Output gap
The Penrose method (or square-root method) is a method devised in 1946 by Professor Lionel Penrose[1] for allocating the voting weights of delegations (possibly a single representative) in decision-making bodies proportional to the square root of the population represented by this delegation. This is justified by the fact, that due to the square root law of Penrose, the a priori voting power (as defined by the Penrose–Banzhaf index) of a member of a voting body is inversely proportional to the square root of its size. Under certain conditions, this allocation achieves equal voting powers for all people represented, independent of the size of their constituency. Proportional allocation would result in excessive voting powers for the electorates of larger constituencies.
A precondition for the appropriateness of the method is en bloc voting of the delegations in the decision-making body: a delegation cannot split its votes; rather, each delegation has just a single vote to which weights are applied proportional to the square root of the population they represent. Another precondition is that the opinions of the people represented are statistically independent. The representativity of each delegation results from statistical fluctuations within the country, and then, according to Penrose, "small electorate are likely to obtain more representative governments than large electorates." A mathematical formulation of this idea results in the square root rule.
The Penrose method is not currently being used for any notable decision-making body, but it has been proposed for apportioning representation in a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly,[1][2] and for voting in the Council of the European Union.[3][4] Other bodies where the Penrose method could be appropriate include the US Presidential Electoral College and the Bundesrat of Germany.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.
The EU proposal
DTZ's public sale group in Singapore auctions all forms of residential, workplace and retail properties, outlets, homes, lodges, boarding homes, industrial buildings and development websites. Auctions are at present held as soon as a month.
We will not only get you a property at a rock-backside price but also in an space that you've got longed for. You simply must chill out back after giving us the accountability. We will assure you 100% satisfaction. Since we now have been working in the Singapore actual property market for a very long time, we know the place you may get the best property at the right price. You will also be extremely benefited by choosing us, as we may even let you know about the precise time to invest in the Singapore actual property market.
The Hexacube is offering new ec launch singapore business property for sale Singapore investors want to contemplate. Residents of the realm will likely appreciate that they'll customize the business area that they wish to purchase as properly. This venture represents one of the crucial expansive buildings offered in Singapore up to now. Many investors will possible want to try how they will customise the property that they do determine to buy by means of here. This location has offered folks the prospect that they should understand extra about how this course of can work as well.
Singapore has been beckoning to traders ever since the value of properties in Singapore started sky rocketing just a few years again. Many businesses have their places of work in Singapore and prefer to own their own workplace area within the country once they decide to have a everlasting office. Rentals in Singapore in the corporate sector can make sense for some time until a business has discovered a agency footing. Finding Commercial Property Singapore takes a variety of time and effort but might be very rewarding in the long term.
is changing into a rising pattern among Singaporeans as the standard of living is increasing over time and more Singaporeans have abundance of capital to invest on properties. Investing in the personal properties in Singapore I would like to applaud you for arising with such a book which covers the secrets and techniques and tips of among the profitable Singapore property buyers. I believe many novice investors will profit quite a bit from studying and making use of some of the tips shared by the gurus." – Woo Chee Hoe Special bonus for consumers of Secrets of Singapore Property Gurus Actually, I can't consider one other resource on the market that teaches you all the points above about Singapore property at such a low value. Can you? Condominium For Sale (D09) – Yong An Park For Lease
In 12 months 2013, c ommercial retails, shoebox residences and mass market properties continued to be the celebrities of the property market. Models are snapped up in report time and at document breaking prices. Builders are having fun with overwhelming demand and patrons need more. We feel that these segments of the property market are booming is a repercussion of the property cooling measures no.6 and no. 7. With additional buyer's stamp responsibility imposed on residential properties, buyers change their focus to commercial and industrial properties. I imagine every property purchasers need their property funding to understand in value.
