Cycle notation

File:Cracktipcoords.svg

Polar coordinates at the crack tip.

The stress intensity factor, $K$, is used in fracture mechanics to predict the stress state ("stress intensity") near the tip of a crack caused by a remote load or residual stresses. It is a theoretical construct usually applied to a homogeneous, linear elastic material and is useful for providing a failure criterion for brittle materials, and is a critical technique in the discipline of damage tolerance. The concept can also be applied to materials that exhibit small-scale yielding at a crack tip.

The magnitude of $K$ depends on sample geometry, the size and location of the crack, and the magnitude and the modal distribution of loads on the material.

Linear elastic theory predicts that the stress distribution (${\sigma }_{ij}$) near the crack tip, in polar coordinates ($r,\theta$) with origin at the crack tip, has the form

${\sigma }_{ij}(r,\theta )=\frac{K}{\sqrt{2\pi r}}{f}_{ij}(\theta )+\mathrm{h}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{s}$

where $K$ is the stress intensity factor (with units of stress $\times$ length^1/2) and $f_{ij}$ is a dimensionless quantity that depends on the load and geometry. This relation breaks down very close to the tip (small $r$) because as $r$ goes to 0, the stress ${\sigma }_{ij}$ goes to $\mathrm{\infty }$. Plastic distortion typically occurs at high stresses and the linear elastic solution is no longer applicable close to the crack tip. However, if the crack-tip plastic zone is small, it can be assumed that the stress distribution near the crack is still given by the above relation.

Stress intensity factors for various modes

File:Fracture modes v2.svg

Mode I, Mode II, and Mode III crack loading.

Three linearly independent cracking modes are used in fracture mechanics. These load types are categorized as Mode I, II, or III as shown in the figure. Mode I, shown to the left, is an opening (tensile) mode where the crack surfaces move directly apart. Mode II is a sliding (in-plane shear) mode where the crack surfaces slide over one another in a direction perpendicular to the leading edge of the crack. Mode III is a tearing (antiplane shear) mode where the crack surfaces move relative to one another and parallel to the leading edge of the crack. Mode I is the most common load type encountered in engineering design.

Different subscripts are used to designate the stress intensity factor for the three different modes. The stress intensity factor for mode I is designated $K_{\mathrm{I}}$ and applied to the crack opening mode. The mode II stress intensity factor, $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$, applies to the crack sliding mode and the mode III stress intensity factor, $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$, applies to the tearing mode. These factors are formally defined as

$\begin{array}{cc}{K}_{\mathrm{I}}& =\underset{r\to 0}{lim}\sqrt{2\pi r}{\sigma }_{yy}(r,0)\\ K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}& =\underset{r\to 0}{lim}\sqrt{2\pi r}{\sigma }_{yx}(r,0)\\ K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}& =\underset{r\to 0}{lim}\sqrt{2\pi r}{\sigma }_{yz}(r,0).\end{array}$

Relationship to energy release rate and J-integral

The strain energy release rate ($G$) for a crack under mode I loading is related to the stress intensity factor by

$G=K_{\mathrm{I}}^2\left(\frac{1-{\nu }^2}{E}\right)$

where $E$ is the Young's modulus and $\nu$ is the Poisson's ratio of the material. The material is assumed to be an isotropic, homogeneous, and linear elastic. Plane strain has been assumed and the crack has been assumed to extend along the direction of the initial crack. For plane stress conditions, the above relation simplifies to

$G=K_{\mathrm{I}}^2\left(\frac{1}{E}\right).$

For pure mode II loading, we have similar relations

$G=K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}^2\left(\frac{1-{\nu }^2}{E}\right)\text{or}G=K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}^2\left(\frac{1}{E}\right).$

For pure mode III loading,

$G=K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}^2\left(\frac{1}{2\mu }\right)$

where $\mu$ is the shear modulus. For general loading in plane strain, the relationship between the strain energy and the stress intensity factors for the three modes is

$G=K_{\mathrm{I}}^2\left(\frac{1-{\nu }^2}{E}\right)+K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}^2\left(\frac{1-{\nu }^2}{E}\right)+K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}^2\left(\frac{1}{2\mu }\right).$

A similar relation is obtained for plane stress by adding the contributions for the three modes.

