|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Redirect|Magsaysay}}
| | To do which we have to do 30-45 minutes of moderate cardio (as in, sweaty-I'm-going-to-look-good-in-that-bikini-cardio) 3-5x a week. If you receive bored on the treadmill try cycling, rollerblading, a dance class, or kickboxing class. The objective is to get the heart rate up for 20+ minutes.<br><br>Then [http://safedietplans.com/bmr-calculator bmr calculator], we receive into the mechanics of our bodies. Forget all of the fluff you've heard on TV; fat control is about Calories In vs. Calories Out. Where those calories come from, be it carbs, protein, fat, or alcohol, or the time of day you eat those calories, doesn't matter. What issues is the amount of calories you eat or drink ("Calories In") and the amount of calories we burn ("Calories Out").<br><br>Our daily calorie requirement is based on our basal metabolic rate (BRM) whilst the weight is based on the Body Mass Index (BMR) and not those figures you see found on the scale that create you lose hope and not excess fat. Your basal metabolic rate is the amount of vitality needed to keep your resting body provided with vitality for 1 day. One of the principal affects on a BMR is your individual body composition, the faster and more efficient your BMR. This is considering a muscle cell, even at rest is metabolically more active than a fat mobile, therefore gaining lean body mass over body fat might create the body more efficient plus look wonderful.<br><br>The advantages of biking never end there. When you bicycle on a consistent basis you strengthen the core region of your body. The core of your body is a abdominal area in addition to the back muscles. Developing a strong core cannot only help you to shed pounds however it can equally lend itself to greater balance and posture. Both are significant for several factors we do inside the run of a day like lifting goods and doing chores.<br><br>To eat enough, find your Activity level on the chart. When you have chosen an honest level, take the bmr plus Multiply it by a BMR. This can provide the estimated calorie expenditure. Note which this is really a "ball park" figure and a actual requirements could be more or less depending on your true activity level plus body fat percentage. As both are stochastic plus adaptive, you will want to consistently revisit a BMR to get an honest plus truthful number to effectively eat the correct amount of calories.<br><br>Then you should incorporate the general physical escapades which are performed on a daily bases. Based on how active you are the would add the following to a BMR.<br><br>A associated expression to PAR is the PAL. PAL means the Physical activity level. PAL is the total of the escapades. If you lead a mostly sedentary life-style, you are able to use BMR x PAL of 1.3 to 1.4 to receive the daily calories require. If you are a participant inside competitive sports, your PAL is as significant because 1.7. |
| {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2011}}
| |
|
| |
| {{Infobox Officeholder
| |
| |name = Ramon Magsaysay
| |
| |image = Ramon F Magsaysay.jpg
| |
| |office = [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|7th]] [[President of the Philippines]] <br /><small>[[Third Republic of the Philippines|3rd President of the Third Republic]]
| |
| |vicepresident = [[Carlos P. García]]
| |
| |term_start = December 30, 1953
| |
| |term_end = March 17, 1957
| |
| |predecessor = [[Elpidio Quirino]]
| |
| |successor = [[Carlos P. García]]
| |
| |office1 = [[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]]
| |
| |term_start1 = January 1, 1954
| |
| |term_end1 = May 14, 1954
| |
| |president1 = Himself
| |
| |predecessor1 = [[Oscar Castelo]]
| |
| |successor1 = Sotero B. Cabahug
| |
| |president2 = [[Elpidio Quirino]]
| |
| |term_start2 = September 1, 1950
| |
| |term_end2 = February 28, 1953
| |
| |president2 = [[Elpidio Quirino]]
| |
| |predecessor2 = [[Ruperto Kangleon]]
| |
| |successor2 = [[Oscar Castelo]]
| |
| |office3 = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] from [[Zambales]]' [[Legislative districts of Zambales#Lone District (defunct)|Lone District]]
| |
| |term_start3 = May 28, 1946
| |
| |term_end3 = September 1, 1950
| |
| |predecessor3 = Valentin Afable
| |
| |successor3 = Enrique Corpus
| |
| |birth_name=Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay
| |
| |birth_date = {{birth date|1907|8|31}}
| |
| |birth_place = [[Iba, Zambales|Iba]], [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#U.S. Territory (1901–1935)|Philippines]]
| |
| |death_date = {{death date and age|1957|3|17|1907|8|31}}
| |
| |death_place = [[Balamban, Cebu|Balamban]], [[Cebu]]
| |
| |resting_place = [[Manila North Cemetery]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]], [[Manila]], Philippines
| |
| |party = [[Nacionalista Party]] <small>(1953–1957)</small><br /> [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]<ref name="Ramon Magsaysay 2008">"Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.</ref><ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961">Molina, Antonio. ''The Philippines: Through the centuries''. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.</ref> <small>(1946–1953)</small>
