Thorium fuel cycle: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Newer edit →
en>AnomieBOT
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Toomanylinks}}
 
en>Monkbot
Line 1: Line 1:
Hi there, I am Alyson Boon although it is not the name on my beginning certificate. Alaska is the only place I've been residing in but now  [http://isaworld.Pe.kr/?document_srl=392088 clairvoyance] I'm contemplating other options. Office supervising is  clairvoyant psychic ([http://si.dgmensa.org/xe/index.php?document_srl=48014&mid=c0102 browse this site]) my profession. The favorite pastime for him and his children is to perform lacross and he would by no means give it up.<br><br>Feel free to visit my homepage; [http://www.aseandate.com/index.php?m=member_profile&p=profile&id=13352970 psychic readings online]
{{For|the creature|Animal Crossing (video game)}}
[[Image:Gyroid surface with Gaussian curvature.png|thumb|right|A gyroid minimal surface, coloured to show the [[Gaussian curvature]] at each point]]
[[File:Gyroid.gif|thumb|right|Gyroid]]
 
A '''gyroid''' is an infinitely connected [[Triply periodic minimal surface|triply periodic]] [[minimal surface]] discovered by Alan Schoen in 1970.<ref>Alan H. Schoen, Infinite periodic minimal surfaces without self-intersections, NASA Technical Note TN D-5541 (1970)[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700020472_1970020472.pdf].</ref><ref name="hoffman">David Hoffman, Computing Minimal Surfaces. In Global Theory of Minimal Surfaces: Proceedings of the Clay Mathematics Institute 2001 Summer School, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Berkeley, California, June 25-July 27, 2001 American Mathematical Society 2005.</ref>
 
==History and Properties==
 
The gyroid is the unique non-trivial embedded member of the [[associate family]] of the [[Schwarz_minimal_surface#Schwarz_P_.28.22Primitive.22.29|Schwarz P]] and [[Schwarz_minimal_surface#Schwarz_D_.28.22Diamond.22.29|D]] surfaces with angle of association approximately 38.01°.  The gyroid is similar to the [[Lidinoid]].  The gyroid was discovered in 1970 by Alan Schoen, then a scientist at NASA.  He calculated the angle of association in his NASA Technical Report and gave a convincing demonstration but did not provide a proof of embeddedness (although he did provide pictures of intricate plastic models).  Schoen notes that the gyroid contains neither straight lines nor planar symmetries.  Karcher <ref>Hermann Karcher's The triply periodic minimal surfaces of Alan Schoen and their constant mean curvature companions, Manuscripta Math. 64, 291-357 (1989)</ref> gave a different, more contemporary treatment of the surface in 1989 using the conjugate surface construction.  In 1996 Große-Brauckmann and Wohlgemuth <ref>Karsten Große-Brauckmann and Meinhard Wohlgemuth, The gyroid is embedded and has constant mean curvature companions, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 4 (1996), no. 6, 499–523.</ref> proved that it is embedded, and in 1997 Große-Brauckmann provided CMC variants of the gyroid and made further numerical investigations about the volume fractions of the minimal and CMC gyroids.
 
The gyroid separates space into two identical labyrinths of passages. The gyroid has [[space group]] ''Ia''{{overline|3}}''d''. Channels run through the gyroid labyrinths in the (100) and (111) directions; passages emerge at 70.5 degree angles to any given channel as it is traversed, the direction at which they do so gyrating down the channel, giving rise to the name "gyroid".  One way to visualize the surface is to picture the “square catenoids” of the P surface (these are formed by two squares in parallel planes, with a nearly circular waist); rotation about the edges of the square generate the P surface. In the associate family, these square catenoids “open up” (similar to the way the catenoid “opens up” to a helicoid) to form gyrating ribbons, then finally become the Schwarz D surface.  For one value of the associate family parameter the gyrating ribbons lie in precisely the locations required to have an embedded surface.
 
The gyroid refers to the member that is in the associate family of the Schwarz P surface, but in fact the gyroid exists in several families which preserve various symmetries of the surface; a more complete discussion of families of these minimal surfaces appears in the entry on [[triply periodic minimal surface]]s.
 
