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The concept of a '''normalizing constant''' arises in [[probability theory]] and a variety of other areas of [[mathematics]].
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==Definition and examples==
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In [[probability theory]], a '''normalizing constant''' is a constant by which an everywhere non-negative function must be multiplied so the area under its graph is 1, e.g., to make it a [[probability density function]] or a [[probability mass function]].<ref>''Continuous Distributions'' at University of Alabama.</ref><ref>Feller, 1968, p. 22.</ref>  For example, if we define
 
:<math>p(x)=e^{-x^2/2}, x\in(-\infty,\infty) </math>
 
we have
 
:<math>\int_{-\infty}^\infty p(x)\,dx=\int_{-\infty}^\infty e^{-x^2/2}\,dx=\sqrt{2\pi\,},</math>
 
if we define function <math> \varphi(x) </math> as
 
:<math>\varphi(x)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\,}} p(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\,}} e^{-x^2/2}  </math>
 
so that
 
:<math>\int_{-\infty}^\infty \varphi(x)\,dx=\int_{-\infty}^\infty \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\,}} e^{-x^2/2}\,dx=1 </math>
 
Function <math> \varphi(x) </math> is a probability density function.<ref>Feller, 1968, p. 174.</ref>  This is the density of the standard [[normal distribution]]. (''Standard'', in this case, means the [[expected value]] is 0 and the [[variance]] is 1.)
 
And constant <math> \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\,}} </math> is the '''normalizing constant''' of function <math>p(x)</math>.
 
Similarly,
 
:<math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{\lambda^n}{n!}=e^\lambda ,</math>
 
and consequently
 
:<math>f(n)=\frac{\lambda^n e^{-\lambda}}{n!}</math>
 
is a probability mass function on the set of all nonnegative integers.<ref>Feller, 1968, p. 156.</ref>  This is the probability mass function of the [[Poisson distribution]] with expected value &lambda;.
 
Note that if the probability density function is a function of various parameters, so too will be its normalizing constant.  The parametrised normalizing constant for the [[Boltzmann distribution]] plays a central role in [[statistical mechanics]]. In that context, the normalizing constant is called the [[partition function (statistical mechanics)|partition function]].
 
==Bayes' theorem==
[[Bayes' theorem]] says that the posterior probability measure is proportional to the product of the prior probability measure and the [[likelihood function]].  ''Proportional to'' implies that one must multiply or divide by a normalizing constant to assign measure 1 to the whole space, i.e., to get a probability measure. In a simple discrete case we have
 
:<math>P(H_0|D) = \frac{P(D|H_0)P(H_0)}{P(D)}</math>
 
where P(H<sub>0</sub>) is the prior probability that the hypothesis is true; P(D|H<sub>0</sub>) is the [[conditional probability]] of the data given that the hypothesis is true, but given that the data are known it is the [[likelihood function|likelihood]] of the hypothesis (or its parameters) given the data; P(H<sub>0</sub>|D) is the posterior probability that the hypothesis is true given the data. P(D) should be the probability of producing the data, but on its own is difficult to calculate, so an alternative way to describe this relationship is as one of proportionality:
 
:<math>P(H_0|D) \propto P(D|H_0)P(H_0).</math>
 
Since P(H|D) is a probability, the sum over all possible (mutually exclusive) hypotheses should be 1, leading to the conclusion that
 
:<math>P(H_0|D) = \frac{P(D|H_0)P(H_0)}{\displaystyle\sum_i P(D|H_i)P(H_i)} .</math>
 
In this case, the [[Multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]] of the value
 
:<math>P(D)=\sum_i P(D|H_i)P(H_i) \;</math>
 
is the ''normalizing constant''.<ref>Feller, 1968, p. 124.</ref>  It can be extended from countably many hypotheses to uncountably many by replacing the sum by an integral.
 
==Non-probabilistic uses==
 
The [[Legendre polynomials]] are characterized by [[orthogonality]] with respect to the uniform measure on the interval [&minus; 1, 1] and the fact that they are '''normalized''' so that their value at 1 is 1.  The constant by which one multiplies a polynomial so its value at 1 is 1 is a normalizing constant.
 
[[Orthonormal]] functions are normalized such that
:<math>\langle f_i , \, f_j\rangle = \, \delta_{i,j}</math>
with respect to some inner product <''f'',&nbsp;''g''>.
 
The constant 1/&radic;2 is used to establish the [[hyperbolic functions#relationship to ordinary trigonometric functions|hyperbolic functions]] cosh and sinh from the lengths of the adjacent and opposite sides of a [[hyperbolic sector#Hyperbolic triangle|hyperbolic triangle]].
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
==References==
*[http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/dist/Continuous.xhtml Continuous Distributions] at Department of Mathematical Sciences: University of Alabama in Huntsville
*{{cite book|last = Feller|first = William|authorlink = William Feller|title = An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications (volume I)|publisher = John Wiley & Sons|date = 1968|isbn = 0-471-25708-7}}
 
[[Category:Probability theory]]
[[Category:One]]

Latest revision as of 07:17, 5 January 2015

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