| |
| |alma_mater = [[José Rizal University]]
| |
| |profession = [[Engineer]], [[Soldier]]
| |
| |spouse = [[Luz Magsaysay|Luz Banzon]]
| |
| |children = Teresita<br />Milagros<br />[[Ramon Magsaysay, Jr.|Ramon]]
| |
| |religion = Roman Catholicism
| |
| |signature = Ramon Magsaysay Signature.svg
| |
| <!--Military service-->
| |
| |allegiance= [[Image:Flag of the Philippines.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Republic of the Philippines]]
| |
| |serviceyears= 1942–1945
| |
| |rank= Captain
| |
| }}
| |
| '''Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay''' (August 31, 1907 – March 17, 1957) was the seventh [[President of the Philippines|President]] of the [[Republic of the Philippines]], serving from December 30, 1953 until his death in a [[1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash|1957 aircraft disaster]]. An automobile mechanic, Magsaysay was appointed military governor of Zambales after his outstanding service as a guerilla leader during the [[Pacific War]]. He then served two terms as [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] congressman for [[Zambales]] before being appointed as Secretary of National Defense by President [[Elpidio Quirino]]. He was elected President under the banner of the [[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista Party]]. He was the first Philippine President born during the 20th century.
| |
| | |
| ==Life==
| |
| {{unreferenced section|date=March 2011}}
| |
| Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay was born in [[Iba, Zambales]] on August 31, 1907 to Exequiel Magsaysay (1874-1968), a blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro (1887-1980), a schoolteacher.<ref name="Reader's Digest"/>
| |
| ===Early life===
| |
| He spent his elementary life somewhere in [[Castillejos, Zambales|Castillejos]] and his high school life at Zambales Academy at San Narciso, Zambales. After high school, Magsaysay entered the [[University of the Philippines]] in 1927, where he enrolled in a pre-engineering course.<ref name="Reader's Digest"/> He worked as a chauffeur to support himself as he studied engineering; and later, he transferred to the Institute of Commerce at [[José Rizal University|José Rizal College]] (1928–1932), where he received a baccalaureate in commerce. He then worked as an automobile mechanic in a bus company and shop superintendent.<ref name="Reader's Digest"/>
| |
| | |
| ====Career during World War II====
| |
| At the outbreak of World War II, he joined the motor pool of the 31st Infantry Division of the [[Philippine Army]]. When [[Bataan]] surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest on at least four occasions. There he organised the Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and was commissioned captain on 5 April 1942. For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Merrill's famed guerrilla outfit & saw action at Sawang, [[San Marcelino, Zambales]], first as a supply officer codenamed ''Chow'' and later as commander of a 10,000 strong force.<ref name="Reader's Digest">{{cite book|author=Manahan, Manuel P.|title=Reader's Digest November 1987 issue: Biographical Tribute to Ramon Magsaysay|publisher=|year=1987|isbn=|pages=17–23|url=}}</ref> Magsaysay was among those instrumental in clearing the Zambales coast of the Japanese prior to the landing of American forces together with the [[Philippine Commonwealth]] troops on January 29, 1945.
| |
| | |
| ===Family===
| |
| He was married to [[Luz Magsaysay]] (''née'' Banzon) in June 16, 1933 and they had three children: Teresita Banzon-Magsaysay (1934-1979), Milagros "Mila" Banzon-Magsaysay (b. 1936) and [[Ramon Magsaysay, Jr.|Ramon "Jun" Banzon-Magsaysay, Jr.]] (b. 1938).
| |
| | |
| ====Descendants====
| |
| Several of Magsaysay's descendants became prominent public figures in their own right:
| |
| *[[Ramon Magsaysay, Jr.]], son; former Congressman and Senator
| |
| *Genaro Magsaysay, brother; former Senator
| |
| *[[Vicente Magsaysay]], uncle; Congressman and former Governor of [[Zambales]]
| |
| *[[JB Magsaysay]], grandnephew; politician
| |
| | |
| ===House of Representatives===
| |
| On 22 April 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his ex-guerrillas, was elected under the Liberal Party<ref name="Ramon Magsaysay 2008"/> to the [[Philippine House of Representatives]]. In 1948, President [[Manuel Roxas]] chose Magsaysay to go to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] as Chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs, to help to secure passage of the Rogers Veterans Bill, giving benefits to Philippine veterans. In the so-called [[Philippine general election, 1949|"dirty election" of 1949]], he was re-elected to a second term in the House of Representatives. During both terms he was Chairman of the House National Defense Committee.
| |
| | |
| ===Secretary of National Defense===
| |
| {{Refimprove section|date=March 2011}}
| |
| In early August 1950, he offered President [[Elpidio Quirino]] a plan to fight the Communist guerillas, using his own experiences in guerrilla warfare during World War II. After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was no alternative and appointed Magsaysay Secretary of National Defence on August 31, 1950. He intensified the campaign against the [[Hukbalahap]] [[guerillas]]. This success was due in part to the unconventional methods he employed and developed alongside an American adviser, General [[Edward Lansdale]]. The counterinsurgency the two deployed utilized soldiers distributing relief goods and other forms of aid to outlying, provincial communities. Prior to Magsaysay's appointment to Defense Secretary, rural citizens perceived the Philippine Army with apathy and distrust. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced the Army's image, earning them respect and admiration.
| |
| | |
| In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour to the United States and Mexico. He visited New York, Washington, D.C. (with a medical check-up at [[Walter Reed Hospital]]) and [[Mexico City]] where he spoke at the Annual Convention of [[Lions International]].
| |
| | |
| By 1953, President Quirino thought the threat of the Huks was under control and Secretary Magsaysay was becoming too weak. Magsaysay met with interference and obstruction from the President and his advisers, in fear they might be unseated at the next presidential election. Although Magsaysay had at that time no intention to run, he was urged from many sides and finally was convinced that the only way to continue his fight against communism, and for a government for the people, was to be elected President, ousting the corrupt administration that, in his opinion, had caused the rise of the communist guerrillas by bad administration. He resigned his post as defense secretary on February 28, 1953, and became the presidential candidate of the [[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista Party]], disputing the nomination with senator [[Camilo Osías]] at the Nacionalista national convention.
| |
| | |
| ====1951 Negros Occidental incident====
| |
| [[File:Moises Padilla Story.jpg|thumb|right|Theatrical poster of the 1961 film ''The Moises Padilla Story'' that narrates the 1951 event.]] When news reached Magsaysay that Moises Padilla was being tortured, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too late. He was then informed that Padilla's body was swimming in blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on a police bench in the town plaza.<ref name="time 1954">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820089,00.html|title=THE PHILIPPINES: Justice for the Governor|date=September 6, 1954|work=Time Magazine|accessdate=February 3, 2010}}</ref> Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare hands and delivered it to the [[morgue]], and the next day, news clips showed pictures of him doing so.<ref name="Pimentel">{{cite web|url=http://www.mabuhayradio.com/content/view/430/51|title=Remembering President Ramón Magsaysay y Del Fierro: A Modern-Day Moses|accessdate=Fedman totoobruary 3, 2010}} A privileged speech by Senator [[Nene Pimentel]] delivered at the Senate, August 2001.</ref> Magsaysay even used this event during his [[Philippine general election, 1953|presidential campaign in 1953]].
| |
| | |
| The trial against Lacson started in January 1952; Magsaysay and his men presented enough evidence to convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.<ref name="time 1954"/> In August 1954, Judge Eduardo Enriquez ruled the men were guilty and Lacson, his 22 men and three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned to the [[electric chair]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820089-2,00.html|title=THE PHILIPPINES: Justice for the Governor|accessdate=February 3, 2010 | work=Time | date=September 6, 1954}} Second page of [[Time Magazine]]'s coverage of Rafael Lacson's case.</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====Presidential election of 1953====
| |
| Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953 in the Philippines. Incumbent President [[Elpidio Quirino]] lost his opportunity to get a second full term as [[President of the Philippines]] to former Defense Secretary [[Ramón Magsaysay]]. His running mate, [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] [[José Yulo]] lost to [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] [[Carlos P. García]]. [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] [[Fernando López]] did not run for re-election. This was the first time that an elected president did not come from the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]]. Moreover he started the jingles during election, for one of his inclinations and hobbies was dancing.