| Member state | Population | Nice | Penrose[3] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
82.54m | 16.5% | 29 | 8.4% | 9.55% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
59.64m | 12.9% | 29 | 8.4% | 8.11% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
59.33m | 12.4% | 29 | 8.4% | 8.09% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
57.32m | 12.0% | 29 | 8.4% | 7.95% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
41.55m | 9.0% | 27 | 7.8% | 6.78% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
38.22m | 7.6% | 27 | 7.8% | 6.49% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
21.77m | 4.3% | 14 | 4.1% | 4.91% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
16.19m | 3.3% | 13 | 3.8% | 4.22% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
11.01m | 2.2% | 12 | 3.5% | 3.49% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
10.41m | 2.1% | 12 | 3.5% | 3.39% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
10.36m | 2.1% | 12 | 3.5% | 3.38% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
10.20m | 2.1% | 12 | 3.5% | 3.35% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
10.14m | 2.0% | 12 | 3.5% | 3.34% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
8.94m | 1.9% | 10 | 2.9% | 3.14% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
8.08m | 1.7% | 10 | 2.9% | 2.98% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
7.85m | 1.5% | 10 | 2.9% | 2.94% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
5.38m | 1.1% | 7 | 2.0% | 2.44% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
5.38m | 1.1% | 7 | 2.0% | 2.44% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
5.21m | 1.1% | 7 | 2.0% | 2.39% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
3.96m | 0.9% | 7 | 2.0% | 2.09% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
3.46m | 0.7% | 7 | 2.0% | 1.95% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
2.33m | 0.5% | 4 | 1.2% | 1.61% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
2.00m | 0.4% | 4 | 1.2% | 1.48% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
1.36m | 0.3% | 4 | 1.2% | 1.23% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
0.72m | 0.2% | 4 | 1.2% | 0.89% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
0.45m | 0.1% | 4 | 1.2% | 0.70% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
0.40m | 0.1% | 3 | 0.9% | 0.66% | |
| Hi there! :) My name is Nannette, I'm a student studying Graduate School from Luzein, Switzerland. my blog: Hosgator review |
484.20m | 100% | 345 | 100% | 100% | |
The Penrose method became revitalised within the European Union when it was proposed by Sweden in 2003 amid negotiations on the Amsterdam Treaty and by Poland June 2007 during summit on the Treaty of Lisbon. In this context, the method was proposed to compute voting weights of member states in the Council of the European Union.
Currently, the voting in the Council of the EU does not follow the Penrose method. Instead, the rules of the Nice Treaty are effective between 2004 and 2014, under certain conditions until 2017. The associated voting weights are compared in the table to the right along with the population data of the member states.
