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[[File:Rance tidal power plant.JPG|thumb|The [[Rance Tidal Power Station]], a tidal barrage in France.]]
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A '''tidal barrage''' is a dam-like structure used to capture the [[energy]] from masses of water moving in and out of a [[bay]] or [[river]] due to [[tides|tidal]] forces.<ref name="esru">{{cite web|title=Tidal barrage|url=http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/01-02/RE_info/Tidal%20Power.htm#barrage|accessdate=2 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="rise">{{cite web|title=Tidal barrages and tidal turbines|url=http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/tidal/index.html|accessdate=2 November 2010}}</ref>
 
Instead of damming water on one side like a conventional [[dam]], a tidal barrage first allows water to flow into a bay or river during [[high tide]], and releasing the water back during [[low tide]]. This is done by measuring the tidal flow and controlling the [[sluice gate]]s at key times of the tidal cycle. Turbines are then placed at these sluices to capture the energy as the water flows in and out.<ref name=esru />
 
Tidal barrages are among the oldest methods of [[tidal power]] generation, with projects being developed as early as the 1960s, such as the {{nowrap|1.7 megawatt}} [[Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station]] in [[Kislaya Guba]], [[Russia]].
 
== Generating methods ==
[[File:Tidal power conceptual barrage.jpg|thumb|An artistic impression of a tidal barrage, including embankments, a ship lock and caissons housing a sluice and two turbines.]]
 
The barrage method of extracting tidal energy involves building a [[barrage (dam)|barrage]] across a bay or river that is subject to tidal flow. Turbines installed in the barrage wall generate power as water flows in and out of the estuary basin, bay, or river. These systems are similar to a hydro dam that produces Static Head or [[pressure head]] (a height of water pressure). When the water level outside of the basin or lagoon changes relative to the water level inside, the turbines are able to produce power.
 
The basic elements of a barrage are [[caisson (engineering)|caisson]]s, embankments, [[sluice]]s, [[Water turbine|turbines]], and [[ship locks]]. Sluices, turbines, and ship locks are housed in caissons (very large concrete blocks). Embankments seal a basin where it is not sealed by caissons.
 
The sluice gates applicable to tidal power are the flap gate, vertical rising gate, radial gate, and rising sector.
 
Only a few such plants exist. The first was the [[Rance Tidal Power Station]], on the [[Rance (river)|Rance river]], in France, which has been operating since 1966, and generates 240MW. A larger 254MW plant began operation at [[Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station|Sihwa Lake]], Korea, in 2011. Smaller plants include one on the [[Bay of Fundy]], and another across a tiny inlet in [[Kislaya Guba Tidal Power Station|Kislaya Guba]], [[Russia]]. A number of proposals have been considered for a [[Severn barrage]] across the [[River Severn]], from [[Brean Down]] in [[England]] to [[Lavernock Point]] near [[Cardiff]] in [[Wales]].
 
Barrage systems are affected by problems of high civil infrastructure costs associated with what is in effect a dam being placed across estuarine systems, and the environmental problems associated with changing a large ecosystem.
 
=== Ebb generation ===
The basin is filled through the sluices until high tide. Then the sluice gates are closed. (At this stage there may be "Pumping" to raise the level further). The turbine gates are kept closed until the sea level falls to create sufficient head across the barrage, and then are opened so that the turbines generate until the head is again low. Then the sluices are opened, turbines disconnected and the basin is filled again. The cycle repeats itself. Ebb generation (also known as outflow generation) takes its name because generation occurs as the tide changes tidal direction.
 
=== Flood generation ===
The basin is filled through the turbines, which generate at tide flood. This is generally much less efficient than ebb generation, because the volume contained in the upper half of the basin (which is where ebb generation operates) is greater than the volume of the lower half (filled first during flood generation). Therefore the available level difference – important for the turbine power produced – between the basin side and the sea side of the barrage, reduces more quickly than it would in ebb generation. Rivers flowing into the basin may further reduce the energy potential, instead of enhancing it as in ebb generation. Of course this is not a problem with the "lagoon" model, without river inflow.
 
=== Pumping ===
Turbines are able to be powered in reverse by excess energy in the grid to increase the water level in the basin at high tide (for ebb generation). This energy is more than returned during generation, because power output is strongly related to the head. If water is raised 2&nbsp;ft (61&nbsp;cm) by pumping on a high tide of 10&nbsp;ft (3&nbsp;m), this will have been raised by 12&nbsp;ft (3.7&nbsp;m) at low tide. The cost of a 2&nbsp;ft rise is returned by the benefits of a 12&nbsp;ft rise. This is because the correlation between the potential energy is not a linear relationship, but rather, is related by the square of the tidal height variation.
 
=== Two-basin schemes ===
Another form of energy barrage configuration is that of the dual basin type. With two basins, one is filled at high tide and the other is emptied at low tide. Turbines are placed between the basins. Two-basin schemes offer advantages over normal schemes in that generation time can be adjusted with high flexibility and it is also possible to generate almost continuously. In normal estuarine situations, however, two-basin schemes are very expensive to construct due to the cost of the extra length of barrage. There are some favourable geographies, however, which are well suited to this type of scheme.
 
=== Tidal lagoon power === <!-- [[Tidal power]] points to this section -->
Tidal pools<ref>http://wwww.tidalelectric.com</ref> are independent enclosing barrages built on high level tidal estuary land that trap the high water and release it to generate power, single pool, around 3.3W/m<sup>2</sup>. Two lagoons operating at different time intervals can guarantee continuous power output, around 4.5W/m<sup>2</sup>.
Enhanced pumped storage<ref>http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/Lagoons.pdf</ref> tidal series of lagoons raises the water level higher than the high tide, and uses intermittent renewables for pumping, around 7.5W/m<sup>2</sup>. i.e. 10&nbsp;×&nbsp;10&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> delivers 750MW constant output 24/7.
These independent barrages do not block the flow of the river and are a viable alternative to the Severn Barrage.
 
== Environmental impact ==
The placement of a barrage into an estuary has a considerable effect on the water inside the basin and on the ecosystem. Many governments have been reluctant in recent times to grant approval for tidal barrages. Through research conducted on tidal plants, it has been found that tidal barrages constructed at the mouths of estuaries pose similar environmental threats as large dams. The construction of large tidal plants alters the flow of saltwater in and out of estuaries, which changes the hydrology and salinity and possibly negatively affects the marine mammals that use the estuaries as their habitat<ref name="pelc"/>
The La Rance plant, off the Brittany coast of northern France, was the first and largest tidal barrage plant in the world. It is also the only site where a full-scale evaluation of the ecological impact of  a tidal power system, operating for 20&nbsp;years, has been made<ref name=retiere>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WBR-45P0YSY-18&_user=607017&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1994&_alid=807589306&_rdoc=7&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=6717&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=13&_acct=C000031527&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=607017&md5=a1bf5bed8436ee57584961d337274b71 Retiere, C. Tidal power and aquatic environment of La Rance.]</ref>
 
French researchers found that the isolation of the estuary during the construction phases of the tidal barrage was detrimental to flora and fauna, however; after ten years, there has been a "variable degree of biological adjustment to the new environmental conditions"<ref name=retiere/>
 
Some species lost their habitat due to La Rance's construction, but other species colonized the abandoned space, which caused a shift in diversity. Also as a result of the construction, sandbanks disappeared, the beach of St. Servan was badly damaged and high-speed currents have developed near sluices, which are water channels controlled by gates<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VMY-4K7FFMT-1&_user=607017&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2007&_alid=807601279&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=mlkt&_cdi=6163&_sort=v&_st=17&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=743&_acct=C000031527&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=607017&md5=3cedbf77e95163ad11903503d4f6775e Charlier, Roger. Forty candles for the Rance River TPP tides provide renewable and sustainable power generation]</ref>
 
=== Turbidity ===
Turbidity (the amount of matter in suspension in the water) decreases as a result of smaller volume of water being exchanged between the basin and the sea. This lets light from the Sun penetrate the water further, improving conditions for the [[phytoplankton]]. The changes propagate up the [[food chain]], causing a general change in the [[ecosystem]].
 