| |
| | |
| The United States government, including the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], had a strong influence on the 1953 elections, and candidates in the election fiercely competed with each other for U.S. support.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cullather, Nick|title=Illusions of influence: the political economy of United States-Philippines relations, 1942–1960|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8047-2280-3|pages=108–109|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Gtj94zEWL_8C&pg=PA108}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ===Presidency===
| |
| {{Infobox President styles
| |
| |name=Ramon F. Magsaysay
| |
| |dipstyle= His Excellency
| |
| |offstyle= Your Excellency
| |
| |altstyle= Mr. President
| |
| }}
| |
| In the [[Philippine general election, 1953|Election of 1953]], Magsaysay was decisively elected president over the incumbent [[Elpidio Quirino]]. He was sworn into office wearing the [[Barong Tagalog]], a first by a Philippine president. He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay".
| |
| | |
| As president, he was a close friend and supporter of the United States and a vocal spokesman against communism during the [[Cold War]]. He led the foundation of the [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization]] also known as the Manila Pact of 1954, that aimed to defeat communist-Marxist movements in South East Asia, South Asia and the Southwestern Pacific.
| |
| During his term, he made [[Malacañan Palace|Malacañang]] literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the public. One example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard a new plane belonging to the [[Philippine Air Force]] (PAF): President Magsaysay asked what the operating costs per hour were for that type of aircraft, then wrote a personal check to the PAF, covering the cost of his flight.In history, he is the first Philippine president to wear a barong Tagalog in his inauguration. He brought back the people's trust in the military and in the government.
| |
| | |
| His administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free; his presidency was cited as the Philippines' Golden Years. Trade and industry flourished, the [[Philippine military]] was at its prime, and the Filipino people were given international recognition in sports, culture and foreign affairs. The Philippines ranked second in Asia's clean and well-governed countries.
| |
| | |
| ====Cabinet====
| |
| {{Col-begin}}
| |
| {{Col-1-of-2}}
| |
| {| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="left"
| |
| !bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
| |
| |-
| |
| |align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
| |
| |-
| |
| !bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[President of the Philippines|President]] || '''Ramon Magsaysay''' || December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Vice-President of the Philippines|Vice-President]] || '''[[Carlos P. Garcia]]''' || December 30, 1953 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| !bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||[[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources]] ||'''Salvador Araneta''' || March 10, 1954 – 1955
| |
| |-
| |
| |||'''Juan Rodriguez''' || April 12, 1956 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| ||[[Department of Education (Philippines)|Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports]] || '''Cecilo Putong''' || December 30, 1953 – January 13, 1954
| |
| |-
| |
| |||'''Justice Pastor Endencia''' ||January 13, 1954 – June 30, 1954
| |
| |-
| |
| |||'''Gregorio Hernandez, Jr.''' ||July 1, 1954 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] || '''[[Carlos P. Garcia]]''' || March 10, 1954 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Department of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]] || '''Jaime Hernandez''' || March 10, 1954 – May 27, 1956
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Department of Justice (Philippines)|Secretary of Justice]] || '''Pedro Tuazon''' || March 10, 1954 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Department of Labor and Employment (Philippines)|Secretary of Labor]] ||'''Eleuterio Adevoso''' ||March 10, 1954 – April 21, 1954
| |
| |-
| |
| |||'''Angel Castano'''||August 22, 1954 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] || '''Ramon Magsaysay''' <br>''(in concurrent capacity as [[President of the Philippines|President]])''|| January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954
| |
| |-
| |
| |||'''Sotero Cabahug'''||April 4, 1954 – January 2, 1956
| |
| |-
| |
| |||'''[[Eulogio Balao]]'''||January 3, 1956 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Secretary of Commerce and Industry]] || '''Oscar Ledesma''' || March 10, 1954 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Works,<br> Transportation and Communications]]||'''Vicente Orosa'''||March 10, 1954 – 1955
| |
| |-
| |
| |||'''Florencio Moreno'''||April 30, 1955 – March 18, 1957
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Department of Social Welfare and Development (Philippines)|Administrator of Social Services and Development]] || '''Pacita Madrgial-Warns''' || 1954 – 1955
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Executive Secretary]] || '''[[Fred Ruiz Castro]]''' || December 30, 1953 – October 26, 1955
| |
| |-
| |
| |||'''Fortunato de Leon''' || April 12, 1956 – March 7, 1957
| |
| |}
| |
| {{Col-end}}
| |
| | |
| ====Domestic policies====
| |
| {{Infobox
| |
| |name =
| |
| |bodystyle =
| |
| |title = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br>President Ramon Magsaysay<br><small>1953–1957</small>
| |
| |titlestyle =
| |
| |above =
| |
| |abovestyle =
| |
| |imagestyle =
| |
| |captionstyle =
| |
| |image =
| |
| |caption =
| |
| |image2 =
| |
| |caption2 =
| |
| |bodystyle = width:26em; padding: 0px;
| |
| |abovestyle = background: lightblue;
| |
| |headerstyle = background: lightblue;
| |
| |labelstyle = font-weight: normal;
