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== | <!-- EDITORS! Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Probability#Standards]] for a discussion | ||
of standards used for probability distribution articles such as this one. --> | |||
{{Probability distribution| | |||
name =Zipf–Mandelbrot| | |||
type =mass| | |||
pdf_image =| | |||
cdf_image =| | |||
parameters =<math>N \in \{1,2,3\ldots\}</math> ([[integer]])<br /><math>q \in [0;\infty)</math> ([[Real number|real]])<br /><math>s>0\,</math> ([[real number|real]])| | |||
support =<math>k \in \{1,2,\ldots,N\}</math>| | |||
pdf =<math>\frac{1/(k+q)^s}{H_{N,q,s}}</math>| | |||
cdf =<math>\frac{H_{k,q,s}}{H_{N,q,s}}</math>| | |||
mean =<math>\frac{H_{N,q,s-1}}{H_{N,q,s}}-q</math>| | |||
median =| | |||
mode =<math>1\,</math>| | |||
variance =| | |||
skewness =| | |||
kurtosis =| | |||
entropy =| | |||
mgf =| | |||
char =| | |||
}} | |||
In [[probability theory]] and [[statistics]], the '''Zipf–Mandelbrot law''' is a [[discrete probability distribution]]. Also known as the [[Vilfredo Pareto|Pareto]]-Zipf law, it is a [[power-law]] distribution on ranked data, named after the [[linguistics|linguist]] [[George Kingsley Zipf]] who suggested a simpler distribution called [[Zipf's law]], and the mathematician [[Benoît Mandelbrot]], who subsequently generalized it. | |||
The [[probability mass function]] is given by: | |||
= | :<math>f(k;N,q,s)=\frac{1/(k+q)^s}{H_{N,q,s}}</math> | ||
where <math>H_{N,q,s}</math> is given by: | |||
== | :<math>H_{N,q,s}=\sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{(i+q)^s}</math> | ||
which may be thought of as a generalization of a [[harmonic number]]. In the formula, k is the rank of the data, and q and s are parameters of the distribution. In the limit as <math>N</math> approaches infinity, this becomes the [[Hurwitz zeta function]] <math>\zeta(s,q)</math>. For finite <math>N</math> and <math>q=0</math> the Zipf–Mandelbrot law becomes [[Zipf's law]]. For infinite <math>N</math> and <math>q=0</math> it becomes a [[Zeta distribution]]. | |||
== | ==Applications== | ||
The distribution of words ranked by their [[frequency]] in a random | |||
[[text corpus]] is generally a [[power-law]] distribution, known | |||
as [[Zipf's law]]. | |||
If one plots the [[frequency]] rank of words contained in a large corpus of text data versus the number of occurrences or actual frequencies, one obtains a [[power-law]] distribution, with [[exponent]] close to one (but see Gelbukh & Sidorov, 2001). | |||
In ecological field studies, the [[relative abundance distribution]] (i.e. the graph of the number of species observed as a function of their abundance) is often found to conform to a Zipf–Mandelbrot law.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mouillot | first = D | coauthors = Lepretre, A | |||
| title = Introduction of relative abundance distribution (RAD) indices, estimated from the rank-frequency diagrams (RFD), to assess changes in community diversity | |||
| journal = Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–295 | |||
| publisher = Springer | year = 2000 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1411186 | |||
| accessdate = 24 Dec 2008 | doi = 10.1023/A:1006297211561}}</ref> | |||
Within music, many metrics of measuring "pleasing" music conform to Zipf–Mandlebrot distributions.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Manaris | first = B | coauthors = Vaughan, D, Wagner, CS, Romero, J, Davis, RB | title = Evolutionary Music and the Zipf-Mandelbrot Law: Developing Fitness Functions for Pleasant Music | journal = Proceedings of 1st European Workshop on Evolutionary Music and Art (EvoMUSART2003) | volume = 611 | url = http://shaunwagner.com/writings_computer_evomus.html}}</ref> | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
== References== | |||
* {{Cite book | |||
| last = Mandelbrot | first = Benoît | authorlink = Benoît Mandelbrot | |||
| chapter = Information Theory and Psycholinguistics | |||
| title = Scientific psychology | |||
| editor= B.B. Wolman and E. Nagel | |||
| year = 1965 | |||
| publisher = Basic Books | |||
}} Reprinted as | |||
** {{Cite book | |||
| last = Mandelbrot | first = Benoît | authorlink = Benoît Mandelbrot | |||
| chapter = Information Theory and Psycholinguistics | |||
| title = Language | |||
| editor= R.C. Oldfield and J.C. Marchall | |||
| year = 1968 | |||
| origyear = 1965 | |||
| publisher = Penguin Books | |||
}} | |||
* {{cite book | |||
| last = Zipf | |||
| first = George Kingsley | |||
| authorlink = George Kingsley Zipf | |||
| title = Selected Studies of the Principle of Relative Frequency in Language | |||
| publisher = Harvard University Press | |||
| year = 1932 | |||
| location = Cambridge, MA}} | |||
==External links== | |||
* [http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9901035 Z. K. Silagadze: Citations and the Zipf-Mandelbrot's law] | |||
* [http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/zipfslaw.html NIST: Zipf's law] | |||
* [http://www.nslij-genetics.org/wli/zipf/index.html W. Li's References on Zipf's law] | |||
* [http://www.gelbukh.com/CV/Publications/2001/CICLing-2001-Zipf.htm Gelbukh & Sidorov, 2001: Zipf and Heaps Laws’ Coefficients Depend on Language] | |||
{{ProbDistributions|discrete-finite}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zipf-Mandelbrot Law}} | |||
[[Category:Discrete distributions]] | |||
[[Category:Power laws]] | |||
[[Category:Computational linguistics]] | |||
[[Category:Quantitative linguistics]] | |||
[[Category:Probability distributions]] | |||
Revision as of 12:56, 13 November 2013
Template:Probability distribution In probability theory and statistics, the Zipf–Mandelbrot law is a discrete probability distribution. Also known as the Pareto-Zipf law, it is a power-law distribution on ranked data, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf who suggested a simpler distribution called Zipf's law, and the mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot, who subsequently generalized it.
The probability mass function is given by:
where is given by:
which may be thought of as a generalization of a harmonic number. In the formula, k is the rank of the data, and q and s are parameters of the distribution. In the limit as approaches infinity, this becomes the Hurwitz zeta function . For finite and the Zipf–Mandelbrot law becomes Zipf's law. For infinite and it becomes a Zeta distribution.
Applications
The distribution of words ranked by their frequency in a random text corpus is generally a power-law distribution, known as Zipf's law.
If one plots the frequency rank of words contained in a large corpus of text data versus the number of occurrences or actual frequencies, one obtains a power-law distribution, with exponent close to one (but see Gelbukh & Sidorov, 2001).
In ecological field studies, the relative abundance distribution (i.e. the graph of the number of species observed as a function of their abundance) is often found to conform to a Zipf–Mandelbrot law.[1]
Within music, many metrics of measuring "pleasing" music conform to Zipf–Mandlebrot distributions.[2]
Notes
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References
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My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 Reprinted as- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
External links
- Z. K. Silagadze: Citations and the Zipf-Mandelbrot's law
- NIST: Zipf's law
- W. Li's References on Zipf's law
- Gelbukh & Sidorov, 2001: Zipf and Heaps Laws’ Coefficients Depend on Language
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The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang