Pulse-position modulation: Difference between revisions

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{{Wiktionary|Χ|χ}}
{{Greek Alphabet|letter=chi}}
'''Chi''' ([[uppercase]] '''Χ''', [[lowercase]] '''χ'''; {{lang-el|χῖ}}) is the 22nd letter of the [[Greek alphabet]], pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|k|aɪ}} or {{IPAc-en|'|k|i:}} in English.
 
==Greek==
[[File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|The Greek alphabet on a [[black figure]] vessel, with a cross-shaped chi.]]
 
===Pronunciation===
 
====Ancient Greek====
Its value in [[Ancient Greek]] was an aspirated [[voiceless velar plosive|velar stop]] {{IPA|/kʰ/}} (in the [[Western Greek alphabet]]: /ks/).
 
====Koine Greek====
In [[Koine Greek]] and later dialects it became a [[Fricative consonant|fricative]] ({{IPA|[x]}} / {{IPA|[ç]}}) along with [[Theta (letter)|Θ]] and [[Phi (letter)|Φ]].
 
====Modern Greek====
In [[Modern Greek]], it has two distinct pronunciations: In front of [[close vowel|high]] or [[front vowel]]s ({{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/i/}}) it is pronounced as a [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{IPA|[ç]}}, as in [[German language|German]] ''ich'' or like the ''h'' in some pronunciations of the [[English language|English]] words ''hew'' and ''human''. In front of [[open vowel|low]] or [[back vowel]]s ({{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/u/}}) and [[consonants]], it is pronounced as a [[voiceless velar fricative]] ({{IPA|[x]}}), as in German ''ach''.
 
===Transliteration===
Chi is [[Romanization of Greek|Romanized]] as {{angle bracket|ch}} in most systematic transliteration conventions, but sometimes {{angle bracket|kh}} is used.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/3390/Achaea Encyclopedia Britannica]</ref> In addition, in Modern Greek, it is often also Romanized as {{angle bracket|h}} or {{angle bracket|x}} in informal practice.
 
===Greek numeral===
In the system of [[Greek numerals]], it has a value of 600.
 
===Xi===
In ancient times, some [[History of the Greek alphabet#Epichoric alphabets|local forms]] of the [[Greek alphabet]] used the chi instead of [[Xi (letter)|xi]] to represent the /ks/ sound. This was borrowed into the early [[Latin]] language, which led to the use of the letter X for the same sound in Latin, and many modern languages that use the [[Latin alphabet]].
 
==Cyrillic==
Chi was also included in the [[Cyrillic script]] as the letter [[kha|Х]], with the phonetic value /x/ or /h/.
 
==International Phonetic Alphabet==
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], the minuscule chi is the symbol for the [[voiceless uvular fricative]].
 
==Chiasmus==
Chi is the basis for the name [[Chiastic structure]] and the name of [[Chiasmus]].
 
==Symbolism==
In [[Plato]]'s [[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]], it is explained that the two bands that form the [[Anima mundi (spirit)|soul of the world]] cross each other like the letter Χ.
 
Chi or [[X]] is often used to abbreviate the name [[Christ#.CE.A7|Christ]], as in the holiday [[Christmas]] ([[Xmas]]). When fused within a single typespace with the Greek letter [[Rho]], it is called the [[labarum]] and used to represent the person of Jesus Christ.
 
==Character Encodings==
 
* Greek Chi
 
{{charmap
|03A7|name1=Greek Capital Letter Chi
|03C7|name2=Greek Small Letter Chi
|1D61|name3=Modifier Letter Small Chi
|1D6A|name4=Greek Subscript Small Letter Chi
|2627|name5=Chi Rho
|map2=DOS Greek|map2char1=94|map2char2=AD
|map3=DOS Greek-2|map3char1=D2|map3char2=F3
|map4=Windows 1253|map4char1=D6|map4char2=F6
|namedref1=[[TeX]]|ref1char2=\chi
}}
<ref>Unicode Code Charts: [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0370.pdf Greek and Coptic (Range: 0370-03FF)]</ref>
 
* Coptic Khi
 
{{charmap
|2CAC|name1=Coptic Capital Letter Khi
|2CAD|name2=Coptic Small Letter Khi
|2CE9|name3=Coptic Symbol Khi Rho
}}
 