| |
| |header1 = Population
| |
| |label2 = '''1954'''
| |
| |data2 = <math>\approx</math> 21.40 million
| |
| |header3 = Gross Domestic Product
| |
| |label4 = '''1954'''
| |
| |data4 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 157,054 million
| |
| |label5 = '''1956'''
| |
| |data5 = {{increase}}[[Philippine peso|Php]] 179,739 million
| |
| |label6 = '''Growth rate, 1954-56'''
| |
| |data6 = 7.13 %
| |
| |header7 = Per capita income
| |
| |label8 = '''1954'''
| |
| |data8 = {{decrease}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 7,339
| |
| |label9 = '''1956'''
| |
| |data9 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 8,073
| |
| |header10 = Total exports
| |
| |label11 = '''1954'''
| |
| |data11 = {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 36,462 million
| |
| |label12 = '''1956'''
| |
| |data12 = {{decrease}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 34,727 million
| |
| |header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
| |
| |data14 = 1 US US$ = [[Philippine peso|Php]] 2.00<br> 1 [[Philippine peso|Php]] = US US$ 0.50
| |
| |data15 = ''Sources'': [http://filipinopresidency.multiply.com/photos/album/26#photo=13 Philippine Presidency Project]<br>{{cite book|last=Malaya|first=Jonathan|coauthors=Eduardo Malaya|title=So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.}}
| |
| }}
| |
| | |
| =====President's Action Body=====
| |
| Ushering, indeed, a new era in [[Philippine government]], President Magsaysay placed emphasis upon service to the people by bringing the government closer to the former.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> This was symbollically seen when, on inauguration day, President Magsaysay ordered the gates of [[Malacañan Palace]] open to all and sundry, who were allowed to freely visit all the dependencies of the presidential mansion. Later, this was regulated to allow weekly visit.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| True<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> to his electoral promise, President Magsaysay created the Presidential Complaints and Action Committee.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> This body immediately proceeded to hear grievances and recommend remedial action. Headed by soft-spoken, but active and tireless, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly sixty thousand complaints in a year, of which more than thirty thousand would be settled by direct action and a little more than twenty five thousand, referred to government agencies for appropriate follow-up. This new entity, composed of youthful personnel, all loyal to the President, proved to be a highly successful morale booster restoring the people's confidence in their own government.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| =====Agrarian reform=====
| |
| {{See also|Land reform in the Philippines}}
| |
| | |
| To amplify and stabilize the functions of the Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), President Magsaysay worked<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> for the establishment of the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> This body took over from the EDCOR and helped in the giving some sixty five thousand acres to three thousand indigent families for settlement purposes.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> Again, it allocated some other twenty five thousand to a little more than one thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became [[farmers]].<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| As further aid to the rural people,<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> the President Established the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA). The idea was for this entity to make available rural credits. Records show that it did grant, in this wise, almost ten million dollars. This administration body next devoted its attention to cooperative marketing.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| Along this line of help to the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness the artesian wells campaign. A group-movement known as the Liberty Wells Association was formed and in record time managed to raise a considerable sum for the construction of as many artesian wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and the people were profuse in their gratitude.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| Finally, vast irrigation projects, as well as enhancement of the Ambuklao Power plant and other similar ones, went along way towards bringing to reality the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>[[Image:Magsaysay at his study.jpg|300px|thumb|left|President Ramon Magsaysay at the Presidential Study, Malacañan Palace.]]
| |
| | |
| President Ramón Magsaysay enacted the following laws as part of his Agrarian Reform Program:
| |
| | |
| *Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954—Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
| |
| | |
| *Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
| |
| | |
| *Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.
| |
| | |
| *Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.<ref>[http://www.dar.gov.ph/ar_history.html Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) – Organizational Chart]</ref>
| |
| | |
| =====HUKBALAHAP=====
| |
| In early 1954, [[Benigno Aquino, Jr.]] was appointed by President Ramón Magsaysay to act as personal emissary to [[Luis Taruc|Luís Taruc]], leader of the [[Hukbalahap]], a rebel group. Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, the former head of Force X of the 16th PC Company, assumed command of the 7th BCT, which had become one of the most mobile striking forces of the Philippine ground forces against the Huks, from Colonel Valeriano. Force X employed psychological warfare through combat intelligence and infiltration that relied on secrecy in planning, training, and execution of attack. The lessons learned from Force X and Nenita were combined in the 7th BCT.
