-\left|z\right|^{t})^{1/t}$:

$\left|{\frac {x}{a}}\right|^{r}+\left|{\frac {y}{a}}\right|^{r}\leq 1$

Any "meridian of longitude" (a section by any vertical plane through the origin) is a Lamé curve with exponent t, stretched horizontally by a factor w that depends on the sectioning plane. Namely, if x = u cos θ and y = u sin θ, for a fixed θ, then

$\left|{\frac {u}{w}}\right|^{t}+\left|z\right|^{t}\leq 1$

where

$w=(\left|\cos \theta \right|^{r}+\left|\sin \theta \right|^{r})^{-1/r}.$

In particular, if r is 2, the horizontal cross-sections are circles, and the horizontal stretching w of the vertical sections is 1 for all planes. In that case, the super-ellipsoid is a solid of revolution, obtained by rotating the Lamé curve with exponent t around the vertical axis.

The basic shape above extends from −1 to +1 along each coordinate axis. The general super-ellipsoid is obtained by scaling the basic shape along each axis by factors A, B, C, the semi-diameters of the resulting solid. The implicit equation is

$\left(\left|{\frac {x}{A}}\right|^{r}+\left|{\frac {y}{B}}\right|^{r}\right)^{t/r}+\left|{\frac {z}{C}}\right|^{t}\leq 1$

Setting r = 2, t = 2.5, A = B = 3, C = 4 one obtains Piet Hein's superegg.

The general superellipsoid has a parametric representation in terms of surface parameters u and v (longitude and latitude):

${\begin{aligned}x(u,v)&{}=Ac\left(v,{\frac {2}{t}}\right)c\left(u,{\frac {2}{r}}\right)\\y(u,v)&{}=Bc\left(v,{\frac {2}{t}}\right)s\left(u,{\frac {2}{r}}\right)\\z(u,v)&{}=Cs\left(v,{\frac {2}{t}}\right)\\&-\pi /2\leq v\leq \pi /2,\quad -\pi \leq u<\pi ,\end{aligned}}$

where the auxiliary functions are

${\begin{aligned}c(\omega ,m)&{}=\operatorname {sgn}(\cos \omega )|\cos \omega |^{m}\\s(\omega ,m)&{}=\operatorname {sgn}(\sin \omega )|\sin \omega |^{m}\end{aligned}}$

and the sign function sgn(x) is

$\operatorname {sgn}(x)={\begin{cases}-1,&x<0\\0,&x=0\\+1,&x>0.\end{cases}}$

The volume inside this surface can be expressed in terms of beta functions, β(m,n) = Γ(m)Γ(n)/Γ(m + n), as

$V={\frac {2}{3}}ABC{\frac {4}{rt}}\beta \left({\frac {1}{r}},{\frac {1}{r}}\right)\beta \left({\frac {2}{t}},{\frac {1}{t}}\right).$

See also

• Super ellipse

References

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• Jaklič, A., Leonardis, A.,Solina, F., Segmentation and Recovery of Superquadrics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000.
• Aleš Jaklič and Franc Solina (2003) Moments of Superellipsoids and their Application to Range Image Registration. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, 33 (4). pp. 648–657

External links

• Bibliography: SuperQuadric Representations
• Superquadric Tensor Glyphs
• SuperQuadric Ellipsoids and Toroids, OpenGL Lighting, and Timing
• Superquadratics by Robert Kragler, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.