Curiously, like some other triply periodic minimal surfaces, the gyroid surface can be trigonometrically approximated by the equation:
:<math> \sin x \cdot \cos y + \sin y \cdot \cos z + \sin z \cdot \cos x = 0  </math>
 
==Applications==
In nature, [[self assembled]] gyroid structures are found in certain surfactant or lipid [[mesophase]]s<ref>Longley, W. & McIntosh, T. J. 1983 A bicontinuous tetrahedral structure in a liquid crystalline lipid. Nature 303, 612–614.</ref> and block [[copolymer]]s. In the polymer phase diagram, the gyroid phase is between the lamellar and cylindrical phases. Such self-assembled polymer structures have found applications in experimental [[supercapacitors]],<ref>Wei D, Scherer MR, Bower C, Andrew P, Ryhänen T, Steiner U. A nanostructured electrochromic supercapacitor. Nano Lett. 2012 Apr 11;12(4):1857-62.</ref> solar cells<ref>Crossland EJ, Kamperman M, Nedelcu M, Ducati C, Wiesner U, Smilgies DM, Toombes GE, Hillmyer MA, Ludwigs S, Steiner U, Snaith HJ. A bicontinuous double gyroid hybrid solar cell. Nano Lett. 2009 Aug;9(8):2807-12.</ref> and nanoporous membranes.<ref>Li L, Schulte L, Clausen LD, Hansen KM, Jonsson GE, Ndoni S. Gyroid nanoporous membranes with tunable permeability. ACS Nano. 2011 Oct 25;5(10):7754-66. Epub 2011 Sep 14.</ref>
 
Gyroid membrane structures are occasionally found inside cells.<ref>S. Hyde, Z. Blum, T. Landh, S. Lidin, B.W. Ninham, S. Andersson, K. Larsson, The Language of Shape: The Role of Curvature in Condensed Matter: Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Elsevier, 1996</ref>
 
Gyroid structures have photonic [[band gap]]s that make them potential [[photonic crystals]].<ref>Martin-Moreno, L., Garcia-Vidal, F. J. & Somoza, A. M. Self-assembled triply periodic minimal surfaces as molds for photonic band gap materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 73–75. 1999</ref> Gyroid structures have been observed in biological [[structural coloration]] such as butterfly wing scales, inspiring work on [[Biomimicry|biomimetic materials]].<ref>Saranathan V, Osuji CO, Mochrie SG, Noh H, Narayanan S, Sandy A, Dufresne ER, Prum RO. Structure, function, and self-assembly of single network gyroid (I4132) photonic crystals in butterfly wing scales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 29;107(26):11676-81.</ref><ref>Michielsen K, Stavenga DG. Jun 14. J R Soc Interface. 2008 Jan 6;5(18):85-94. Gyroid cuticular structures in butterfly wing scales: biological photonic crystals.</ref> The gyroid mitochondrial membranes in [[tree shrew]] cones might have an optical function.<ref>Zakaria Almsherqi, Felix Margadant and Yuru Deng. A look through ‘lens’ cubic mitochondria. Interface Focus (2012) 2, 539–545</ref>
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
* [http://schoengeometry.com/e-tpms.html]
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Gyroid.html Gyroid] at [[MathWorld]]
* [http://www.bathsheba.com/math/gyroid/gyroid3d.html Rotatable picture of a gyroid's period]
* [http://www.indiana.edu/~minimal/archive/Triply/genus3/Gyroid%20small/web/index.html The gyroid at loomington's Virtual Minimal Surface Museum]
* [http://books.google.nl/books?id=eLBR7ONRzUMC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=gyroid+trigonometric+approximation&source=bl&ots=sE8kWviza9&sig=6OxaYjV8d_pvfpPxFzsHqeCul9k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iaNFUpOtBoi54ATI_4DACQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=gyroid%20trigonometric%20approximation&f=false]
 
[[Category:Minimal surfaces]]

Revision as of 00:16, 31 January 2014

28 year-old Painting Investments Worker Truman from Regina, usually spends time with pastimes for instance interior design, property developers in new launch ec Singapore and writing. Last month just traveled to City of the Renaissance.

A gyroid minimal surface, coloured to show the Gaussian curvature at each point
File:Gyroid.gif
Gyroid

A gyroid is an infinitely connected triply periodic minimal surface discovered by Alan Schoen in 1970.[1][2]

History and Properties

The gyroid is the unique non-trivial embedded member of the associate family of the Schwarz P and D surfaces with angle of association approximately 38.01°. The gyroid is similar to the Lidinoid. The gyroid was discovered in 1970 by Alan Schoen, then a scientist at NASA. He calculated the angle of association in his NASA Technical Report and gave a convincing demonstration but did not provide a proof of embeddedness (although he did provide pictures of intricate plastic models). Schoen notes that the gyroid contains neither straight lines nor planar symmetries. Karcher [3] gave a different, more contemporary treatment of the surface in 1989 using the conjugate surface construction. In 1996 Große-Brauckmann and Wohlgemuth [4] proved that it is embedded, and in 1997 Große-Brauckmann provided CMC variants of the gyroid and made further numerical investigations about the volume fractions of the minimal and CMC gyroids.

