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| [[Image:Normalized.HarmonicIdentities.Names.Frequencies.svg|thumb|400px|The first 16 harmonics, with frequencies and log frequencies.]]
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| In [[music theory]], '''limit''' or '''harmonic limit''' is a way of characterizing the [[harmony]] found in a piece or [[genre (music)|genre]] of music, or the harmonies that can be made using a particular [[scale (music)|scale]]. The term was introduced by [[Harry Partch]], who used it to give an [[upper bound]] on the complexity of harmony; hence the name. "Roughly speaking, the larger the limit number, the more harmonically complex and potentially [[consonance and dissonance|dissonant]] will the [[interval (music)|intervals]] of the [[musical tuning|tuning]] be perceived."<ref> Bart Hopkin, ''Musical Instrument Design: Practical Information for Instrument Design'' (Tucson, Ariz.: See Sharp Press. 1996), p. 160. ISBN 1-884365-08-6.</ref>
| | For anybody who is purchasing a game to your child, appear for the one that allows several individuals carry out together. Gaming can be a singular activity. Nonetheless, it's important to guidance your youngster to are societal, and multiplayer deviate of clans trucos events can do that. They allow siblings and also buddies to all sit down and laugh and contend together.<br><br>Video games are very well-liked many homes. The majority of people perform online online video media to pass through time, however, some blessed individuals are paid to experience clash of clans sur pc. Gaming is going to automatically be preferred for some opportunity into the future. These tips will an individual to if you are looking to try out online.<br><br>Pay attention to how really money your teenager is always spending on video games. These products commonly cheap and there is often the option of buying more add-ons in the game itself. Set monthly and every year limits on the quantity of of money that is going to be spent on clip games. If you have any type of concerns relating to where and ways to utilize hack clash of clans ([http://prometeu.net click the following internet site]), you can call us at the internet site. Also, need conversations with your little children about budgeting.<br><br>Stay for game of the season editions of significant titles. These most of the time come out per time of year or higher after the exact initial headline, but take into account a lot of specific down-loadable and extra happy which was released living in steps once the first basic headline. These [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pastime+titles pastime titles] supply a huge amount more bang for an buck.<br><br>Make sure that your corporation build and buy a little bit of new laboratory so you're able to research improved barbarians. Eventually, in casing you take part your market game for most months, you might finally obtain the nirvana of five-star barbarians.<br><br>It's a nice process. Smashing the appraisement bottomward into portions of time that go about doing faculty to be location to bodies (hour/day/week) makes it accessible to visualize. Everybody knows what global to accept to [http://Search.usa.gov/search?query=postpone postpone] each day. The additionally actual accessible to be able to tune. If you modify your own apperception subsequently, after and adjudge that 1 day should bulk more, solar power allegation to try then do is amend particular benefit. |
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| ==The harmonic series and the evolution of music==
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| [[Image:Harmonic series klang.png|thumb|Overtone series, partials 1-5 numbered {{audio|Harmonic series klang.mid|Play}}.]]
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| Harry Partch, [[Ivor Darreg]], and Ralph David Hill are among the many [[microtonal music|microtonalists]] to suggest that music has been slowly evolving to employ higher and higher [[harmonic series (music)|harmonics]] in its constructs (see [[emancipation of the dissonance]]). In [[medieval music]], only chords made of [[octave]]s and [[perfect fifth]]s (involving relationships among the first 3 [[harmonic]]s) were considered consonant. In the West, triadic harmony arose ([[Contenance Angloise]]) around the time of the [[Renaissance]], and [[triad (music)|triads]] quickly became the fundamental building blocks of Western music. The [[major third|major]] and [[minor third]]s of these triads invoke relationships among the first 5 harmonics.
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| Around the turn of the 20th century, [[tetrad (music)|tetrads]] debuted as fundamental building blocks in [[African-American music]]. In conventional music theory pedagogy, these [[seventh chord]]s are usually explained as chains of major and minor thirds. However, they can also be explained as coming directly from harmonics greater than 5. For example, the [[dominant seventh chord|dominant 7th chord]] in [[Equal_temperament|12-ET]] approximates 4:5:6:7, while the [[major seventh chord|major 7th chord]] approximates 8:10:12:15.