The above relations can also be used to connect the J integral to the stress intensity factor because

$G=J={\int }_{\Gamma }(Wd{x}_2-𝐭\cdot \frac{\partial 𝐮}{\partial x_1}ds).$

Critical stress intensity factor

The stress intensity factor, $K$, is a parameter that amplifies the magnitude of the applied stress that includes the geometrical parameter $Y$ (load type). Stress intensity in any mode situation is directly proportional to the applied load on the material. If a very sharp crack can be made in a material, the minimum value of $K_{\mathrm{I}}$ can be empirically determined, which is the critical value of stress intensity required to propagate the crack. This critical value determined for mode I loading in plane strain is referred to as the critical fracture toughness ($K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{c}}$) of the material. $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{c}}$ has units of stress times the root of a distance. The units of $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{c}}$ imply that the fracture stress of the material must be reached over some critical distance in order for $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{c}}$ to be reached and crack propagation to occur. The Mode I critical stress intensity factor, $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{c}}$, is the most often used engineering design parameter in fracture mechanics and hence must be understood if we are to design fracture tolerant materials used in bridges, buildings, aircraft, or even bells. Polishing cannot detect a crack. Typically, if a crack can be seen it is very close to the critical stress state predicted by the stress intensity factorTemplate:Fact.

G–criterion

The G-criterion is a fracture criterion that relates the critical stress intensity factor (or fracture toughness) to the stress intensity factors for the three modes. This failure criterion is written as

$K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{c}}^2=K_{\mathrm{I}}^2+K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}^2+\frac{E^{\prime }}{2\mu }{K}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}^2$

where $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{c}}$ is the mode I fracture toughness, $E^{\prime }=E/(1-{\nu }^2)$ for plane strain and $E^{\prime }=E$ for plane stress. The critical stress intensity factor for plane stress is often written as $K_{\mathrm{c}}$.