| |
| | |
| With the all out anti-dissidence campaigns against the Huks, they numbered less than 2,000 by 1954 and without the protection and support of local supporters, active Huk resistance no longer presented a serious threat to Philippine security. From February to mid-September 1954, the largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted to the surrender of Luis Taruc on May 17. Further clean up operations of guerillas remaining lasted throughout 1955, diminishing its number to less than 1,000 by year's end.<ref>Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray, The Magsaysay Story (1956), is a full-length biography</ref>
| |
| | |
| ====Foreign policies====
| |
| [[File:Magsaysay Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|right|280px|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] with President Ramón Magsaysay and then First Lady Luz Magsaysay of the Philippines in Manila]]
| |
| | |
| =====SEATO=====
| |
| The administration of President Magsaysay was active in the fight against the expansion of communism in the Asian region. He made the Philippines a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ([[SEATO]]), which was established in Manila on Sept. 8, 1954 during the "Manila Conference".<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357732/Ramon-Magsaysay Ramon Magsaysay (president of Philippines) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible victory of [[North Vietnam]] over [[South Vietnam]], which could spread communist ideology to other countries in the region. The possibility that a communist state can influence or cause other countries to adopt the same system of government is called the [[domino theory]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Grace Estela C. Mateo: Philippine Civilization – History and Government, 2006</ref>
| |
| | |
| The active coordination of the Magsaysay administration with the Japanese government led to the Reparation Agreement. This was an agreement between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to pay $800 million as reparation for war damages in the Philippines.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
| |
| | |
| =====Defense Council=====
| |
| Taking the advantage of the presence of U.S. Secretary [[John Foster Dulles]] in [[Manila]] to attend the [[SEATO]] Conference, the Philippine government took steps to broach with him the establishment of a Joint Defense Council. Vice-President and Secretary of Foreign Affairs [[Carlos P. Garcia]] held the opportune conversations with Secretary Dulles for this purpose. Agreement was reached thereon and the first meeting of the Joint United States-Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following the end of the Manila Conference. Thus were the terms of the Mutual Defense Pact between the [[Philippines]] and the United States duly implemented.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| =====Laurel-Langley Agreement=====
| |
| [[Image:Sen Primicias in Malacanang.jpg|thumb|left|280px|'''[[Malacañan Palace|At Malacañan Palace]], 1955.''' ''Clockwise, from top left:'' Senator Edmundo Cea, Former President José P. Laurel Sr., Senator Primicias, Senate President [[Eulogio Rodriguez|Eulogio A. Rodriguez, Sr.]], President Ramón F. Magsaysay, & House Speaker José B. Laurel Jr.]]
| |
| The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Agreement which was a trade agreement between the [[Philippines]] and the United States which was signed in 1955 and expired in 1974. Although it proved deficient, the final agreement satisfied nearly all of the diverse Filipino economic interests. While some have seen the Laurel-Langley agreement as a continuation of the 1946 trade act, [[Jose P. Laurel]] and other Philippine leaders recognized that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom to industrialize while continuing to receive privileged access to US markets.<ref>Illusions of influence: the political economy of United States-Philippines. By Nick Cullather</ref>
| |
| | |
| The agreement replaced the unpopular [[Bell Trade Act]], which tied the economy of the Philippines to that of United States economy.