Besides the voting weight, the voting power (i.e., the Penrose–Banzhaf index) of a member state also depends on the threshold percentage needed to make a decision. Smaller percentages work in favor of larger states. For example, if one state has 30% of the total voting weights while the threshold for decision making is at 29%, this state will have 100% voting power (i.e., an index of 1). For the EU-27, an optimal threshold, at which the voting powers of all citizens in any member state are almost equal, has been computed at about 61.6%.[3] After the university of the authors of this paper, this system is referred to as the "Jagiellonian Compromise". Optimal threshold decreases with the number of the member states as .[6]
The UN proposal
According to INFUSA, "The square-root method is more than a pragmatic compromise between the extreme methods of world representation unrelated to population size and allocation of national quotas in direct proportion to population size; Penrose showed that in terms of statistical theory the square-root method gives to each voter in the world an equal influence on decision-making in a world assembly".[2]
Under the Penrose method, the relative voting weights of the most populous countries are lower than their proportion of the world population. In the table below, the countries' voting weights are computed as the square root of their year-2005 population in millions. This procedure was originally published by Penrose in 1946 based on pre-World War II population figures.[1]
| Population as of 2005 |
Percent of world population |
Voting weight | Percent of total weight | ||
| World | 6,434,577,575 | 100.00% | 721.32 | 100.00% | |
| Rank | Country | ||||
| 1 | People's Republic of China | 1,306,313,812 | 20.30% | 36.14 | 5.01% |
| 2 | India | 1,080,264,388 | 16.79% | 32.87 | 4.56% |
| 3 | United States | 297,200,000 | 4.62% | 17.24 | 2.39% |
| 4 | Indonesia | 241,973,879 | 3.76% | 15.56 | 2.16% |
| 5 | Brazil | 186,112,794 | 2.89% | 13.64 | 1.89% |
| 6 | Pakistan | 162,419,946 | 2.52% | 12.74 | 1.77% |
| 7 | Bangladesh | 144,319,628 | 2.24% | 12.01 | 1.67% |
| 8 | Russia | 143,420,309 | 2.23% | 11.98 | 1.66% |
| 9 | Nigeria | 128,771,988 | 2.00% | 11.35 | 1.57% |
| 10 | Japan | 127,417,244 | 1.98% | 11.29 | 1.56% |
| 11 | Mexico | 106,202,903 | 1.65% | 10.31 | 1.43% |
| 12 | Philippines | 87,857,473 | 1.37% | 9.37 | 1.30% |
| 13 | Vietnam | 83,535,576 | 1.30% | 9.14 | 1.27% |
| 14 | Germany | 82,468,000 | 1.28% | 9.08 | 1.26% |
| 15 | Egypt | 77,505,756 | 1.20% | 8.80 | 1.22% |
| 16 | Ethiopia | 73,053,286 | 1.14% | 8.55 | 1.18% |
| 17 | Turkey | 69,660,559 | 1.08% | 8.35 | 1.16% |
| 18 | Iran | 68,017,860 | 1.06% | 8.25 | 1.14% |
| 19 | Thailand | 65,444,371 | 1.02% | 8.09 | 1.12% |
| 20 | France | 60,656,178 | 0.94% | 7.79 | 1.08% |
| 21 | United Kingdom | 60,441,457 | 0.94% | 7.77 | 1.08% |
| 22 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 60,085,804 | 0.93% | 7.75 | 1.07% |
| 23 | Italy | 58,103,033 | 0.90% | 7.62 | 1.06% |
| 24 | South Korea | 48,422,644 | 0.75% | 6.96 | 0.96% |
| 25 | Ukraine | 47,425,336 | 0.74% | 6.89 | 0.95% |
| 26 | South Africa | 44,344,136 | 0.69% | 6.66 | 0.92% |
| 27 | Spain | 43,209,511 | 0.67% | 6.57 | 0.91% |
| 28 | Colombia | 42,954,279 | 0.67% | 6.55 | 0.91% |
| 29 | Myanmar | 42,909,464 | 0.67% | 6.55 | 0.91% |
| 30 | Sudan | 40,187,486 | 0.62% | 6.34 | 0.88% |
| 31 | Argentina | 39,537,943 | 0.61% | 6.29 | 0.87% |
| 32 | Poland | 38,635,144 | 0.60% | 6.22 | 0.86% |
| 33 | Tanzania | 36,766,356 | 0.57% | 6.06 | 0.84% |
| 34 | Kenya | 33,829,590 | 0.53% | 5.82 | 0.81% |
