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In [[physics]], '''exotic matter''' is [[matter]] that somehow deviates from the norm and have "exotic" properties. There are several types of exotic matter: | |||
* Hypothetical [[subatomic particle|particles]] that have "exotic" [[physical property|physical properties]] that would violate known [[laws of physics]], such as a particle having a [[negative mass]]. | |||
* Hypothetical particles that have not yet been encountered, such as [[exotic baryon]]s, but whose properties would be within the realm of mainstream physics if found to exist. [[Futurist]] [[Ray Kurzweil]] has speculated that by the end of the 21st century it may be possible by using [[femtotechnology]] to create new [[chemical element]]s composed of exotic baryons that would eventually constitute a new [[periodic table of elements]] in which the elements would have completely different properties from the regular chemical elements.<ref>[[Ray Kurzweil|Kurzweil, Ray]] ''[[The Age of Spiritual Machines]]'' 1999</ref> | |||
* [[State of matter|States of matter]] that are not commonly encountered, such as [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]s and [[quark–gluon plasma]], but whose properties are perfectly within the realm of mainstream physics | |||
* States of matter that are poorly understood, such as [[dark matter]] | |||
* Ordinary matter placed under high pressure | |||
== Negative mass == | |||
{{main|Negative mass}} | |||
Negative mass would possess some strange properties, such as accelerating in the direction opposite of applied [[force]]. For example, an object with negative inertial mass and positive [[electric charge]] would accelerate away from objects with negative charge, and towards objects with positive charge, the opposite of the normal rule that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. This behaviour can produce bizarre results: for instance, a gas containing a mixture of positive and negative matter particles will have the positive matter portion increase in [[temperature]] without bound. However, the negative matter portion gains negative temperature at the same rate, again balancing out. | |||
Despite being inconsistent with the expected behavior of "normal" matter, negative mass is mathematically consistent and introduces no violation of [[conservation of momentum]] or [[conservation of energy|energy]]. It is used in certain speculative theories, such as on the construction of [[wormhole]]s. The closest known real representative of such exotic matter is the region of pseudo-[[Negative pressure|negative-pressure]] density produced by the [[Casimir effect]]. | |||
== Imaginary mass == | |||
{{Main|Tachyon#Mass}} | |||
A hypothetical particle with [[imaginary number|imaginary]] rest mass would always travel faster than the [[speed of light]]. Such particles are called [[tachyon]]s. There is no confirmed existence of tachyons. | |||
: <math>E = \frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{1 - v^2/c^2}}</math> | |||
If the rest mass is imaginary this implies that the denominator is imaginary because the total [[energy]] is an [[observable]] and thus must be [[real number|real]]; therefore the quantity under the square root must be negative, which can only happen if [[speed|''v'']] is greater than [[speed of light|''c'']]. As noted by [[Gregory Benford]] ''et al.,'' [[special relativity]] implies that tachyons, if they existed, could be used to communicate backwards in time<ref> | |||
{{cite journal | |||
| author=G. A. Benford, D. L. Book, and W. A. Newcomb | |||
| year=1970 | |||
| title=The Tachyonic Antitelephone | |||
| journal=[[Physical Review D]] | |||
| volume=2 |page=263 | |||
| doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.2.263 | |||
| bibcode = 1970PhRvD...2..263B }}</ref> (see [[tachyonic antitelephone]]). Because [[time travel]] is considered to be non-physical, tachyons are believed by physicists either to not exist, or else to be incapable of interacting with normal matter.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} | |||
In quantum field theory, imaginary mass would induce [[tachyon condensation]]. | |||
== Materials at high pressure == | |||
At high pressure, materials such as NaCl in the presence of an excess of either chlorine or sodium were transformed into compounds "forbidden" by classical chemistry, such as {{chem|Na|3|Cl}} and {{chem|Na|Cl|3}}. Quantum mechanical calculations predict the possibility of other compounds, such as {{chem|Na|Cl|7}}, {{chem|Na|3|Cl|2}}, {{chem|Na|2|Cl}}, and {{chem|Na|3|Cl}}. The materials are thermodynamically stable at high pressures. Such compounds may exist in natural environments that exist at high pressure, such as the deep ocean or inside planetary cores. The materials have potentially useful properties. For instance, {{chem|Na|3|Cl}} is a two dimensional metal, made of layers of pure sodium and salt that can conduct electricity. The salt layers act as insulators while the sodium layers act as conductors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmag.com/scientists-create-forbidden-compounds-table-salt/30520/ |title=Scientists turn table salt into forbidden compounds that violate textbook rules |publisher=Gizmag.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1126/science.1244989}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Gravitational interaction of antimatter]] | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
{{Physics-footer}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Exotic Matter}} | |||
[[Category:Particle physics]] | |||
[[Category:Gravitation]] | |||
[[Category:Wormhole theory]] | |||
[[Category:Warp drive theory]] | |||
[[Category:Exotic matter| ]] | |||
[[Category:Hypothetical objects]] | |||
Revision as of 02:17, 5 December 2013
In physics, exotic matter is matter that somehow deviates from the norm and have "exotic" properties. There are several types of exotic matter:
- Hypothetical particles that have "exotic" physical properties that would violate known laws of physics, such as a particle having a negative mass.
