en>BG19bot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9399)

2013-08-13T07:18:10Z

WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9399)

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{{Infobox television
| show_name = Project Mathematics!
| image = 
| caption =
| show_name_2 = Project MATHEMATICS!
| genre = [[Educational television|Educational]]
| format = [[Mathematics]]
| creator = Dr. [[Tom M. Apostol]]
| developer =
| writer = Benedict Freedman
| director = Dr. Tom M. Apostol
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated = Al Hibbs Susan Gray Davis
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = USA
| language = [[English language|English]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Dr. Tom M. Apostol
| editor = Robert Lattanzio
| location = Pasadena, California, USA
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 19–30 minutes
| company = [[California Institute of Technology]]
| distributor = California Institute of Technology
| channel = [[PBS]], [[NASA TV]]
| picture_format = [[NTSC]]
| audio_format = Monaural
| first_run =
| first_aired = 1988
| last_aired = 2000
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| related = [[The Mechanical Universe]]
| website = http://www.projectMathematics.com
| website_title = Project MATHEMATICS!
| production_website =
}}

'''''Project Mathematics!''''' (stylized as '''''Project MATHEMATICS!'''''), is a series of educational video modules and accompanying workbooks for teachers, developed to help teach the principles of mathematics to high school students.<ref name="PRIMUS" />

==Overview==
The ''Project Mathematics!'' series of videos is a teaching aid for teachers to help students understand the basics of [[geometry]] and [[trigonometry]]. The series was developed by Dr. [[Tom M. Apostol]] and Dr. [[James F. Blinn]], both from the [[California Institute of Technology]]. Apostol heads the production of the series while Blinn provides the [[computer animation]] used to depict the ideas beings discussed. Blinn mentioned that part of his inspiration was the [[The Bell Laboratory Science Series|Bell science series]] of films from the 1950s.<ref name="Solomon" />

The material is designed for teachers to use in their curriculums and is aimed at grades 8 through 13. Workbooks are also available to accompany the videos and help assist teachers in presenting the material to their students. The videos are distributed as either 9 VHS videotapes or 3 DVDs and include a history of mathematics and examples of how math is used in real world applications.<ref name="Apostol" />

==Video module descriptions==
A total of nine educational video modules were created between 1988 and 2000. Another two modules, ''Teachers Workshop'' and ''Project MATHEMATICS! Contest'', were created in 1991 for teachers and are only available on videotape. The content of the nine educational modules follows below.

===The Theorem of Pythagoras===
[[File:Pythagorean.svg|thumb|160px|A right triangle with a square on each side]]
In 1988, ''The Theorem of Pythagoras'' was the first video produced by the series and reviews the [[Pythagorean theorem]].<ref name="Pythagoras" /> For all [[right triangle]]s, the square of the [[hypotenuse]] is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides ( a2 + b2 = c2 ). The [[theorem]] is named after [[Pythagoras]] of ancient Greece. [[Pythagorean triple]]s occur when all three sides of a right triangle are [[integer]]s such as a = 3, b = 4 and c = 5. A [[Plimpton 322|clay tablet]] shows that the [[Babylonia]]ns knew of Pythagorean triples 1200 years before Pythagoras, but nobody knows if they knew the Pythagorean theorem. The [[Zhou Bi Suan Jing|Chinese proof]] uses four similar triangles to prove the theorem. Today, we know of the Pythagorean theorem because of [[Euclid's Elements]], a set of 13 books on mathematics—from around 300 BC—and the knowledge it contained has been used for more than 2000 years. [[Pythagorean theorem#Euclid's proof|Euclid's proof]] is described in book 1, proposition 47 and uses the idea of equal areas along with [[Shear mapping|shearing]] and [[Rotation (mathematics)|rotating]] triangles. In the ''dissection proof'', the square of the hypotenuse is cut into pieces to fit into the other two squares. Proposition 31 in book 6 of Euclid's Elements describes the [[Pythagorean theorem#Similar figures on the three sides|similarity proof]], which states that the squares of each side can be replaced by shapes that are [[Similarity (geometry)|similar]] to each other and the proof still works.