The gyroid separates space into two identical labyrinths of passages. The gyroid has space group IaTemplate:Overlined. Channels run through the gyroid labyrinths in the (100) and (111) directions; passages emerge at 70.5 degree angles to any given channel as it is traversed, the direction at which they do so gyrating down the channel, giving rise to the name "gyroid". One way to visualize the surface is to picture the “square catenoids” of the P surface (these are formed by two squares in parallel planes, with a nearly circular waist); rotation about the edges of the square generate the P surface. In the associate family, these square catenoids “open up” (similar to the way the catenoid “opens up” to a helicoid) to form gyrating ribbons, then finally become the Schwarz D surface. For one value of the associate family parameter the gyrating ribbons lie in precisely the locations required to have an embedded surface.

The gyroid refers to the member that is in the associate family of the Schwarz P surface, but in fact the gyroid exists in several families which preserve various symmetries of the surface; a more complete discussion of families of these minimal surfaces appears in the entry on triply periodic minimal surfaces.

Curiously, like some other triply periodic minimal surfaces, the gyroid surface can be trigonometrically approximated by the equation:

Applications

In nature, self assembled gyroid structures are found in certain surfactant or lipid mesophases[5] and block copolymers. In the polymer phase diagram, the gyroid phase is between the lamellar and cylindrical phases. Such self-assembled polymer structures have found applications in experimental supercapacitors,[6] solar cells[7] and nanoporous membranes.[8]

Gyroid membrane structures are occasionally found inside cells.[9]

Gyroid structures have photonic band gaps that make them potential photonic crystals.[10] Gyroid structures have been observed in biological structural coloration such as butterfly wing scales, inspiring work on biomimetic materials.[11][12] The gyroid mitochondrial membranes in tree shrew cones might have an optical function.[13]

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

  1. ↑ Alan H. Schoen, Infinite periodic minimal surfaces without self-intersections, NASA Technical Note TN D-5541 (1970)[3].
  2. ↑ David Hoffman, Computing Minimal Surfaces. In Global Theory of Minimal Surfaces: Proceedings of the Clay Mathematics Institute 2001 Summer School, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Berkeley, California, June 25-July 27, 2001 American Mathematical Society 2005.
  3. ↑ Hermann Karcher's The triply periodic minimal surfaces of Alan Schoen and their constant mean curvature companions, Manuscripta Math. 64, 291-357 (1989)
  4. ↑ Karsten Große-Brauckmann and Meinhard Wohlgemuth, The gyroid is embedded and has constant mean curvature companions, Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 4 (1996), no. 6, 499–523.
  5. ↑ Longley, W. & McIntosh, T. J. 1983 A bicontinuous tetrahedral structure in a liquid crystalline lipid. Nature 303, 612–614.
  6. ↑ Wei D, Scherer MR, Bower C, Andrew P, Ryhänen T, Steiner U. A nanostructured electrochromic supercapacitor. Nano Lett. 2012 Apr 11;12(4):1857-62.
  7. ↑ Crossland EJ, Kamperman M, Nedelcu M, Ducati C, Wiesner U, Smilgies DM, Toombes GE, Hillmyer MA, Ludwigs S, Steiner U, Snaith HJ. A bicontinuous double gyroid hybrid solar cell. Nano Lett. 2009 Aug;9(8):2807-12.
  8. ↑ Li L, Schulte L, Clausen LD, Hansen KM, Jonsson GE, Ndoni S. Gyroid nanoporous membranes with tunable permeability. ACS Nano. 2011 Oct 25;5(10):7754-66. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
  9. ↑ S. Hyde, Z. Blum, T. Landh, S. Lidin, B.W. Ninham, S. Andersson, K. Larsson, The Language of Shape: The Role of Curvature in Condensed Matter: Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Elsevier, 1996
  10. ↑ Martin-Moreno, L., Garcia-Vidal, F. J. & Somoza, A. M. Self-assembled triply periodic minimal surfaces as molds for photonic band gap materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 73–75. 1999
  11. ↑ Saranathan V, Osuji CO, Mochrie SG, Noh H, Narayanan S, Sandy A, Dufresne ER, Prum RO. Structure, function, and self-assembly of single network gyroid (I4132) photonic crystals in butterfly wing scales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 29;107(26):11676-81.
  12. ↑ Michielsen K, Stavenga DG. Jun 14. J R Soc Interface. 2008 Jan 6;5(18):85-94. Gyroid cuticular structures in butterfly wing scales: biological photonic crystals.
  13. ↑ Zakaria Almsherqi, Felix Margadant and Yuru Deng. A look through ‘lens’ cubic mitochondria. Interface Focus (2012) 2, 539–545
Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Thorium_fuel_cycle&oldid=12673"