=== Tidal fences and turbines ===
Tidal [[fence]]s and turbines can have varying environmental impacts depending on whether or not fences and turbines are constructed with regard to the environment. The main environmental impact of turbines is their impact on fish. If the turbines are moving slowly enough, such as low velocities of 25-50&nbsp;rpm, [[fish kill]] is minimalized and [[silt]] and other nutrients are able to flow through the structures<ref name=pelc>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VCD-47CGCRD-6&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=7a620f2b0dbe9238f4dd14565b4f205a |title=Pelc, Robin and Fujita, Rob. Renewable energy from the ocean |publisher=Sciencedirect.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref> For example, a 20&nbsp;kW tidal turbine prototype built in the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1983 reported no fish kills<ref name=pelc/> Tidal fences block off channels, which makes it difficult for fish and wildlife to migrate through those channels. In order to reduce fish kill, fences could be engineered so that the spaces between the caisson wall and the rotor foil are large enough to allow fish to pass through<ref name=pelc/> Larger marine mammals such as seals or dolphins can be protected from the turbines by fences or a sonar sensor auto-breaking system that automatically shuts the turbines down when marine mammals are detected<ref name=pelc/>
Overall, many researches have argued that while tidal barrages pose environmental threats, tidal fences and tidal turbines, if constructed properly, are likely to be more environmentally benign. Unlike barrages, tidal fences and turbines do not block channels or [[estuarine]] mouths, interrupt [[fish migration]] or alter [[hydrology]], thus, these options offer energy generating capacity without dire environmental impacts<ref name=pelc/>
 
=== Salinity ===
As a result of less water exchange with the sea, the average salinity inside the basin decreases, also affecting the ecosystem.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} "Tidal Lagoons" do not suffer from this problem. {{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}
 
=== Sediment movements ===
Estuaries often have high volume of sediments moving through them, from the rivers to the sea. The introduction of a barrage into an estuary may result in sediment accumulation within the barrage, affecting the ecosystem and also the operation of the barrage.
 
=== Fish ===
Fish may move through sluices safely, but when these are closed, fish will seek out turbines and attempt to swim through them. Also, some fish will be unable to escape the water speed near a turbine and will be sucked through. Even with the most fish-friendly turbine design, fish mortality per pass is approximately 15%{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}} (from pressure drop, contact with blades, [[cavitation]], etc.). Alternative passage technologies ([[fish ladder]]s, fish lifts, fish escalators etc.) have so far failed to solve this problem for tidal barrages, either offering extremely expensive solutions, or ones which are used by a small fraction of fish only. Research in sonic guidance of fish is ongoing.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}
The Open-Centre turbine reduces this problem allowing fish to pass through the open centre of the turbine.
 
Recently a run of the river type turbine has been developed in France. This is a very large slow rotating Kaplan type turbine mounted on an angle. Testing for fish mortality has indicated fish mortality figures to be less than 5%. This concept also seems very suitable for adaption to marine current/tidal turbines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlh-turbine.com |title=Vlh Turbine |publisher=Vlh Turbine |date= |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>
 
== Energy calculations ==
The energy available from a barrage is dependent on the volume of water. The [[potential energy]] contained in a volume of water is:<ref name=Lamb>{{cite book | first=H. | last=Lamb | authorlink=Horace Lamb | year=1994 | title=Hydrodynamics | publisher=Cambridge University Press | edition=6th| isbn=978-0-521-45868-9}} §174, p. 260.</ref>
:<math>E\, =\, \tfrac12\, A\, \rho\, g\, h^2</math>
where:
*''h'' is the vertical [[tidal range]],
*''A'' is the horizontal area of the barrage basin,
*''ρ'' is the [[density]] of water = 1025&nbsp;kg per cubic meter (seawater varies between 1021 and 1030&nbsp;kg per cubic meter) and
*''g'' is the acceleration due to the [[Earth's gravity]] = 9.81&nbsp;meters per second squared.
The factor half is due to the fact, that as the basin flows empty through the turbines, the [[hydraulic head]] over the dam reduces. The maximum head is only available at the moment of low water, assuming the high water level is still present in the basin.
 
=== Example calculation of tidal power generation ===
''Assumptions:''
* The tidal range of tide at a particular place is 32 feet = 10 m (approx)
* The surface of the tidal energy harnessing plant is 9&nbsp;km² (3&nbsp;km × 3&nbsp;km)= 3000&nbsp;m × 3000&nbsp;m = 9 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>2</sup>
* Density of sea water = 1025.18&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>
 