| |
| | |
| =====Bandung Conference=====
| |
| Billed as an all [[Oriental]] meet to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation and to oppose colonialism orneocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union in the Cold War, or any other imperialistic nations, the [[Asian–African Conference]] was held in [[Bandung]] ([[Java]]) in April 1955, upon invitation extended by the Prime Ministers of [[India]], Pakistan, [[Burma]], [[Ceylon]], and [[Indonesia]]. The conference is commonly known as the Bandung Conference. Although, at first, the Magsaysay Government seemed reluctant to send any delegation. Later, however, upon advise of Ambassador [[Carlos P. Romulo]], it was decided to have the Philippines participate in the conference. Ambassador Romulo was asked to head the Philippine delegation.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> At the very outset indications were to the effect that the conference would promote the cause of neutralism as a third position in the current [[cold war]] between the democratic bloc and the communist group. [[John Kotelawala]], Prime Minister of Ceylon, however, broke the ice against neutralism.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> He was immediately joined by Philippine envoy Romulo, who categorically stated that his delegation believed that "a puppet is a puppet",<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> no matter whether under a Western Power or an Oriental state.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| At one time in the course of the conference, Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] acidly spoke against the [[SEATO]]. Quick to draw, Ambassador Romulo delivered a stinging, eloquent retort that prompted Prime Minister Nehru to publicly apologize to the Philippine delegation.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| Records had it that the Philippine delegation ably represented the interests of the Philippines and, in the ultimate analysis, succeeded in turning the Bandung Conference into a democratic victory against the plans of its socialist and neutralist delegates.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| =====Reparation agreement=====
| |
| Following the reservations made by Ambassador Romulo, on the Philippines behalf, upon signing the Japanese Peace Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, for several years of series of negotiations were conducted by the Philippine government and that of Japan. In the face of adamant claims of the Japanese government that it found impossible to meet the demand for the payment of eight billion dollars by the way of reparations, president Magsaysay, during a so-called "cooling off"<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> period, sent a Philippine Reparations Survey Committee, headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan for an "on the spot" study of that country's possibilities.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
|
| |
| When the Committee reported that Japan was in a position to pay, Ambassador Felino Neri, appointed chief negotiator, went to Tokyo. On May 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Japanese Minister Takazaki, the main terms of which consisted in the following: The Japanese government would pay eight hundred million dollars as reparations. Payment was to be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would be paid in cash in Philippine currency; thirty million dollars, in services; five million dollars, in capital goods; and two hundred and fifty million dollars, in long-term industrial loans.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed the Japanese government, through Prime Minister [[Ichiro Hatoyama]], that the Philippines accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/> In view of political developments in Japan, the Japanese Prime Minister could only inform the Philippine government of the Japanese acceptance of said agreement on March 15, 1956. The official Reparations agreement between the two government was finally signed at [[Malacañan Palace]] on May 9, 1956, thus bringing to a rather satisfactory conclusion this long drawn controversy between the two countries.<ref name="Molina, Antonio 1961"/>
| |
| | |
| ===Death===
| |
| {{Main|1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash}}
| |
| [[File:1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash site.jpg|thumb|The crash site of Ramon Magsaysay's presidential plane at Mount Manunggal, Cebu|200px]]
| |
| [[File:Magsaysay Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tomb of President Magsaysay at the Manila North Cemetery.]]
| |
| [[File:Pres. Ramon Magsaysay monument in Mt. Manunggal, Balamban, Cebu.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Monument at the crash site in Manunggal, Balamban, Cebu]]
| |
| Magsaysay's term that was to end on 30 December 1957 was cut short by a plane crash. On 16 March 1957, Magsaysay left Manila for [[Cebu City]] where he spoke at three educational institutions. That same night, at about 1 am, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a [[C-47 Skytrain|C-47]], heading back to [[Manila]]. In the early morning hours of 17 March, the plane was reported missing. By late afternoon, newspapers had reported the airplane had crashed on Mt. Manunggal in Cebu, and that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed (the actual number on board was 25, including Magsaysay). Only newspaperman [[Néstor Mata]] survived. [[Carlos P. Garcia|Vice-President Carlos García]], who was on official visit to [[Australia]] at the time, assumed the presidency to serve out the last eight months of Magsaysay's term.
| |
| | |
| An estimated 5 million people attended Magsaysay's burial on 31 March 1957.<ref>{{cite book | author=Zaide, Gregorio F. | title=Philippine History and Government|publisher=National Bookstore Printing Press |year=1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author=Townsend, William Cameron | title=Biography of President Lázaro Cárdenas | year=1952}}
| |
| See the SIL International Website at: [http://www.sil.org/WCT/wct_bio5.html Establishing the Work in Mexico].</ref><ref>[[Carlos P. Romulo]] and Marvin M. Gray: ''The Magsaysay Story'' (The John Day Company, 1956, updated – with an additional chapter on Magsaysay's death – re-edition by Pocket Books, Special Student Edition, SP-18, December 1957)</ref> He was posthumously referred to by the people the "Idol of the Masses".
| |
| | |
| ==Popular references==
| |
| * ''[[The First Team (novel)|The First Team]],'' a 1971 thriller by author [[John Ball (American author)|John Ball]], hinges on the effort to recapture the ''USS Ramon Magsaysay,'' an American [[ballistic missile submarine]]. Freeing the submarine from control of the [[Soviet Union]] will force the Soviets to surrender their occupation of the United States.