| 35 | Canada | 32,400,000 | 0.50% | 5.69 | 0.79% |
| 36 | Morocco | 32,725,847 | 0.51% | 5.72 | 0.79% |
| 37 | Algeria | 32,531,853 | 0.51% | 5.70 | 0.79% |
| 38 | Afghanistan | 29,928,987 | 0.47% | 5.47 | 0.76% |
| 39 | Peru | 27,925,628 | 0.43% | 5.28 | 0.73% |
| 40 | Nepal | 27,676,547 | 0.43% | 5.26 | 0.73% |
| 41 | Uganda | 27,269,482 | 0.42% | 5.22 | 0.72% |
| 42 | Uzbekistan | 26,851,195 | 0.42% | 5.18 | 0.72% |
| 43 | Saudi Arabia | 26,417,599 | 0.41% | 5.14 | 0.71% |
| 44 | Malaysia | 26,207,102 | 0.41% | 5.12 | 0.71% |
| 45 | Iraq | 26,074,906 | 0.41% | 5.11 | 0.71% |
| 46 | Venezuela | 25,375,281 | 0.39% | 5.04 | 0.70% |
| 47 | North Korea | 22,912,177 | 0.36% | 4.79 | 0.66% |
| 48 | Republic of China | 22,894,384 | 0.36% | 4.78 | 0.66% |
| 49 | Romania | 22,329,977 | 0.35% | 4.73 | 0.66% |
| 50 | Ghana | 21,029,853 | 0.33% | 4.59 | 0.64% |
| 51 | Yemen | 20,727,063 | 0.32% | 4.55 | 0.63% |
| 52 | Australia | 20,229,800 | 0.31% | 4.50 | 0.62% |
| 53 | Sri Lanka | 20,064,776 | 0.31% | 4.48 | 0.62% |
| 54 | Mozambique | 19,406,703 | 0.30% | 4.41 | 0.61% |
| 55 | Syria | 18,448,752 | 0.29% | 4.30 | 0.60% |
| 56 | Madagascar | 18,040,341 | 0.28% | 4.25 | 0.59% |
| 57 | Côte d'Ivoire | 17,298,040 | 0.27% | 4.16 | 0.58% |
| 58 | Netherlands | 16,407,491 | 0.25% | 4.05 | 0.56% |
| 59 | Cameroon | 16,380,005 | 0.25% | 4.05 | 0.56% |
| 60 | Chile | 16,267,278 | 0.25% | 4.03 | 0.56% |
| 61 | Kazakhstan | 15,185,844 | 0.24% | 3.90 | 0.54% |
| 62 | Guatemala | 14,655,189 | 0.23% | 3.83 | 0.53% |
| 63 | Burkina Faso | 13,925,313 | 0.22% | 3.73 | 0.52% |
| 64 | Cambodia | 13,607,069 | 0.21% | 3.69 | 0.51% |
| 65 | Ecuador | 13,363,593 | 0.21% | 3.66 | 0.51% |
| 66 | Zimbabwe | 12,746,990 | 0.20% | 3.57 | 0.49% |
| 67 | Mali | 12,291,529 | 0.19% | 3.51 | 0.49% |
| 68 | Malawi | 12,158,924 | 0.19% | 3.49 | 0.48% |
| 69 | Niger | 11,665,937 | 0.18% | 3.42 | 0.47% |
| 70 | Cuba | 11,346,670 | 0.18% | 3.37 | 0.47% |
| 71 | Zambia | 11,261,795 | 0.18% | 3.36 | 0.47% |
| 72 | Angola | 11,190,786 | 0.17% | 3.35 | 0.46% |
| 73 | Senegal | 11,126,832 | 0.17% | 3.34 | 0.46% |
| 74 | Serbia and Montenegro | 10,829,175 | 0.17% | 3.29 | 0.46% |
| 75 | Greece | 10,668,354 | 0.17% | 3.27 | 0.45% |
| 76 | Portugal | 10,566,212 | 0.16% | 3.25 | 0.45% |
| 77 | Belgium | 10,364,388 | 0.16% | 3.22 | 0.45% |
| 78 | Belarus | 10,300,483 | 0.16% | 3.21 | 0.44% |
| 79 | Czech Republic | 10,241,138 | 0.16% | 3.20 | 0.44% |
| 80 | Hungary | 10,081,000 | 0.16% | 3.18 | 0.44% |
| 81 | Tunisia | 10,074,951 | 0.16% | 3.17 | 0.44% |
| 82 | Chad | 9,826,419 | 0.15% | 3.13 | 0.43% |
| 83 | Guinea | 9,467,866 | 0.15% | 3.08 | 0.43% |
| 84 | Sweden | 9,001,774 | 0.14% | 3.00 | 0.42% |
| 85 | Dominican Republic | 8,950,034 | 0.14% | 2.99 | 0.41% |
| 86 | Bolivia | 8,857,870 | 0.14% | 2.98 | 0.41% |
| 87 | Somalia | 8,591,629 | 0.13% | 2.93 | 0.41% |
| 88 | Rwanda | 8,440,820 | 0.13% | 2.91 | 0.40% |
| 89 | Austria | 8,184,691 | 0.13% | 2.86 | 0.40% |
| 90 | Haiti | 8,121,622 | 0.13% | 2.85 | 0.40% |
| 91 | Azerbaijan | 7,911,974 | 0.12% | 2.81 | 0.39% |
| 92 | Switzerland | 7,489,370 | 0.12% | 2.74 | 0.38% |
| 93 | Benin | 7,460,025 | 0.12% | 2.73 | 0.38% |
| 94 | Bulgaria | 7,450,349 | 0.12% | 2.73 | 0.38% |
| 95 | Tajikistan | 7,163,506 | 0.11% | 2.68 | 0.37% |
| 96 | Honduras | 6,975,204 | 0.11% | 2.64 | 0.37% |
| 97 | Israel | 6,955,000 | 0.11% | 2.64 | 0.37% |