===The Story of Pi===
[[File:Pi eq C over d.svg|thumb|160px|right|Pi is equal to the circumference of a circle divided by its diameter.]]
The second module created was ''The Story of Pi'', in 1989, and describes [[pi]] and its history.<ref name="Pi" /> The first letter in the Greek word for perimeter, περίμετρος, is {{pi}}, known in English as pi. Pi is the [[ratio]] of a [[circle]]'s [[circumference]] to its [[diameter]] and is roughly equal to 3.14159. The circumference of a circle is <math alt="2 pi r"> 2 \pi r</math> and its area is <math alt="pi r squared"> \pi r^2</math>. The [[volume]] and [[surface area]] of a [[Cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]], [[Cone (geometry)|cone]] [[sphere]] and [[torus]] are calculated using pi. Pi is also used in calculating planetary orbit times, [[gaussian curve]]s and alternating current. In [[calculus]], there are [[infinite series]] that involve pi and pi is used in [[trigonometry]]. Ancient cultures used different approximations for pi. The Babylonian's used <math alt="25/8"> \tfrac{25}{8} </math> and the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] used <math alt="256/81"> \tfrac{256}{81} </math>. Pi is a [[fundamental constant]] of nature. [[Archimedes]] discovered that the area of the circle equals the square of its [[radius]] times pi. Archimedes was the first to accurately calculate pi by using [[polygon]]s with 96 sides both inside and outside a circle then measuring the line segments and finding that pi was between <math alt="223/71"> \tfrac{223}{71} </math> and <math alt="22/7"> \tfrac{22}{7} </math>. A Chinese calculation used polygons with 3,000 sides and calculated pi accurately to five [[decimal places]]. The Chinese also found that <math alt="355/113"> \tfrac{355}{113} </math> was an accurate estimate of pi to within 6 decimal places and was the most accurate estimate for 1,000 years until [[arabic numerals]] were used for [[arithmetic]]. By the end of the 19th century, [[formulas]] were discovered to calculate pi without the need for geometric diagrams. These formulas used infinite series and [[trigonometric functions]] to calculate pi to hundreds of decimal places. Computers were used in the 20th century to calculate pi and its value was known to one billion decimals places by 1989. One reason to accurately calculate pi is to test the performance of computers. Another reason is to determine if pi is a specific [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]], which is a ratio of two [[integers]] called a [[rational number]] that has a repeating pattern of [[Numerical digit|digits]] when expressed in decimal form. In the 18th century, [[Johann Heinrich Lambert|Johann Lambert]] found that pi cannot be a ratio and is therefore an [[irrational number]]. Pi shows up in many areas having nothing to do with circles. For example; the fraction of points on a [[Lattice graph|lattice]] viewable from an origin point is equal to <math alt="6 over pi squared"> \tfrac{6}{\pi^2} </math>.

===Similarity===
Discusses how scaling objects does not change their shape and how angles stay the same. Also shows how ratios change for perimeters, areas and volumes.<ref name="Similarity" />

===Sines and Cosines, Part I (Waves)===
Visually depicts how [[sine]]s and cosines are related to waves and a [[unit circle]]. Also reviews their relationship to the ratios of side lengths of [[right triangle]]s.

===Sines and Cosines, Part II (Trigonometry)===
Explains the [[law of sines]] and [[Law of cosines|cosines]] how they relate to sides and angles of a triangle. The module also gives some real life examples of their use.<ref name="Sines" />

===Sines and Cosines, Part III (Addition formulas)===
Describes the [[Angle addition formulas|addition formulas of sines and cosines]] and discusses the history of [[Ptolemy]]'s [[Almagest]]. It also goes into details of [[Ptolemy's Theorem]]. Animation shows how sines and cosines relate to [[harmonic motion]].

