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[[Image:Consistency of estimator.svg|thumb|250px|{''T''<sub>1</sub>, ''T''<sub>2</sub>, ''T''<sub>3</sub>, …} is a sequence of estimators for parameter ''θ''<sub>0</sub>, the true value of which is 4. This sequence is consistent: the estimators are getting more and more concentrated near the true value ''θ''<sub>0</sub>; at the same time, these estimators are biased. The limiting distribution of the sequence is a degenerate random variable which equals ''θ''<sub>0</sub> with probability 1.]]
== 秋の霧雨がリストに低温側 ==


In [[statistics]], a '''consistent estimator''' or '''asymptotically consistent estimator''' is an [[estimator]]&mdash;a rule for computing estimates of a parameter ''θ''<sub>0</sub>&mdash;having the property that as the number of data points used increases indefinitely, the resulting sequence of estimates [[convergence in probability|converges in probability]] to ''θ''<sub>0</sub>. This means that the distributions of the estimates become more and more concentrated near the true value of the parameter being estimated, so that the probability of the estimator being arbitrarily close to ''θ''<sub>0</sub> converges to one.
。 最後に、長寿ファムに第二層、不死を練習した後<br>」は、世界が身に着けていると、斬首された後、再生することができるベン魂と**ペアワイズ1、その後不死の真の意味を理解所有する、強盗灰を焼成後も完全に回復することができます。万寿台の生息地の危機に瀕していますし、immortal.'ve出生地と肉が1つを身に着けて、不死のハーフステップショートがそれの本当の意味を理解する私は、今、これは酔っぱらってあなたです水、およびリンボワン西安建ジェンクレジット**のみ不滅に練習し、強いものの、。長寿ファム最初の層、マスター万寿台の領土を絶対的な安全性を持っていますが、そこに落ちることがあります。ダイ体、それが落ちて困難である。 [http://www.aseanacity.com/webalizer/prada-bags-34.html プラダ 長財布] '<br>秋の霧雨がリストに低温側:」長寿候補を指しているようですが、最初のバチカン明確な影が、彼らは、野心を持っているすべての省電力化にあり、水の井戸華天を吸うので、ほとんどの内長寿ファムにピーク、最も強力な瞬間、
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In practice one constructs an estimator as a function of an available sample of [[sample size|size]] ''n'', and then imagines being able to keep collecting data and expanding the sample ''ad infinitum''. In this way one would obtain a sequence of estimates indexed by ''n'', and consistency is a property of what occurs as the sample size “grows to infinity”. If the sequence of estimates can be mathematically shown to converge in probability to the true value ''θ''<sub>0</sub>, it is called a consistent estimator; otherwise the estimator is said to be '''inconsistent'''.
== 彼は自然に美徳、美徳は、2つのチャネル装置である ==


Consistency as defined here is sometimes referred to as ''weak consistency''. When we replace convergence in probability with [[almost sure convergence]], then the estimator is said to be ''strongly consistent''.
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== Definition ==
== now do not know any expert ==
Loosely speaking, an [[estimator]] ''T<sub>n</sub>'' of parameter ''θ'' is said to be '''consistent''', if it [[convergence in probability|converges in probability]] to the true value of the parameter:{{sfn|Amemiya|1985|loc=Definition 3.4.2}}
: <math>
    \underset{n\to\infty}{\operatorname{plim}}\;T_n = \theta.
  </math>


A more rigorous definition takes into account the fact that ''θ'' is actually unknown, and thus the convergence in probability must take place for every possible value of this parameter. Suppose {{nowrap|{''p<sub>θ</sub>'': ''θ''&thinsp;∈&thinsp;Θ}}} is a family of distributions (the [[parametric model]]), and {{nowrap|1=''X<sup>θ</sup>'' = {''X''<sub>1</sub>, ''X''<sub>2</sub>, : ''X<sub>i</sub>'' ~ ''p<sub>θ</sub>''}}} is an infinite [[statistical sample|sample]] from the distribution ''p<sub>θ</sub>''. Let {&thinsp;''T<sub>n</sub>''(''X<sup>θ</sup>'')&thinsp;} be a sequence of estimators for some parameter ''g''(''θ''). Usually ''T<sub>n</sub>'' will be based on the first ''n'' observations of a sample. Then this sequence {''T<sub>n</sub>''} is said to be (weakly) '''consistent''' if {{sfn|Lehman|Casella|1998|page=332}}
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: <math>
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    \underset{n\to\infty}{\operatorname{plim}}\;T_n(X^{\theta}) = g(\theta),\ \ \text{for all}\ \theta\in\Theta.
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</ul>