* Mathematical Chi
 
{{charmap
|1D6BE|name1=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Chi
|1D6D8|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Chi
|1D6F8|name3=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Chi
|1D712|name4=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Chi
|1D732|name5=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Chi
|1D74C|name6=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Chi
}}
 
{{charmap
|1D76C|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Chi
|1D786|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Chi
|1D7A6|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Chi
|1D7C0|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Chi
}}
 
These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
 
==Math and science==
In [[statistics]], the term chi-squared or <math alt="χ²">\chi^2</math> has [[Chi-squared (disambiguation)|various uses]], including the [[chi-squared distribution]], the [[chi-squared test]], and [[chi-squared target models]].
 
In [[algebraic topology]], Chi is used to represent the [[Euler characteristic]] of a surface.
 
In [[neurology]], the [[optic chiasm]] is named for the letter Chi because of its Χ-shape.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Human Brain |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |authorlink= Isaac Asimov |year=1963 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston}}</ref>
 
In [[chemistry]], the [[mole fraction]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Zumdahl|first=Steven S.|title=Chemistry|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=0547125321|edition=8th|page=201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rickard|first=James N. Spencer, George M. Bodner, Lyman H.|title=Chemistry : structure and dynamics.|year=2010|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9780470587119|edition=5th|page=357}}</ref> and [[electronegativity]]<ref>{{GoldBookRef|file=E01990|title=Electronegativity}}</ref> may be denoted by the lowercase <math alt="χ">\chi</math>.
 
In [[rhetoric]], both [[chiastic structure]] (a [[literary device]]) and the [[figure of speech]] [[Chiasmus]] derive from their names from the shape of the letter Chi.
 
In [[engineering]], chi is used as a symbol for the [[reduction factor]] of relevant [[buckling]] loads in the [[EN 1993]], a [[European Standard]] for the design of steel structures.
 
==See also==
*[[Chi (disambiguation)]]
*[[Kha|Х, х - Kha (Cyrillic)]]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
[[Category:Greek letters]]
[[Category:Phonetic transcription symbols]]

Revision as of 14:18, 17 February 2014

Do we know where you stand with regards to the weight? Are you obese, obese, or even underweight? I've seen a great deal of concerns regarding this specific topic plus hopefully this usually assist explain factors.

This really is where the bmi chart is misleading. Recent research have even shown a weak and inconsistent correlation between a high BMI plus condition or early mortality.

Strength Training: There is a great deal of information available on lifting weights and strength training, but bmi chart men being careful to start this in the "right" means is important because you receive older. Running Planet has performed a good job w/ laying out "The 8 rules of Strength Training". We have several good videos on our Resources page.

Anorexia nervosa is an emotional disorder where the key focus might be on food / the avoidance of food yet it furthermore deals with unhealthy ways of gaining perfection and a desire to control details. In a society that associates unreasonable thinness with beauty, there has been a marked escalation in the number of young adolescent ladies with anorexia. Many of them die due to starvation-related causes, suffer from physical problems, or end up committing suicide. It is important to treat such individuals with psychotherapy, family therapy, plus medication.

Besides the apparent weight plus BMI measurements, you will like to consider finding a model which has separate methods for male plus female users. Weight distribution for people are different and scales that have a gender way will offer more exact readings.

More direct evidence showing the guy needs is research where subjects have been rating pictures of real persons. Men found inside bmi chart women this form of study that women with ratio of .70 to .71 were more attractive than females with ratio of .73 to .74 (Rempala & Garvey, 2007). Similar finding has been found inside many studies. As an example it was found that not merely do men choose a Waits-to-Hip ratio around .7, but they have a strong, non-linear, preference based on woman BMI (Body mass index). The many desirable bodies had Waist-to-Hip ratio around the ideal range of .7, nevertheless the desirability was dependent on BMI (Tovee et al, 1999).

Body Fat Measuring - With the use of unique calipers, the amount of skin and fat are measured in the waist, triceps, biceps and shoulder blades. When all the measurements (in millimeters) are taken, they are then added up together. The total, with the help of a chart, might determine the fat percentage of the individual. Of course, the gender and age is taken into consideration.

Please see my webpage at: http://www.bodyconceptspersonaltraining.com/aboutus.html for more information on Personal Training Services and a Better Lifestyle"- Live Better!