===Polynomials===
How [[polynomial]]s can approximate sines and cosines. Includes information about [[cubic spline]]s in design engineering.<ref name="Polynomials" />

===The Tunnel of Samos===
How did the ancients dig the [[tunnel of Samos]] from two opposite sides of a mountain in 500 BC? And how were they able to meet under the mountain? Maybe they used geometry and trigonometry.<ref name="Samos" /><ref>*{{cite journal |url=http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/4106/1/Samos.pdf |first=Tom M. |last=Apostol |authorlink= Tom M. Apostol| title=The Tunnel of Samos |journal=Engineering and Science |volume=1 |issue= |year=2004 |pages=30–40 }}</ref>

===Early History of Mathematics===
Reviews some of the major developments in mathematical history.

== Production ==
The ''Project Mathematics!'' series is created and directed by Dr. Tom M. Apostol and Dr. James F. Blinn, both from the California Institute of Technology. A total of four full-time employees and four part-time employees prooduce the episodes with help from several volunteers.<ref name="Apostol" /> Each episode takes between four and five months to produce.<ref name="Rollins" /> Blinn heads the creation of the computer animation used in each episode, which was done on a network of computers donated by Hewlett-Packard.<ref name="Rollins" /><ref name="pressrelease"/>

=== Funding ===
The majority of the funding came from two grants from the [[National Science Foundation]] totaling $3.1 million.<ref name="Rollins" /><ref name="MDR 8850730" /><ref name="MDR 9150082" /><ref name="Staff" /><ref name="Staff3" /> Free distribution of some of the modules was provided by a grant from Intel.<ref name="pressrelease"/><ref name="Staff4" />

== Distribution ==
''Project Mathematics!'' video tapes, DVDs and workbooks are primarily distributed to teachers through the California Institute of Technology bookstore and have been popular enough that the bookstore hired an extra person just for processing orders of the series.<ref name="Rollins" /> An estimated 140,000 of the tapes and DVDs have been sent to educational institutions around the world and have been viewed by approximately 10 million people over the last 20 years.<ref name="Background" />

The series is also distributed through the [[Mathematical Association of America]] and NASA's Central Operation of Resources for Educators (CORE).<ref name="nonprofit" /> In addition, over half of the states in the US have received master copies of the videotapes so they can produce and distribute copies to their various educational institutions.<ref name="Rollins" /><ref name="states" /> The videotapes may be freely copied for educational purposes with a few restrictions, but the DVD version is not freely reproducible.<ref name="nonprofit" />

The video segments for the first 3 modules can be viewed for free at the Project Mathematics! website as streaming video. Selected video segments of the remaining 6 modules are also available for free viewing.

=== Availability in different languages and formats ===
The videos have been translated into Hebrew, Portuguese, French, and Spanish with the DVD version being both English and Spanish.<ref name="description" /> PAL versions of the videos are available as well and efforts are underway to translate the materials into Korean.<ref name="pressrelease" />

=== Releases ===
*'''Project Mathematics!''', workbooks (1990), ''California Institute of Technology'', {{OCLC|471758335}}
*'''Project Mathematics!''', 9 videotapes (VHS, 30 minutes each, 1994), ''California Institute of Technology'', {{OCLC|43761543}}
*'''Project Mathematics!, DVD 1''', videodisk (DVD, 68 minutes, 2005), ''California Institute of Technology'', {{OCLC|123450762}}
*'''Project Mathematics!, DVD 2''', videodisk (DVD, 81 minutes, 2005), ''California Institute of Technology'', {{OCLC|123450707}}
*'''Project Mathematics!, DVD 3''', videodisk (DVD, 82 minutes, 2005), ''California Institute of Technology'', {{OCLC|123450719}}

