Discrete Laplace operator: Difference between revisions
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'''QBD''' is the term applied to the '''charge-to-breakdown''' measurement of a [[semiconductor]] device. It is a standard [[destructive testing|destructive test]] method used to determine the quality of [[gate oxide]]s in [[MOSFET|MOS]] devices. It is equal to the total accumulated [[electric charge|charge]] passing through the [[dielectric]] layer just before failure. Thus QBD is a measure of [[time-dependent gate oxide breakdown]]. As a measure of oxide quality, QBD can also be a useful predictor of product [[Reliability (semiconductor)|reliability]] under specified electrical stress conditions. | |||
== Test method == | |||
[[Voltage]] is applied to the MOS structure to force a [[current source|controlled current]] through the oxide, i.e. to inject a controlled amount of charge into the dielectric layer. By measuring the time after which the measured voltage drops towards zero (when [[electrical breakdown]] occurs) and integrating the injected current over time, the charge needed to break the gate oxide is determined. | |||
This gate charge [[integral]] is defined as: | |||
<math>Q_{bd}=\int_{0}^{t_{bd}} i(t)\, dt</math> | |||
where <math>t_{bd}</math> is the measurement time at the step just prior to destructive [[avalanche breakdown]]. | |||
=== Variants === | |||
There are five common variants of the QBD test method: | |||
# Linear voltage ramp (V-ramp test procedure) | |||
# [[Constant current]] stress (CCS) | |||
# Exponential current ramp (ECR) or (J-ramp test procedure)<ref>Dumin, Nels A., ''Transformation of Charge-to-Breakdown Obtained from Ramped Current Stresses Into Charge-to-Breakdown and Time-to-Breakdown Domains for Constant Current Stress'', [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=00660307]</ref> | |||
# Bounded J-ramp (a variant of the J-ramp procedure, in which the current ramp stops at a defined stress level, and continues as a constant current stress). | |||
# Linear current ramp (LCR) | |||
For the V-ramp test procedure, the [[ammeter|measured current]] is integrated to obtain QBD. The measured current is also used as a detection criterion for terminating the voltage ramp. One of the defined criteria is the change of logarithmic current slope between successive voltage steps. | |||
=== Analysis === | |||
The [[cumulative distribution function|cumulative distribution]] of measured QBD is commonly analysed using a [[Weibull chart]]. | |||
== Standards == | |||
=== JEDEC Standard === | |||
* JESD35-A – Procedure for the Wafer-Level Testing of Thin Dielectrics, April 2001 | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Capacitor#Breakdown_voltage|Capacitor - breakdown section]] | |||
* [[Field electron emission]] | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qbd (Electronics)}} | |||
[[Category:Semiconductor device defects]] | |||
{{Electronics-stub}} | |||
Revision as of 18:46, 17 July 2013
QBD is the term applied to the charge-to-breakdown measurement of a semiconductor device. It is a standard destructive test method used to determine the quality of gate oxides in MOS devices. It is equal to the total accumulated charge passing through the dielectric layer just before failure. Thus QBD is a measure of time-dependent gate oxide breakdown. As a measure of oxide quality, QBD can also be a useful predictor of product reliability under specified electrical stress conditions.
Test method
Voltage is applied to the MOS structure to force a controlled current through the oxide, i.e. to inject a controlled amount of charge into the dielectric layer. By measuring the time after which the measured voltage drops towards zero (when electrical breakdown occurs) and integrating the injected current over time, the charge needed to break the gate oxide is determined.
This gate charge integral is defined as:
where is the measurement time at the step just prior to destructive avalanche breakdown.
Variants
There are five common variants of the QBD test method:
- Linear voltage ramp (V-ramp test procedure)
- Constant current stress (CCS)
- Exponential current ramp (ECR) or (J-ramp test procedure)[1]
- Bounded J-ramp (a variant of the J-ramp procedure, in which the current ramp stops at a defined stress level, and continues as a constant current stress).
- Linear current ramp (LCR)
For the V-ramp test procedure, the measured current is integrated to obtain QBD. The measured current is also used as a detection criterion for terminating the voltage ramp. One of the defined criteria is the change of logarithmic current slope between successive voltage steps.
Analysis
The cumulative distribution of measured QBD is commonly analysed using a Weibull chart.
Standards
JEDEC Standard
- JESD35-A – Procedure for the Wafer-Level Testing of Thin Dielectrics, April 2001
References
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