| |
| * In [[Robert A. Heinlein]]'s novel [[Starship Troopers]], the smallest starships are named after footsoldiers. Upon reading some of their names, Filipino protagonist Johnnie Rico remarks "There ought to be one named Magsaysay."
| |
| * In [[Gundam Seed]], an [[Agamemnon_class_carrier#Agamemnon-class_carrier|Agamemnon class carrier]] is named after Magsaysay; in episode 48: "The Magsaysay will take command of space divisions 48 and 211 from this point on", and this reference is further related to Starship Troopers' tribute: "The remaining vessels of the 15th carrier group are to gather at the signal coordinates of the Heinlein"
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:The MagsaysayStory .jpg|right|thumb|''The Magsaysay Story'' <br/>Pocket Books edition 1957|{{FFDC|1=TheMagsaysayStory.jpg|log=2009 May 19|date=May 2012}}]] -->
| |
| * [[President of the Philippines]]
| |
| * [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]
| |
| * [[Ramon Magsaysay, Jr.]]
| |
| | |
| ==External links==
| |
| {{wikisource author}}
| |
| {{Commons category}}
| |
| *[http://www.pangulo.ph The Philippine Presidency Project]
| |
| *[http://malacanang.gov.ph/presidents/third-republic/ramon-magsaysay/ Ramon Magsaysay on the Presidential Museum and Library]
| |
| *[http://www.gov.ph/magsaysay/ Ramon Magsaysay on the Official Gazette]
| |
| *[http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=ascead&cc=ascead&rgn=main&view=text&didno=US-PPiU-ais200904 Stanley J. Rainka Papers Finding Aid], 1945-1946, AIS.2009.04, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh. (Correspondence with Ramon Magsaysay)
| |
| {{-}}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
| |
| | |
| {{s-start}}
| |
| {{s-par|ph-lwr}}
| |
| {{s-bef|before=Valentin Afable}}
| |
| {{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] from [[Zambales]]' [[Legislative districts of Zambales#Lone District (defunct)|At-large]] district|years=1946–1953}}
| |
| {{s-aft|after=Enrique Corpus}}
| |
| |-
| |
| {{s-off}}
| |
| {{s-bef|before=[[Elpidio Quirino]]}}
| |
| {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Philippines]]|years=December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957}}
| |
| {{s-aft|after=[[Carlos P. Garcia|Carlos Garcia]]}}
| |
| |-
| |
| {{s-bef|before=[[Ruperto Kangleon]]}}
| |
| {{s-ttl|title=[[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]]|years=1950–1953}}
| |
| {{s-aft|after=[[Oscar Castelo]]}}
| |
| |-
| |
| {{s-bef|before=[[Oscar Castelo]]}}
| |
| {{s-ttl|title=[[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]]|years=1954}}
| |
| {{s-aft|after=[[Sotero B. Cabahug]]}}
| |
| {{s-end}}
| |
| {{Navboxes
| |
| |title=Articles related to Ramon Magsaysay
| |
| |list1=
| |
| {{Philippine presidents}}
| |
| {{PhilPres}}
| |
| {{QSC Recipients}}
| |
| {{Magsaysay cabinet}}
| |
| }}
| |
| {{Authority control|VIAF=54309577}}
| |
| {{use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
| |
| | |
| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
| |
| |NAME=Magsaysay, Ramon
| |
| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
| |
| |SHORT DESCRIPTION=President of the Republic of the Philippines, 1953–1957
| |
| |DATE OF BIRTH=August 31, 1907
| |
| |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Iba, Zambales]], Philippines
| |
| |DATE OF DEATH=March 17, 1957
| |
| |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Balamban, Cebu]], Philippines
| |
| }}
| |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Magsaysay, Ramon}}
| |
| [[Category:1907 births]]
| |
| [[Category:1957 deaths]]
| |
| [[Category:People from Iba, Zambales]]
| |
| [[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]]
| |
| [[Category:Magsaysay family]]
| |
| [[Category:Nacionalista Party politicians]]
| |
| [[Category:Presidents of the Philippines]]
| |
| [[Category:Candidates for President of the Philippines]]
| |
| [[Category:Members of the Cabinet of the Philippines]]
| |
| [[Category:Cold War leaders]]
| |
| [[Category:Filipino anti-communists]]
| |
| [[Category:Filipino engineers]]
| |
| [[Category:Paramilitary Filipinos]]
| |
| [[Category:Recipients of the Quezon Service Cross]]
| |
| [[Category:State leaders killed in aviation accidents or incidents]]
| |
| [[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the Philippines]]
| |