==Awards==
Project Mathematics! has received numerous awards including the Gold Apple award in 1989 from the National Educational Film and Video Festival.<ref name="Awards" />
*1988 International Film and TV Festival of New York<ref name="Staff2" />

==Interactive Project Mathematics!==
A web-based version of the materials is being funded by a third grant from the National Science Foundation and is currently in phase 1.<ref name="ESI 9553580" />

== References ==
{{Reflist |refs=
<ref name="Background">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.projectMathematics.com/Videos.html
| title = Background Information
| year = 2003
| work = Project MATHEMATICS!
| publisher = [[California Institute of Technology]]
| accessdate = April 30, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Similarity">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/schedule/programdescriptions/Similarity_9-12.html
| title = NASA - Project Mathematics! "Similarity"
| date = November 27, 2007
| work = NASA
| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| accessdate = August 20, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Pythagoras">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/schedule/programdescriptions/The_Theorem_of_Pythagoras_9-12.html
| title = NASA - Project Mathematics! "The Theorem of Pythagoras"
| date = November 27, 2007
| work = NASA
| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| accessdate = August 20, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Pi">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/schedule/programdescriptions/The_Story_of_Pi_9-12.html
| title = NASA - Project Mathematics! "The Story of Pi"
| date = November 27, 2007
| work = NASA
| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| accessdate = August 20, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Sines">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/schedule/programdescriptions/Sines_and_Cosines_Part_II_9-12.html
| title = NASA - Project Mathematics! Sines & Cosines, Part II
| date = November 27, 2007
| work = NASA
| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| accessdate = August 20, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Polynomials">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/schedule/programdescriptions/Polynomials_9-12.html
| title = NASA - Project Mathematics! "Polynomials"
| date = November 27, 2007
| work = NASA
| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| accessdate = August 20, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Samos">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/topnav/schedule/programdescriptions/Tunnel_of_Samos_9-12.html
| title = NASA - Project Mathematics! "The Tunnel of Samos"
| date = November 27, 2007
| work = NASA
| publisher = [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| accessdate = August 20, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Awards">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.projectMathematics.com/awards.htm
| title = Awards won by Project Mathematics!
| year = 2003
| work = Project MATHEMATICS!
| publisher = [[California Institute of Technology]]
| accessdate = April 30, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="description">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.projectMathematics.com/
| title = Project description
| year = 2003
| work = Project MATHEMATICS!
| publisher = [[California Institute of Technology]]
| accessdate = April 30, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="pressrelease">
{{cite web
| url = http://media.caltech.edu/press_releases/11606
| title = press release-Project Mathematics! Goes Global
| date = January 12, 1995
| work = Project MATHEMATICS!
| publisher = [[California Institute of Technology]]
| accessdate = April 30, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="nonprofit">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.projectMathematics.com/bookstor.htm
| title = Project Mathematics! materials are available to the general public on a nonprofit basis.
| year = 2003
| work = Project MATHEMATICS!
| publisher = [[California Institute of Technology]]
| accessdate = April 30, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="MDR 8850730">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=8850730&version=noscript
| title = NSF grant No. MDR 8850730 $1,060,778
| date = July 11, 1989
| work = Award Abstract
| publisher = [[National Science Foundation]]
| accessdate = April 30, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="MDR 9150082">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9150082&version=noscript
| title = NSF grant No. MDR 9150082 $2,108,328
| date = May 9, 1991
| work = Award Abstract
| publisher = [[National Science Foundation]]
| accessdate = April 30, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="ESI 9553580">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9553580&version=noscript
| title = NSF grant ESI 9553580 $1,605,038