Examples of stress intensity factors

Uniform uniaxial stress The stress intensity factor for a through crack of length $2a$, at right angles, in an infinite plane, to a uniform stress field $\sigma$ is $K_{\mathrm{I}}=\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}$ If the crack is located centrally in a finite plate of width $2b$ and height $2h$, an approximate relation for the stress intensity factor is $K_{\mathrm{I}}=\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\left[\frac{1-\frac{a}{2b}+0.326{\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}^2}{\sqrt{1-\frac{a}{b}}}\right].$ If the crack is not located centrally along the width, i.e., $d\ne b$, the stress intensity factor at location A can be approximated by the series expansion $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{A}}=\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}[1+\sum _{n=2}^M{C}_n{\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}^n]$ where the factors $C_n$ can be found from fits to stress intensity curvesPrimarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. 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Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01 Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger for various values of $d$. A similar (but not identical) expression can be found for tip B of the crack. Alternative expressions for the stress intensity factors at A and B are Primarily based on the most recent URA personal property value index (PPPI) flash estimates, we know that the PPPI, which represents the overall real property price development, has dipped in 2013Q4. That is the first dip the market has seen within the final 2 years. To give you some perspective, the entire number of personal properties in Singapore (together with govt condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Primarily based on the projection that there will be 19,302 units accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential models works out to be more than 6%. With a lot New Ec Launch Singapore provide, buyers might be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will lead to their reluctance to pay a premium for potential models. The complete textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap sixty three) and different statutes regarding IPR might be found on the Singapore Statutes Online Website online The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by increased development income and sales of growth properties in Singapore and China. Actual Estate Shopping for One factor we've on this nation is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very other ways wherein they predict Boomers will affect housing markets over the subsequent decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how every can change the best way real property investors strategy their markets. The good news is that actual property buyers are prepared for either state of affairs, and there's profit in being ready. I'm excited and searching ahead to the alternatives both or each of these conditions will supply; thank you Boomers! Mapletree to further broaden past Asia Why fortune will favour the brave in Asia's closing real property frontier The story of the 23.2 home begins with a stack of Douglas fir beams salvaged from varied demolished warehouses owned by the consumer's household for a number of generations. Design and structure innovator Omer Arbel, configured them to type a triangulated roof, which makes up one of the placing features of the home. The transient from the entrepreneur-proprietor was not solely to design a house that integrates antique wood beams, however one which erases the excellence between inside and exterior. Built on a gentle slope on a large rural acreage surrounded by two masses of previous-development forests, the indoors movement seamlessly to the outdoors and, from the within looking, one enjoys unobstructed views of the existing natural panorama which is preserved First, there are typically extra rental transactions than gross sales transactions, to permit AV to be decided for each property primarily based on comparable properties. Second, movements in sale costs are more unstable than leases. Hence, utilizing rental transactions to derive the AV helps to maintain property tax more steady for property homeowners. If you're buying or trying to lease a property. It's tiring to call up individual property agent, organize appointments, coordinate timing and to go for particular person property viewing. What most individuals do is to have a property agent representing them who will arrange and coordinate the viewings for all the properties out there based mostly on your necessities & most well-liked timing. Rent Property District 12 Rent Property District thirteen The Annual Worth of a property is mostly derived based mostly on the estimated annual hire that it may well fetch if it have been rented out. In determining the Annual Worth of a property, IRAS will think about the leases of similar properties within the vicinity, dimension and condition of the property, and different relevant components. The Annual Worth of a property is determined in the identical method regardless of whether the property is let-out, proprietor-occupied or vacant. The Annual Worth of land is determined at 5% of the market price of the land. When a constructing is demolished, the Annual Worth of the land is assessed by this method. Property Tax on Residential Properties Buyer Stamp Responsibility on Buy of Properties – Business and residential properties Rent House District 01 Within the event the Bank's valuation is decrease than the acquisition price, the purchaser has to pay the distinction between the purchase value and the Bank's valuation utilizing money. As such, the money required up-front might be increased so it's at all times essential to know the valuation of the property before making any offer. Appoint Lawyer The Bank will prepare for a proper valuation of the property by way of physical inspection The completion statement will present you the balance of the acquisition price that you must pay after deducting any deposit, pro-rated property tax and utility costs, upkeep prices, and different relevant expenses in addition to any fees payable to the agent and the lawyer. Stamp Responsibility Primarily based on the Purchase Price or Market Value, whichever is larger $K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{A}}=\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}{\Phi }_A,K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{B}}=\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}{\Phi }_B$ where $\begin{array}{cc}{\Phi }_A& :=[\beta +\left(\frac{1-\beta }{4}\right){(1+\frac{1}{4\sqrt{\sec {\alpha }_A}})}^2]\sqrt{\sec {\alpha }_A}\\ {\Phi }_B& :=1+\left[\frac{\sqrt{\sec {\alpha }_{AB}}-1}{1+0.21\sin \left\{8{\tan }^{-1}\left[{\left(\frac{{\alpha }_A-{\alpha }_B}{{\alpha }_A+{\alpha }_B}\right)}^{0.9}\right]\right\}}\right]\end{array}$ with $\beta :=\sin \left(\frac{\pi {\alpha }_B}{{\alpha }_A+{\alpha }_B}\right),{\alpha }_A:=\frac{\pi a}{2d},{\alpha }_B:=\frac{\pi a}{4b-2d};{\alpha }_{AB}:=\frac{4}{7}{\alpha }_A+\frac{3}{7}{\alpha }_B.$ If the above expressions $d$ is the distance from the center of the crack to the boundary closest to point A. Note that when $d=b$ the above expressions do not simplify into the approximate expression for a centered crack.	File:CrackFinitePlate.svg Crack in a finite plate under mode I loading.
Edge crack in a plate under uniaxial stress For a plate of dimensions $h\times b$ containing an edge crack of length $a$, if the dimensions of the plate are such that $h/b\ge 1$ and $a/b\le 0.6$, the stress intensity factor at the crack tip under an uniaxial stress $\sigma$ is $K_{\mathrm{I}}=\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}[1.12-0.23\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)+10.6{\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}^2-21.7{\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}^3+30.4{\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)}^4].$ For the situation where $h/b\ge 1$ and $a/b\ge 0.3$, the stress intensity factor can be approximated by $K_{\mathrm{I}}=\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}\left[\frac{1+3\frac{a}{b}}{2\sqrt{\pi \frac{a}{b}}{(1-\frac{a}{b})}^{3/2}}\right].$ Specimens of this configuration are commonly used in fracture toughness testing.	File:CrackEdgeFinitePlate.svg Edge crack in a finite plate under uniaxial stress.
Slanted crack in a biaxial stress field For a slanted crack of length $2a$ in a biaxial stress field with stress $\sigma$ in the $y$-direction and $\alpha \sigma$ in the $x$-direction, the stress intensity factors are $\begin{array}{cc}{K}_{\mathrm{I}}& =\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}({\cos }^2\beta +\alpha {\sin }^2\beta )\\ K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}& =\sigma \sqrt{\pi a}(1-\alpha )\sin \beta \cos \beta \end{array}$ where $\beta$ is the angle made by the crack with the $x$-axis.	File:CrackSlantedPlateBiaxialLoad.svg A slanted crack in a thin plate under biaxial load.
Penny-shaped crack in an infinite domain The stress intensity factor at the tip of a penny-shaped crack of radius $a$ in an infinite domain under uniaxial tension $\sigma$ is $K_{\mathrm{I}}=2\sigma \sqrt{\frac{a}{\pi }}.$	File:PennyShapedCrack.svg Penny-shaped crack in an infinite domain under uniaxial tension.
Crack in a plate under point in-plane force Consider a plate with dimensions $2h\times 2b$ containing a crack of length $2a$. A point force with components $F_x$ and $F_y$ is applied at the point ($x,y$) of the plate. For the situation where the plate is large compared to the size of the crack and the location of the force is relatively close to the crack, i.e., $h\gg a$, $b\gg a$, $x\ll b$, $y\ll h$, the plate can be considered infinite. In that case, for the stress intensity factors for $F_x$ at crack tip B ($x=a$) are $\begin{array}{cc}{K}_{\mathrm{I}}& =\frac{F_x}{2\sqrt{\pi a}}\left(\frac{\kappa -1}{\kappa +1}\right)[G_1+\frac{1}{\kappa -1}{H}_1]\\ K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}& =\frac{F_x}{2\sqrt{\pi a}}[G_2+\frac{1}{\kappa +1}{H}_2]\end{array}$ where $\begin{array}{cc}{G}_1& =1-\text{Re}\left[\frac{a+z}{\sqrt{z^2-a^2}}\right],G_2=-\text{Im}\left[\frac{a+z}{\sqrt{z^2-a^2}}\right]\\ H_1& =\text{Re}\left[\frac{a(\overline{z}-z)}{(\overline{z}-a)\sqrt{{\overline{z}}^2-a^2}}\right],H_2=-\text{Im}\left[\frac{a(\overline{z}-z)}{(\overline{z}-a)\sqrt{{\overline{z}}^2-a^2}}\right]\end{array}$ with $z=x+iy$, $\overline{z}=x-iy$, $\kappa =3-4\nu$ for plane strain, $\kappa =(3-\nu )/(1+\nu )$ for plane stress, and $\nu$ is the Poisson's ratio. The stress intensity factors for $F_y$ at tip B are $\begin{array}{cc}{K}_{\mathrm{I}}& =\frac{F_y}{2\sqrt{\pi a}}[G_2-\frac{1}{\kappa +1}{H}_2]\\ K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}& =-\frac{F_y}{2\sqrt{\pi a}}\left(\frac{\kappa -1}{\kappa +1}\right)[G_1-\frac{1}{\kappa -1}{H}_1].\end{array}$ The stress intensity factors at the tip A ($x=-a$) can be determined from the above relations. For the load $F_x$ at location $(x,y)$, $K_{\mathrm{I}}(-a;x,y)=-K_{\mathrm{I}}(a;-x,y),K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}(-a;x,y)=K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}(a;-x,y).$ Similarly for the load $F_y$, $K_{\mathrm{I}}(-a;x,y)=K_{\mathrm{I}}(a;-x,y),K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}(-a;x,y)=-K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}(a;-x,y).$	File:CrackFinitePlatePointForce.svg A crack in a plate under the action of a localized force with components $F_x$ and $F_y$.
Loaded crack in a plate If the crack is loaded by a point force $F_y$ located at $y=0$ and $-a<x<a$, the stress intensity factors at point B are $K_{\mathrm{I}}=\frac{F_y}{2\sqrt{\pi a}}\sqrt{\frac{a+x}{a-x}},K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}=-\frac{F_x}{2\sqrt{\pi a}}\left(\frac{\kappa -1}{\kappa +1}\right).$ If the force is distributed uniformly between $-a<x<a$, then the stress intensity factor at tip B is $K_{\mathrm{I}}=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi a}}{\int }_{-a}^a{F}_y(x)\sqrt{\frac{a+x}{a-x}}\mathrm{d}x,K_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}=-\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\pi a}}\left(\frac{\kappa -1}{\kappa +1}\right){\int }_{-a}^a{F}_y(x)\mathrm{d}x,.$	File:LoadedCrackPlate.svg A loaded crack in a plate.