Mass of the sea water = volume of sea water × density of sea water
::= (area × tidal range) of water × mass density
::= (9 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>2</sup> × 10 m) × 1025.18&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>
::= 92 × 10<sup>9</sup> kg (approx)
Potential energy content of the water in the basin at high tide = ½ × area × density × gravitational acceleration × tidal range squared
::= ½ × 9 × 10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>2</sup> × 1025 kg/m<sup>3</sup> × 9.81 m/s<sup>2</sup> × (10 m)<sup>2</sup>
::=4.5 × 10<sup>12</sup> J (approx)
Now we have 2 high tides and 2 low tides every day. At low tide the potential energy is zero.<br>
Therefore the total energy potential per day = Energy for a single high tide × 2
::= 4.5 × 10<sup>12</sup> J × 2
::= 9 × 10<sup>12</sup> J
Therefore, the mean power generation potential = Energy generation potential / time in 1&nbsp;day
::= 9 × 10<sup>12</sup> J / 86400 s
::= 104 MW
Assuming the power conversion efficiency to be 30%:
The daily-average power generated = 104 MW * 30%
::= 31 MW (approx)
 
Because the available power varies with the square of the tidal range, a barrage is best placed in a location with very high-amplitude tides. Suitable locations are found in Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, Korea, the UK. Amplitudes of up to 17&nbsp;m (56&nbsp;ft) occur for example in the [[Bay of Fundy]], where [[tidal resonance]] amplifies the tidal range.
 
== Economics ==
Tidal barrage power schemes have a high capital cost and a very low running cost. As a result, a tidal power scheme may not produce returns for many years, and investors may be reluctant to participate in such projects.
 
Governments may be able to finance tidal barrage power, but many are unwilling to do so also due to the lag time before investment return and the high irreversible commitment. For example the [[energy policy of the United Kingdom]]<ref>[http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1143914#TopOfPage] (see for example key principles 4 and 6 within Planning Policy Statement 22)</ref> recognizes the role of tidal energy and expresses the need for local councils to understand the broader national goals of renewable energy in approving tidal projects. The UK government itself appreciates the technical viability and siting options available, but has failed to provide meaningful incentives to move these goals forward.
 
== See also ==
* [[List of tidal barrages]]
* [[Marine energy]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
 
 
 
[[Category:Tidal power]]
[[Category:Barrages]]

Latest revision as of 22:40, 11 December 2014

Nearly all of the knife world is just about basically consensus that a non-serrated blade is greatest for on a regular basis carry. Some may disagree, as their everyday duties may embrace chopping rope and such. As we famous above, in the event you’re utilizing a knife in these conditions it's best to likely upgrade to a work knife with a serrated edge, not an EDC pocket knife. A simple sharp blade ought to be all you want for an EDC pocket knife, allowing you to make clear exact cuts. You’re not Crocodile Dundee, so you don’t need to EDC a set blade. Folding knives are rather more compact and easier to hold on your particular person.

Okay, that’s the nice, so right here’s the unhealthy. A small disadvantage to this knife is all the holes in the handle. I’ll admit, I like the way in which they appear. They have a classic retro airplane rivet look to them that appeals to me. Nonetheless, these holes appeal to lint and dust, and I can see them filling up with mud in wet weather so keeping this knife clean goes to be a problem. The autoLAWKS system, whereas holding your hand safe from the blade closing on it, is type of a backup to the liner lock on this knife.

The folding knives are doable to accessible in many manufacturers and types. A number of the folding knives are used for many kinds of actions reminiscent of tenting and hiking, hunting, tactical and combination knives. The perfect folding knife is designed with two types. They are conventional pocket knife and lock again folding knife. The lock back folding knife is robust and made with the fixed blade. It is extremely protected and simple to hold. The folding hunting knives are very compact for the customers. It has several advantages and support for searching. The folding knife additionally used for the aim of skinning sport, slicing tree limbs and reducing fishing line.

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Gerber LMF II also features a butt cap. It's divided from the deal with and substrate to take in influence at any time when utilised as a result of the hammer. It could give electrical insulation by using it's sharp blade. The ergonomic specific design and structure have lashing holes to make knife kits use of the knife as being a spearhead. The Sebenza is obtainable in giant or small and devoted proper or left handed fashions. This truly is considered by many to be the cream of the crop and the value is accordingly steep. This one will set you once more around $450. Still undecided which knife to buy?

The Unidive knife is all titanium, as in each blade and deal with. The steel deal with is extensive and provides finger indents for sustaining a stable grip. The blade has a depraved pointed tip and offers a mixture of razor sharp plain edge and pointy serration. There’s also a pointy line-chopping notch up subsequent to the handle. An elongated hole within the top of the blade permits for one-hand operation. The blade locks open utilizing a liner-lock, or leaf spring-type system, that butts up to the tang of the blade when opened. Press the leaf towards the handle and the blade will be folded closed.