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Template:Thermoelectric effect The Ettingshausen Effect (named for Albert von Ettingshausen) is a thermoelectric (or thermomagnetic) phenomenon that affects the electric current in a conductor when a magnetic field is present.^[1]

Ettingshausen and his PhD student Walther Nernst were studying the Hall effect in bismuth, and noticed an unexpected perpendicular current flow when one side of the sample was heated. This is also known as the Nernst effect. Conversely, when applying a current (along the y-axis) and a perpendicular magnetic field (along the z-axis) a temperature gradient appears along the x-axis. Because of the Hall effect, electrons are forced to move perpendicular to the applied current. Due to the accumulation of electrons on one side of the sample, the number of collisions increases and a heating of the material occurs. This effect is quantified by the Ettingshausen coefficient P, which is defined as:

P={\frac {dT/dx\cdot d_{z}}{|B_{z}|\cdot I_{y}}}

where dT/dx is the temperature gradient that results from the y-component I_y of an electric current and the z-component B_z of a magnetic field. It also depends on the thickness d_z of the material because the total heat flow will depend on its cross section for the temperature gradient. P is independent of the sample width because the total Hall voltage will be constant, as will the total drop in T.

In most metals like copper, silver and gold P is on the order of Template:Val and thus difficult to observe in common magnetic fields. In bismuth the Ettingshausen coefficient is several orders of magnitude larger because of its poor thermal conductivity.

P_{\mathrm {bismuth} }=7.5\pm 0.3\times 10^{-4}{\frac {K}{T\cdot A}}

^[2]

References

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↑ Template:Cite web

[ettinghausen86-1] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

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Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[tbmtfb2002-2] Template:Cite web

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-The individual who wrote the article is known as Jayson Hirano and he completely digs that title. For years she's been operating as a travel agent. For years he's been residing in Mississippi and he doesn't plan on changing it. Doing ballet is some thing she would by no means give up.<br><br>Also visit my weblog :: psychics online ([http://clip.nguoimiennui.com/profile.php?u=MoHibbs visit the website clip.nguoimiennui.com])
+{{Thermoelectric effect|cTopic=Principles}}
+The '''Ettingshausen Effect''' (named for [[Albert von Ettingshausen]]) is a [[thermoelectric effect|thermoelectric]] (or thermomagnetic) phenomenon that affects the [[electric current]] in a conductor when a [[magnetic field]] is present.<ref name=ettinghausen86>{{cite journal|last=v. Ettingshausen|first=A.|coauthors=Nernst, W.|title=Ueber das Auftreten electromotorischer Kräfte in Metallplatten, welche von einem Wärmestrome durchflossen werden und sich im magnetischen Felde befinden|journal=Annalen der Physik und Chemie|year=1886|volume=265|issue=10|pages=343–347|doi=10.1002/andp.18862651010|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/andp.18862651010|accessdate=23 February 2012|bibcode = 1886AnP...265..343E }}</ref>
+Ettingshausen and his PhD student [[Walther Nernst]] were studying the [[Hall effect]] in [[bismuth]], and noticed an unexpected perpendicular current flow when one side of the sample was heated. This is also known as the [[Nernst effect]]. Conversely, when applying a current (along the y-axis) and a perpendicular magnetic field (along the z-axis) a temperature gradient appears along the x-axis. Because of the Hall effect, electrons are forced to move perpendicular to the applied current. Due to the accumulation of electrons on one side of the sample, the number of collisions increases and a heating of the material occurs.
+This effect is quantified by the Ettingshausen coefficient ''P'', which is defined as:
+::<math>P=\frac{dT/dx\cdot d_z}{|B_z|\cdot I_y}</math>
+where ''dT/dx'' is the temperature gradient that results from the ''y''-component ''I<sub>y</sub>'' of an electric current and the ''z''-component ''B<sub>z</sub>'' of a magnetic field. It also depends on the thickness ''d<sub>z</sub>'' of the material because the total heat flow will depend on its cross section for the temperature gradient. P is independent of the sample width because the total Hall voltage will be constant, as will the total drop in T.
+[[File:Sketch of Ettingshausen effect.svg|thumb|temperature gradient due to Ettingshausen effect with applied magnetic field and electric current]]
+In most metals like [[copper]], [[silver]] and [[gold]] ''P'' is on the order of {{val|e=-16|u=K/TA}} and thus difficult to observe in common magnetic fields. In [[bismuth]]  the Ettingshausen coefficient is several orders of magnitude larger because of its poor [[thermal conductivity]].
+::<math>P_{\mathrm{bismuth}}=7.5\pm0.3\times 10^{-4}\frac{K}{T\cdot A}</math><ref name=tbmtfb2002>{{cite web|title=ettingshausen effect in bismuth|url=http://www.bubek.org/physics/pp_stuff/ettinghauseneffekt.pdf|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref>
+==See also==
+*[[Hall effect]]
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Thermodynamics]]
+[[Category:Electrodynamics]]

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