Stress intensity factors for fracture toughness tests

Compact tension specimen The stress intensity factor at the crack tip of a compact tension specimen is $\begin{array}{cc}{K}_{\mathrm{I}}& =\frac{P}{B}\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{W}}[16.7{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{1/2}-104.7{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{3/2}+369.9{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{5/2}\\ & -573.8{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{7/2}+360.5{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{9/2}]\end{array}$ where $P$ is the applied load, $B$ is the thickness of the specimen, $a$ is the crack length, and $W$ is the width of the specimen.

File:CompactTensionSpecimen.svg Compact tension specimen for fracture toughness testing.

Single edge notch bending specimen The stress intensity factor at the crack tip of a single edge notch bending specimen is $\begin{array}{cc}{K}_{\mathrm{I}}& =\frac{4P}{B}\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{W}}[1.6{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{1/2}-2.6{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{3/2}+12.3{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{5/2}\\ & -21.2{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{7/2}+21.8{\left(\frac{a}{W}\right)}^{9/2}]\end{array}$ where $P$ is the applied load, $B$ is the thickness of the specimen, $a$ is the crack length, and $W$ is the width of the specimen.

File:SingleEdgeNotchBending.svg Single edge notch bending specimen (also called three point bending specimen) for fracture toughness testing.

See also

• Fracture mechanics
• Fracture toughness
• Strain energy release rate
• J integral
• Material failure theory

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

• Kathiresan, K. ; Hsu, T. M. ; Brussat, T. R., 1984, Advanced Life Analysis Methods. Volume 2. Crack Growth Analysis Methods for Attachment Lugs