| date = July 10, 1996
| work = Award Abstract
| publisher = [[National Science Foundation]]
| accessdate = April 30, 2010
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Apostol">
{{cite news
| title = Mathematics Via Video--Now That's Entertainment! : Teaching: Instead of blaming TV for slumping test scores, use its child-enchanting technology to make abstract concepts visual.
| first = Tom M.
| last = Apostol
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/1991-10-25/local/me-33_1_mathematics-education
| newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| publisher = Eddy Hartenstein
| location = Los Angeles, California, USA
| issn = 0458-3035
| oclc = 3638237
| date = October 25, 1991
| accessdate = May 21, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Rollins">
{{cite news
| title = Animated Computer Graphics Give a New Angle to Math Education : Learning: The goal is to teach the TV-generation in an engaging, visual way. A Caltech professor helped put the video in motion.
| first = Bill
| last = Rollins
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/1993-10-07/news/gl-42969_1_animated-computer-graphics
| newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| publisher = Eddy Hartenstein
| location = Los Angeles, California, USA
| issn = 0458-3035
| oclc = 3638237
| date = October 7, 1993
| accessdate = May 21, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="states">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.projectmathematics.com/states.htm
| title = State Departments of Education
| year = 2003
| work = Project MATHEMATICS!
| publisher = [[California Institute of Technology]]
| accessdate = May 21, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Staff">
{{cite news
| title = Science Foundation Gives Grant to Caltech
| author = Staff
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/1991-09-12/news/ga-3101_1_science-foundation
| newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| publisher = Eddy Hartenstein
| location = Los Angeles, California, USA
| issn = 0458-3035
| oclc = 3638237
| date = September 12, 1991
| accessdate = May 21, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Staff2">
{{cite news
| title = Pasadena : Math Pilot Wins Award
| author = Staff
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/1988-11-24/news/ga-450_1_pilot-program
| newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| publisher = Eddy Hartenstein
| location = Los Angeles, California, USA
| issn = 0458-3035
| oclc = 3638237
| date = November 24, 1988
| accessdate = May 24, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Staff3">
{{cite news
| title = Caltech Gets $1 Million for Math Videotapes
| author = Staff
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-18/news/ga-779_1_animation
| newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| publisher = Eddy Hartenstein
| location = Los Angeles, California, USA
| issn = 0458-3035
| oclc = 3638237
| date = March 18, 1990
| accessdate = May 24, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Staff4">
{{cite news
| title = EDUCATION BRIEFS
| author = Staff
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/1994-10-13/news/ga-49847_1_high-school-students
| newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| publisher = Eddy Hartenstein
| location = Los Angeles, California, USA
| issn = 0458-3035
| oclc = 3638237
| date = October 13, 1994
| accessdate = May 24, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Solomon">
{{cite news
| title = Science films of '50s not just a memory anymore
| first = Charles
| last = Solomon
| url = http://articles.latimes.com/2003/oct/13/entertainment/et-solomon13
| newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]]
| publisher = Eddy Hartenstein
| location = Los Angeles, California, USA
| issn = 0458-3035
| oclc = 3638237
| date = October 13, 2003
| page = E14
| accessdate = May 24, 2012
}}
</ref>

<ref name="PRIMUS">
{{Cite doi|10.1080/10511979108965595}}
</ref>

}}

== Sources ==
{{cite book
|last=Borwein
|first=Jonathan M.
|authorlink=Jonathan Borwein
|editor=Jonathan M. Borwein
|title=Multimedia tools for communicating Mathematics, Volume 1
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V4_NSXjDNu0C&pg=PA1&dq=%22Project+Mathematics%22
|accessdate=20 August 2010
|edition=illustrated
|volume=1
|origyear=2002
|year=2002
|publisher=Springer
|isbn=978-3-540-42450-5
|oclc=50598138
|page=1
}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.projectMathematics.com/ Project Mathematics! website]
*[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~pmath/ Interactive Project Mathematics! website]

[[Category:American documentary television series]]
[[Category:Mathematics education television series]]
[[Category:American educational television series]]

Transfinite interpolation - Revision history

en>BG19bot: WP:CHECKWIKI error fix for #61. Punctuation goes before References. Do general fixes if a problem exists. - using AWB (9399)