Negative index metamaterials

In mathematics and physics, multiple-scale analysis (also called the method of multiple scales) comprises techniques used to construct uniformly valid approximations to the solutions of perturbation problems, both for small as well as large values of the independent variables. This is done by introducing fast-scale and slow-scale variables for an independent variable, and subsequently treating these variables, fast and slow, as if they are independent. In the solution process of the perturbation problem thereafter, the resulting additional freedom – introduced by the new independent variables – is used to remove (unwanted) secular terms. The latter puts constraints on the approximate solution, which are called solvability conditions. Mathematics research from about the 1980s proposes that coordinate transforms and invariant manifolds provide much sounder support for multiscale modelling (for example, see center manifold and slow manifold).

Example: undamped Duffing equation

Differential equation and energy conservation

As an example for the method of multiple-scale analysis, consider the undamped and unforced Duffing equation:

${\frac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}}+y+\varepsilon y^{3}=0,$ Template:Pad $y(0)=1,\qquad {\frac {dy}{dt}}(0)=0,$

which is a second-order ordinary differential equation describing a nonlinear oscillator. A solution y(t) is sought for small values of the (positive) nonlinearity parameter 0 < ε ≪ 1. The undamped Duffing equation is known to be a Hamiltonian system:

${\frac {dp}{dt}}=-{\frac {\partial H}{\partial q}},\qquad {\frac {dq}{dt}}=+{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p}},\quad {\text{ with }}\quad H={\tfrac {1}{2}}p^{2}+{\tfrac {1}{2}}q^{2}+{\tfrac {1}{4}}\varepsilon q^{4},$

with q = y(t) and p = dy/dt. Consequently, the Hamiltonian H(p, q) is a conserved quantity, a constant, equal to H = ½ + ¼ ε for the given initial conditions. This implies that both y and dy/dt have to be bounded:

$\left|y(t)\right|\leq {\sqrt {1+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\varepsilon }}\quad {\text{ and }}\quad \left|{\frac {dy}{dt}}\right|\leq {\sqrt {1+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\varepsilon }}\qquad {\text{ for all }}t.$Template:Pad

Straightforward perturbation-series solution

A regular perturbation-series approach to the problem gives the result:

$y(t)=\cos(t)+\varepsilon \left[{\tfrac {1}{32}}\cos(3t)-{\tfrac {1}{32}}\cos(t)-\underbrace {{\tfrac {3}{8}}\,t\,\sin(t)} _{\text{secular}}\right]+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2}).$

The last term between the square braces is secular: it grows without bound for large |t|, making the perturbation solution valid for only small values of the time t.

Method of multiple scales

To construct a global valid solution, the method of multiple-scale analysis is used. Introduce the slow scale t₁:

$t_{1}=\varepsilon t\,$

and assume the solution y(t) is a perturbation-series solution dependent both on t and t₁, treated as:

$y(t)=Y_{0}(t,t_{1})+\varepsilon Y_{1}(t,t_{1})+\cdots .$

So:

${\begin{aligned}{\frac {dy}{dt}}&=\left({\frac {\partial Y_{0}}{\partial t}}+{\frac {dt_{1}}{dt}}{\frac {\partial Y_{0}}{\partial t_{1}}}\right)+\varepsilon \left({\frac {\partial Y_{1}}{\partial t}}+{\frac {dt_{1}}{dt}}{\frac {\partial Y_{1}}{\partial t_{1}}}\right)+\cdots \\&={\frac {\partial Y_{0}}{\partial t}}+\varepsilon \left({\frac {\partial Y_{0}}{\partial t_{1}}}+{\frac {\partial Y_{1}}{\partial t}}\right)+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2}),\end{aligned}}$

using dt₁/dt = ε. Similarly:

${\frac {d^{2}y}{dt^{2}}}={\frac {\partial ^{2}Y_{0}}{\partial t^{2}}}+\varepsilon \left(2{\frac {\partial ^{2}Y_{0}}{\partial t\,\partial t_{1}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}Y_{1}}{\partial t^{2}}}\right)+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{2}).$

Then the zeroth- and first-order problems of the multiple-scales perturbation series for the Duffing equation become:

${\begin{aligned}{\frac {\partial ^{2}Y_{0}}{\partial t^{2}}}+Y_{0}&=0,\\{\frac {\partial ^{2}Y_{1}}{\partial t^{2}}}+Y_{1}&=-Y_{0}^{3}-2\,{\frac {\partial ^{2}Y_{0}}{\partial t\,\partial t_{1}}}.\end{aligned}}$

Solution

The zeroth-order problem has the general solution:

$Y_{0}(t,t_{1})=A(t_{1})\,e^{+it}+A^{\ast }(t_{1})\,e^{-it},$

with A(t₁) a complex-valued amplitude to the zeroth-order solution Y₀(t, t₁) and i² = −1. Now, in the first-order problem the forcing in the right hand side of the differential equation is

$\left[-3\,A^{2}\,A^{\ast }-2\,i\,{\frac {dA}{dt_{1}}}\right]\,e^{+it}-A^{3}\,e^{+3it}+c.c.$

where c.c. denotes the complex conjugate of the preceding terms. The occurrence of secular terms can be prevented by imposing on the – yet unknown – amplitude A(t₁) the solvability condition

$-3\,A^{2}\,A^{\ast }-2\,i\,{\frac {dA}{dt_{1}}}=0.$

The solution to the solvability condition, also satisfying the initial conditions y(0) = 1 and dy/dt(0) = 0, is:

$A={\tfrac {1}{2}}\,\exp \left({\tfrac {3}{8}}\,i\,t_{1}\right).$

As a result, the approximate solution by the multiple-scales analysis is

$y(t)=\cos \left[\left(1+{\tfrac {3}{8}}\,\varepsilon \right)t\right]+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ),$

using t₁ = εt and valid for εt = O(1). This agrees with the nonlinear frequency changes found by employing the Lindstedt–Poincaré method.

Higher-order solutions – using the method of multiple scales – require the introduction of additional slow scales, i.e.: t₂ = ε² t, t₃ = ε³ t, etc. However, this introduces possible ambiguities in the perturbation series solution, which require a careful treatment (see Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb).

Alternatively, modern sound approaches derive these sorts of models using coordinate transforms as also described next.

Coordinate transform to amplitude/phase variables

We seek a solution $y\approx r\cos \theta$ in new coordinates $(r,\theta )$ where the amplitude $r(t)$ varies slowly and the phase $\theta (t)$ varies at an almost constant rate, namely $d\theta /dt\approx 1$. Straightforward algebra finds the coordinate transform

$y=r\cos \theta +{\frac {1}{32}}\varepsilon r^{3}\cos 3\theta +{\frac {1}{1024}}\varepsilon ^{2}r^{5}(-21\cos 3\theta +\cos 5\theta )+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{3})$

transforms Duffing's equation into the pair that the radius is constant $dr/dt=0$ and the phase evolves according to

${\frac {d\theta }{dt}}=1+{\frac {3}{8}}\varepsilon r^{2}-{\frac {15}{256}}\varepsilon ^{2}r^{4}+{\mathcal {O}}(\varepsilon ^{3}).$

That is, Duffing's oscillations are constant amplitude but a different frequencies depending upon the amplitude.

More difficult examples are better treated using a time dependent coordinate transform involving complex exponentials (as also invoked in the previous multiple time scale approach). A web service will perform the analysis for a wide range of examples.

See also

• Method of matched asymptotic expansions
• WKB approximation

Notes

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References

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  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

External links

• Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
  
  Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
  
  In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
  
  Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
  
  Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
  
  15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
  
  To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010