| 98 | El Salvador | 6,704,932 | 0.10% | 2.59 | 0.36% |
| 99 | Burundi | 6,370,609 | 0.10% | 2.52 | 0.35% |
| 100 | Paraguay | 6,347,884 | 0.10% | 2.52 | 0.35% |
| 101 | Laos | 6,217,141 | 0.10% | 2.49 | 0.35% |
| 102 | Sierra Leone | 6,017,643 | 0.09% | 2.45 | 0.34% |
| 103 | Libya | 5,765,563 | 0.09% | 2.40 | 0.33% |
| 104 | Jordan | 5,759,732 | 0.09% | 2.40 | 0.33% |
| 105 | Togo | 5,681,519 | 0.09% | 2.38 | 0.33% |
| 106 | Papua New Guinea | 5,545,268 | 0.09% | 2.35 | 0.33% |
| 107 | Nicaragua | 5,465,100 | 0.08% | 2.34 | 0.32% |
| 108 | Denmark | 5,432,335 | 0.08% | 2.33 | 0.32% |
| 109 | Slovakia | 5,431,363 | 0.08% | 2.33 | 0.32% |
| 110 | Finland | 5,223,442 | 0.08% | 2.29 | 0.32% |
| 111 | Kyrgyzstan | 5,146,281 | 0.08% | 2.27 | 0.31% |
| 112 | Turkmenistan | 4,952,081 | 0.08% | 2.23 | 0.31% |
| 113 | Georgia | 4,677,401 | 0.07% | 2.16 | 0.30% |
| 114 | Norway | 4,593,041 | 0.07% | 2.14 | 0.30% |
| 115 | Eritrea | 4,561,599 | 0.07% | 2.14 | 0.30% |
| 116 | Croatia | 4,495,904 | 0.07% | 2.12 | 0.29% |
| 117 | Moldova | 4,455,421 | 0.07% | 2.11 | 0.29% |
| 118 | Singapore | 4,425,720 | 0.07% | 2.10 | 0.29% |
| 119 | Ireland | 4,130,700 | 0.06% | 2.03 | 0.28% |
| 120 | New Zealand | 4,098,200 | 0.06% | 2.02 | 0.28% |
| 121 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4,025,476 | 0.06% | 2.01 | 0.28% |
| 122 | Costa Rica | 4,016,173 | 0.06% | 2.00 | 0.28% |
| 123 | Lebanon | 3,826,018 | 0.06% | 1.96 | 0.27% |
| 124 | Central African Republic | 3,799,897 | 0.06% | 1.95 | 0.27% |
| 125 | Lithuania | 3,596,617 | 0.06% | 1.90 | 0.26% |
| 126 | Albania | 3,563,112 | 0.06% | 1.89 | 0.26% |
| 127 | Liberia | 3,482,211 | 0.05% | 1.87 | 0.26% |
| 128 | Uruguay | 3,415,920 | 0.05% | 1.85 | 0.26% |
| 129 | Mauritania | 3,086,859 | 0.05% | 1.76 | 0.24% |
| 130 | Panama | 3,039,150 | 0.05% | 1.74 | 0.24% |
| 131 | Republic of the Congo | 3,039,126 | 0.05% | 1.74 | 0.24% |
| 132 | Oman | 3,001,583 | 0.05% | 1.73 | 0.24% |
| 133 | Armenia | 2,982,904 | 0.05% | 1.73 | 0.24% |
| 134 | Mongolia | 2,791,272 | 0.04% | 1.67 | 0.23% |
| 135 | Jamaica | 2,731,832 | 0.04% | 1.65 | 0.23% |
| 136 | United Arab Emirates | 2,563,212 | 0.04% | 1.60 | 0.22% |
| 137 | Kuwait | 2,335,648 | 0.04% | 1.53 | 0.21% |
| 138 | Latvia | 2,290,237 | 0.04% | 1.51 | 0.21% |
| 139 | Bhutan | 2,232,291 | 0.03% | 1.49 | 0.21% |
| 140 | Macedonia | 2,045,262 | 0.03% | 1.43 | 0.20% |
| 141 | Namibia | 2,030,692 | 0.03% | 1.43 | 0.20% |
| 142 | Slovenia | 2,011,070 | 0.03% | 1.42 | 0.20% |
| 143 | Lesotho | 1,867,035 | 0.03% | 1.37 | 0.19% |
| 144 | Botswana | 1,640,115 | 0.03% | 1.28 | 0.18% |
| 145 | The Gambia | 1,593,256 | 0.02% | 1.26 | 0.17% |
| 146 | Guinea-Bissau | 1,416,027 | 0.02% | 1.19 | 0.16% |
| 147 | Gabon | 1,389,201 | 0.02% | 1.18 | 0.16% |
| 148 | Estonia | 1,332,893 | 0.02% | 1.15 | 0.16% |
| 149 | Mauritius | 1,230,602 | 0.02% | 1.11 | 0.15% |
| 150 | Swaziland | 1,173,900 | 0.02% | 1.08 | 0.15% |
| 151 | Trinidad and Tobago | 1,088,644 | 0.02% | 1.04 | 0.14% |
| 152 | East Timor | 1,040,880 | 0.02% | 1.02 | 0.14% |
| 153 | Fiji | 893,354 | 0.01% | 0.95 | 0.13% |
| 154 | Qatar | 863,051 | 0.01% | 0.93 | 0.13% |
| 155 | Cyprus | 780,133 | 0.01% | 0.88 | 0.12% |
| 156 | Guyana | 765,283 | 0.01% | 0.87 | 0.12% |
| 157 | Bahrain | 688,345 | 0.01% | 0.83 | 0.12% |
| 158 | Comoros | 671,247 | 0.01% | 0.82 | 0.11% |
| 159 | Solomon Islands | 538,032 | 0.01% | 0.73 | 0.10% |