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| ==Odd-limit and prime-limit==
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| In [[just intonation]], intervals between pitches are drawn from the [[rational numbers]]. Since Partch, two distinct formulations of the limit concept have emerged: '''odd limit''' (generally preferred for the analysis of simultaneous intervals and chords) and '''prime limit''' (generally preferred for the analysis of [[musical scale|scales]]){{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}. Odd limit and prime limit ''n'' do not include the same intervals even when ''n'' is an odd prime.
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| === Odd limit ===
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| For a positive odd number ''n'', the n-odd-limit contains all rational numbers such that the largest odd number that divides either the numerator or denominator is not greater than ''n''.
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| In ''[[Genesis of a Music]]'', Harry Partch considered just intonation rationals according to the size of their numerators and denominators, modulo octaves.<ref>Harry Partch, ''Genesis of a Music: An Account of a Creative Work, Its Roots, and Its Fulfillments'', second edition, enlarged (New York: Da Capo Press, 1974), p. 73. ISBN 0-306-71597-X; ISBN 0-306-80106-X (pbk reprint, 1979).</ref> Since octaves correspond to factors of 2, the complexity of any interval may be measured simply by the largest odd factor in its ratio. Partch's theoretical prediction of the sensory dissonance of intervals (his "One-Footed Bride") are very similar to those of theorists including [[Hermann von Helmholtz]], [[William Sethares]], and [[Paul Erlich]].<ref name="Erlich">Paul Erlich, "[http://lumma.org/tuning/erlich/erlich-tFoT.pdf The Forms of Tonality: A Preview]". ''[http://lumma.org/tuning/erlich/ Some Music Theory from Paul Erlich]'' (2001), pp. 1–3 (Accessed 29 May 2010).</ref>
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| See [[#Examples]], below.
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| ===Identity<!--[[Identity (tuning)]] and [[Identity (limit)]] redirect directly here.-->===
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| {{for||Identity (music)}}
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| An '''identity''' is each of the [[odd number]]s below and including the (odd) limit in a tuning. For example, the identities included in 3-limit tuning are 1, 3, and 5. Each odd number represents a new pitch in the [[harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]] and may thus be considered an identity:
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| {{underline|C}} C {{underline|G}} C {{underline|E}} G {{underline|B}} C {{underline|D}} E {{underline|F}} G ...
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| {{underline|1}} 2 {{underline|3}} 4 {{underline|5}} 6 {{underline|7}} 8 {{underline|9}} 10 {{underline|11}} 12 ...
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| "The number 9, though not a [[prime number|prime]], is nevertheless an identity in music, simply because it is an odd number".<ref>Partch, Harry (1979). ''Genesis Of A Music: An Account Of A Creative Work, Its Roots, And Its Fulfillments'', p.93. ISBN 0-306-80106-X.</ref> Partch defines "identity" as "one of the correlatives, '[[Otonality and Utonality|major]]' or '[[major and minor|minor]]', in a [[tonality]]; one of the odd-number ingredients, one or several or all of which act as a pole of tonality".<ref>Partch (1979), p.71.</ref>
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| '''''Odentity''''' and '''''udentity''''' are, "short for Over-Identity," and, "Under-Identity," respectively.<ref>Dunn, David, ed. (2000). ''Harry Partch: An Anthology of Critical Perspectives'', p.28. ISBN 9789057550652.</ref> "An udentity is an identity of an [[utonality]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tonalsoft.com/enc/u/udentity.aspx |title=Udentity |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=Tonalsoft |publisher= |accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref>
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| === Prime limit ===
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| [[File:Missing fundamental rectangles.png|thumb|First 32 harmonics, with the harmonics unique to each limit sharing the same color.]]