- Hypothetical particles that have not yet been encountered, such as exotic baryons, but whose properties would be within the realm of mainstream physics if found to exist. Futurist Ray Kurzweil has speculated that by the end of the 21st century it may be possible by using femtotechnology to create new chemical elements composed of exotic baryons that would eventually constitute a new periodic table of elements in which the elements would have completely different properties from the regular chemical elements.[1]
- States of matter that are not commonly encountered, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and quark–gluon plasma, but whose properties are perfectly within the realm of mainstream physics
- States of matter that are poorly understood, such as dark matter
- Ordinary matter placed under high pressure
Negative mass
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Negative mass would possess some strange properties, such as accelerating in the direction opposite of applied force. For example, an object with negative inertial mass and positive electric charge would accelerate away from objects with negative charge, and towards objects with positive charge, the opposite of the normal rule that like charges repel and opposite charges attract. This behaviour can produce bizarre results: for instance, a gas containing a mixture of positive and negative matter particles will have the positive matter portion increase in temperature without bound. However, the negative matter portion gains negative temperature at the same rate, again balancing out.
Despite being inconsistent with the expected behavior of "normal" matter, negative mass is mathematically consistent and introduces no violation of conservation of momentum or energy. It is used in certain speculative theories, such as on the construction of wormholes. The closest known real representative of such exotic matter is the region of pseudo-negative-pressure density produced by the Casimir effect.
Imaginary mass
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
A hypothetical particle with imaginary rest mass would always travel faster than the speed of light. Such particles are called tachyons. There is no confirmed existence of tachyons.
If the rest mass is imaginary this implies that the denominator is imaginary because the total energy is an observable and thus must be real; therefore the quantity under the square root must be negative, which can only happen if v is greater than c. As noted by Gregory Benford et al., special relativity implies that tachyons, if they existed, could be used to communicate backwards in time[2] (see tachyonic antitelephone). Because time travel is considered to be non-physical, tachyons are believed by physicists either to not exist, or else to be incapable of interacting with normal matter.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
In quantum field theory, imaginary mass would induce tachyon condensation.
Materials at high pressure
At high pressure, materials such as NaCl in the presence of an excess of either chlorine or sodium were transformed into compounds "forbidden" by classical chemistry, such as Template:Chem and Template:Chem. Quantum mechanical calculations predict the possibility of other compounds, such as Template:Chem, Template:Chem, Template:Chem, and Template:Chem. The materials are thermodynamically stable at high pressures. Such compounds may exist in natural environments that exist at high pressure, such as the deep ocean or inside planetary cores. The materials have potentially useful properties. For instance, Template:Chem is a two dimensional metal, made of layers of pure sodium and salt that can conduct electricity. The salt layers act as insulators while the sodium layers act as conductors.[3][4]
See also
References
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- ↑ Kurzweil, Ray The Age of Spiritual Machines 1999
- ↑
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- ↑ Template:Cite doi