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[[File:Caterpillar track shingle.JPG|thumb|Grousers on a [[bulldozer]] track.]] | |||
[[File:Farmall regular web.JPG|thumb|Cleats on the drive wheel of a [[Farmall]] tractor.]] | |||
[[File:Old Farmall.jpg|thumb|Another Farmall, wearing road bands to facilitate driving on paved roads.]] | |||
A '''grouser''' or '''cleat''' is a protrusion on the surface of a [[wheel]] or [[continuous track]] segment, intended to increase [[Traction (engineering)|traction]] in [[soil]], [[snow]], or other loose material, in the same manner as [[Cleat (shoe)|cleated shoes]] provide traction to athletes. Track segments which incorporate grouser bars are known as '''grouser shoes''', and typically include one to three grousers.<ref name="berco">{{Cite web | title = Track Shoes | publisher = Berco of America, Inc. | url = http://www.bercoamerica.com/t-trackshoes.aspx | accessdate = 2010-02-27}}</ref> Grousers are commonly used on construction vehicles such as [[bulldozer]]s, [[Loader (equipment)|loader]]s, and [[excavator]]s, as well as [[tank]]s, [[tractor]]s, and [[snowmobile]]s. They have also found use in such extreme environments as the [[deep sea]] [[seabed|floor]], and the surfaces of the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]].<ref name="Hong">{{Cite conference | first = Sup | last = Hong | coauthors = Jong-Su Choi | title = Experimental Study on Grouser Shape Effects on Trafficability of Extremely Soft Seabed | booktitle = Proceedings of the Fourth Ocean Mining Symposium | pages = 115– | publisher = The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers | year = 2001 | location = [[Szczecin]], [[Poland]] | url = http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE_OMS/OMS%202001/Abstract%20pages/M01p115Hong.pdf | accessdate = 2010-02-28}}</ref> | |||
Grousers may take the form of flat plates or bars, or may have more complex shapes, including spikes and [[involute]] curves, depending on the type of terrain and the performance requirements of the vehicle.<ref name="Hong" /><ref name="ritchie">{{Cite web | title = Grouser Shoes | work = RitchieWiki | date = 13 October 2009 | url = http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Grouser_Shoes | accessdate = 2010-02-27}}</ref> Cleats for round wheels are sometimes also called '''lugs''', as are the protrusions molded into rubber tractor tire [[tread]]s, which perform a similar function. But unlike rubber tire treads or crawler track shoe pads, grousers are typically made of metal, such as [[forging|forged]] [[steel]], and are not designed for use on [[Road surface|paved]] roads.<ref name="ritchie" /> | |||
Grousers may be permanently attached to, or formed as a single piece with, the track shoe, or they may be bolted onto the track shoe for ease of replacement as they become worn. | |||
Various devices, with names such as '''road bands''', have been developed to temporarily cover the grousers/cleats in order to allow the vehicle to drive on paved roads. | |||
==Terramechanics== | |||
Grousers function by trapping soil against the contact area of the track. It is the [[Shear strength (soil)|shearing]] of the soil against itself that generates tractive force. The gross tractive effort, or soil thrust, of a vehicle may be calculated from the equation:<ref name="gerhart">{{Cite journal | last = Gerhart | first = Grant | coauthors = Sean Laughery, Richard Goetz | title = Off-Road Vehicle Locomotion Using Bekker's Model | pages = 9 | publisher = [[United States Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center]] | location = [[Warren, Michigan|Warren, MI]] | year = 2006 | url = https://www.msu.edu/~laughery/SPIE%202000%20paper%20rev3.doc | accessdate = 2010-02-28}}</ref> | |||
:<math>H = blc \left ( 1 + \frac{2h}{b} \right ) + W \tan \phi \left ( 1 + 0.64 \left [ \left ( \frac{h}{b} \right ) \cot^{-1} \left ( \frac{h}{b} \right ) \right ] \right )</math> | |||
where: | |||
:<math>H = </math> soil thrust | |||
:<math>b = </math> track width | |||
:<math>l = </math> contact length | |||
:<math>c = </math> coefficient of [[cohesion (geology)|cohesion]] (a soil property) | |||
:<math>h = </math> grouser height | |||
:<math>W = </math> gross vehicle weight | |||
:<math>\phi \ </math><math>=</math> [[angle of repose]] (a soil property) | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Heavy equipment (construction)]] | |||
* [[Soil mechanics]] | |||
* [[Terramechanics]] | |||
[[Category:Vehicle parts]] | |||
[[Category:Tracked vehicles]] | |||
{{automotive-tech-stub}} | |||
Revision as of 18:44, 22 January 2014
A grouser or cleat is a protrusion on the surface of a wheel or continuous track segment, intended to increase traction in soil, snow, or other loose material, in the same manner as cleated shoes provide traction to athletes. Track segments which incorporate grouser bars are known as grouser shoes, and typically include one to three grousers.[1] Grousers are commonly used on construction vehicles such as bulldozers, loaders, and excavators, as well as tanks, tractors, and snowmobiles. They have also found use in such extreme environments as the deep sea floor, and the surfaces of the Moon and Mars.[2]
Grousers may take the form of flat plates or bars, or may have more complex shapes, including spikes and involute curves, depending on the type of terrain and the performance requirements of the vehicle.[2][3] Cleats for round wheels are sometimes also called lugs, as are the protrusions molded into rubber tractor tire treads, which perform a similar function. But unlike rubber tire treads or crawler track shoe pads, grousers are typically made of metal, such as forged steel, and are not designed for use on paved roads.[3]
Grousers may be permanently attached to, or formed as a single piece with, the track shoe, or they may be bolted onto the track shoe for ease of replacement as they become worn.
Various devices, with names such as road bands, have been developed to temporarily cover the grousers/cleats in order to allow the vehicle to drive on paved roads.
Terramechanics
Grousers function by trapping soil against the contact area of the track. It is the shearing of the soil against itself that generates tractive force. The gross tractive effort, or soil thrust, of a vehicle may be calculated from the equation:[4]
![H=blc\left(1+{\frac {2h}{b}}\right)+W\tan \phi \left(1+0.64\left[\left({\frac {h}{b}}\right)\cot ^{{-1}}\left({\frac {h}{b}}\right)\right]\right)](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06c172f7586a46d740dab27936a6e91715fbbf66)
where:
- soil thrust
- track width
- contact length
- coefficient of cohesion (a soil property)
- grouser height
- gross vehicle weight
- angle of repose (a soil property)
References
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See also
- ↑ Template:Cite web
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