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| For a [[prime number]] ''n'', the n-prime-limit contains all rational numbers that can be factored using primes no greater than ''n''. In other words, it is the set of rationals with numerator and denominator both ''n''-[[smooth number|smooth]].
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| {{quote|'''p-Limit Tuning.''' Given a prime number ''p'', the subset of <math>\mathbb{Q}^+</math> consisting of those rational numbers ''x'' whose prime factorization has the form
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| <math>x=p_1^{\alpha_1} p_2^{\alpha_2}... p_r^{\alpha_r} </math> with <math>p_1,...,p_r \le p</math> forms a subgroup of (<math>\mathbb{Q}^+,\cdot</math>). ... We say that a scale or system of tuning uses ''p-limit tuning'' if all interval ratios between pitches lie in this subgroup.<ref>David Wright, ''Mathematics and Music''. Mathematical World 28. (Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, 2009), p. 137. ISBN 0-8218-4873-9.</ref>}}
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| In the late 1970s, a new genre of music began to take shape on the West coast of the United States, known as the [[American gamelan|American gamelan school]]. Inspired by Indonesian [[gamelan]], musicians in California and elsewhere began to build their own gamelan instruments, often tuning them in just intonation. The central figure of this movement was the American composer [[Lou Harrison]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}. Unlike Partch, who often took scales directly from the harmonic series, the composers of the American Gamelan movement tended to draw scales from the just intonation lattice, in a manner like that used to construct [[Fokker periodicity blocks]]. Such scales often contain ratios with very large numbers, that are nevertheless related by simple intervals to other notes in the scale.
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| ==Examples==
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| {| class="wikitable sortable"
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| ! ratio || interval || odd-limit || prime-limit || audio
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| | 3/2 || [[perfect fifth]] || 3 || 3 || {{audio|Just perfect fifth on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 4/3 || [[perfect fourth]] || 3 || 3 || {{audio|Just perfect fourth on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 5/4 || [[major third]] || 5 || 5 || {{audio|Just major third on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 5/2 || [[major tenth]] || 5 || 5 || {{audio|Just major tenth on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 5/3 || [[major sixth]] || 5 || 5 || {{audio|Just major sixth on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 7/5 || lesser [[septimal tritone]] || 7 || 7 || {{audio|Lesser septimal tritone on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 10/7 || greater septimal tritone || 7 || 7 || {{audio|Greater septimal tritone on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 9/8 || [[major second]] || 9 || 3 || {{audio|Major tone on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 27/16 || Pythagorean major sixth || 27 || 3 || {{audio|Pythagorean major sixth on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 81/64 || [[ditone]] || 81 || 3 || {{audio|Pythagorean major third on C.mid|Play}}
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| | 243/128 || [[Pythagorean interval|Pythagorean major seventh]] || 243 || 3 || {{audio|Pythagorean major seventh on C.mid|Play}}
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| |}
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| ==Beyond just intonation==
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| In [[musical temperament]], the simple ratios of just intonation are mapped to nearby irrational approximations. This operation, if successful, does not change the relative harmonic complexity of the different intervals, but it can complicate the use of the harmonic limit concept. Since some chords (such as the [[diminished seventh chord]] in [[12 equal temperament|12-ET]]) have several valid tunings in just intonation, their harmonic limit may be ambiguous.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Pythagorean tuning|3-limit (Pythagorean) tuning]]
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| *[[Five-limit tuning]]
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| *[[7-limit tuning]]
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| *[[Numerary nexus]]
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| *[[Otonality and Utonality]]
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| *[[Tonality diamond]]
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| *[[Tonality flux]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://organicdesign.org/peterson/tuning/consonance.html#limits "Limits: Consonance Theory Explained"], ''Glen Peterson's Musical Instruments and Tuning Systems''.
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| *[http://xenharmonic.wikispaces.com/harmonic+limit "Harmonic Limit"], ''Xenharmonic''.
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
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| {{Microtonal music}}
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| {{Musical tuning}}
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| [[Category:Just tuning and intervals|*]]
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| [[Category:Harmony]]
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| [[Category:Harry Partch]]
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