| 160 | Equatorial Guinea | 535,881 | 0.01% | 0.73 | 0.10% |
| 161 | Djibouti | 476,703 | 0.01% | 0.69 | 0.10% |
| 162 | Luxembourg | 468,571 | 0.01% | 0.68 | 0.09% |
| 163 | Suriname | 438,144 | 0.01% | 0.66 | 0.09% |
| 164 | Cape Verde | 418,224 | 0.01% | 0.65 | 0.09% |
| 165 | Malta | 398,534 | 0.01% | 0.63 | 0.09% |
| 166 | Brunei | 372,361 | 0.01% | 0.61 | 0.08% |
| 167 | Maldives | 349,106 | 0.01% | 0.59 | 0.08% |
| 168 | The Bahamas | 301,790 | 0.005% | 0.55 | 0.08% |
| 169 | Iceland | 296,737 | 0.005% | 0.54 | 0.08% |
| 170 | Belize | 279,457 | 0.004% | 0.53 | 0.07% |
| 171 | Barbados | 279,254 | 0.004% | 0.53 | 0.07% |
| 172 | Vanuatu | 205,754 | 0.003% | 0.45 | 0.06% |
| 173 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 187,410 | 0.003% | 0.43 | 0.06% |
| 174 | Samoa | 177,287 | 0.003% | 0.42 | 0.06% |
| 175 | Saint Lucia | 166,312 | 0.003% | 0.41 | 0.06% |
| 176 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 117,534 | 0.002% | 0.34 | 0.05% |
| 177 | Tonga | 112,422 | 0.002% | 0.34 | 0.05% |
| 178 | Federated States of Micronesia | 108,105 | 0.002% | 0.33 | 0.05% |
| 179 | Kiribati | 103,092 | 0.002% | 0.32 | 0.04% |
| 180 | Grenada | 89,502 | 0.001% | 0.30 | 0.04% |
| 181 | Seychelles | 81,188 | 0.001% | 0.28 | 0.04% |
| 182 | Andorra | 70,549 | 0.001% | 0.27 | 0.04% |
| 183 | Dominica | 69,029 | 0.001% | 0.26 | 0.04% |
| 184 | Antigua and Barbuda | 68,722 | 0.001% | 0.26 | 0.04% |
| 185 | Marshall Islands | 59,071 | 0.001% | 0.24 | 0.03% |
| 186 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 38,958 | 0.001% | 0.20 | 0.03% |
| 187 | Liechtenstein | 33,717 | 0.001% | 0.18 | 0.03% |
| 188 | Monaco | 32,409 | 0.001% | 0.18 | 0.02% |
| 189 | San Marino | 28,880 | 0.0004% | 0.17 | 0.02% |
| 190 | Palau | 20,303 | 0.0003% | 0.14 | 0.02% |
| 191 | Nauru | 13,048 | 0.0002% | 0.11 | 0.02% |
| 192 | Tuvalu | 11,636 | 0.0002% | 0.11 | 0.01% |
| 193 | Vatican City | 921 | 0.00001% | 0.03 | 0.004% |
Criticisms
It has been claimed that the Penrose method is restricted to votes for which public opinion is equally divided for and against.[7][8][9] A study of various elections has shown that this equally-divided scenario is not typical; these elections suggested that voting weights should be distributed according to the 0.9 power of the number of voters represented (in contrast to the 0.5 power used in the Penrose method).[8]
In practice, the theoretical possibility of the decisiveness of a single vote is questionable. Elections results that come close to a tie are likely to be legally challenged, as was the case in the US presidential election in Florida in 2000. After this experience, it appears naive to think that a single vote can be pivotal.[8]
In addition, a minor technical issues is that the theoretical argument for allocation of voting weight is based on the possibility that an individual has a deciding vote in each representative's area. This scenario is only possible when each representative has an odd number of voters in their area.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 9.0 9.1 On the "Jagiellonian compromise"
External links
- The Double Majority Voting Rule of the EU Reform Treaty as a Democratic Ideal for an Enlarging Union : an Appraisal Using Voting Power Analysis, D. Leech and H. Aziz, University of Warwick (2007).
- Many more references at the web page of American Mathematical Society here.