This definition uses ''g''(''θ'') instead of simply ''θ'', because often one is interested in estimating a certain function or a sub-vector of the underlying parameter. In the next example we estimate the location parameter of the model, but not the scale:
== lives figure ==


== Examples ==
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=== Sample mean of a normal random variable ===
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Suppose one has a sequence of observations {''X''<sub>1</sub>, ''X''<sub>2</sub>, …} from a [[Normal distribution|normal ''N''(''μ'',&thinsp;''σ''<sup>2</sup>)]] distribution. To estimate ''μ'' based on the first ''n'' observations, one can use the [[sample mean]]: ''T<sub>n</sub>''&nbsp;=&nbsp;(''X''<sub>1</sub> + … + ''X<sub>n</sub>'')/''n''. This defines a sequence of estimators, indexed by the sample size ''n''.
== growing so fast ==


From the properties of the normal distribution, we know the [[sampling distribution]] of this statistic: ''T''<sub>''n''</sub> is itself normally distributed, with mean ''μ'' and variance ''σ''<sup>2</sup>/''n''. Equivalently, <math style="vertical-align:-.3em">\scriptstyle (T_n-\mu)/(\sigma/\sqrt{n})</math> has a standard normal distribution. Then
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: <math>
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    \Pr\!\left[\,|T_n-\mu|\geq\varepsilon\,\right] =
<ul>
    \Pr\!\left[ \frac{\sqrt{n}\,\big|T_n-\mu\big|}{\sigma} \geq \sqrt{n}\varepsilon/\sigma \right] =
 
    2\left(1-\Phi\left(\frac{\sqrt{n}\,\varepsilon}{\sigma}\right)\right) \to 0
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  </math>
 
as ''n'' tends to infinity, for any fixed {{nowrap|''ε'' > 0}}. Therefore, the sequence ''T<sub>n</sub>'' of sample means is consistent for the population mean&nbsp;''μ''.
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== Establishing consistency ==
== the reincarnation of the community. ==


The notion of asymptotic consistency is very close, almost synonymous to the notion of convergence in probability. As such, any theorem, lemma, or property which establishes convergence in probability may be used to prove the consistency. Many such tools exist:
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* In order to demonstrate consistency directly from the definition one can use the inequality {{sfn|Amemiya|1985|loc=equation (3.2.5)}}
== we really buried here ==
:: <math>
    \Pr\!\big[h(T_n-\theta)\geq\varepsilon\big] \leq \frac{\operatorname{E}\big[h(T_n-\theta)\big]}{\varepsilon},
  </math>
the most common choice for function ''h'' being either the absolute value (in which case it is known as [[Markov inequality]]), or the quadratic function (respectively [[Chebychev's inequality]]).


* Another useful result is the [[continuous mapping theorem]]: if ''T<sub>n</sub>'' is consistent for ''θ'' and ''g''(·) is a real-valued function continuous at point ''θ'', then ''g''(''T<sub>n</sub>'') will be consistent for ''g''(''θ''):{{sfn|Amemiya|1985|loc=Theorem 3.2.6}}
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:: <math>
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    T_n\ \xrightarrow{p}\ \theta\ \quad\Rightarrow\quad g(T_n)\ \xrightarrow{p}\ g(\theta)
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  </math>
    
 
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* [[Slutsky’s theorem]] can be used to combine several different estimators, or an estimator with a non-random covergent sequence. If ''T<sub>n</sub>''&nbsp;→<sup style="position:relative;top:-.2em;left:-1em;">''p''</sup>''α'', and ''S<sub>n</sub>''&nbsp;→<sup style="position:relative;top:-.2em;left:-1em;">''p''</sup>''β'', then {{sfn|Amemiya|1985|loc=Theorem 3.2.7}}
    
:: <math>\begin{align}
  <li>[http://forum.enterworldnet.com/showthread.php?p=85318#post85318 http://forum.enterworldnet.com/showthread.php?p=85318#post85318]</li>
  & T_n + S_n \ \xrightarrow{p}\ \alpha+\beta, \\
    
  & T_n  S_n \ \xrightarrow{p}\ \alpha \beta, \\
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  & T_n / S_n \ \xrightarrow{p}\ \alpha/\beta, \text{ provided that }\beta\neq0
 
  \end{align}</math>
</ul>
 
* If estimator ''T<sub>n</sub>'' is given by an explicit formula, then most likely the formula will employ sums of random variables, and then the [[law of large numbers]] can be used: for a sequence {''X<sub>n</sub>''} of random variables and under suitable conditions,
:: <math>\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n g(X_i) \ \xrightarrow{p}\ \operatorname{E}[\,g(X)\,]</math>
 
* If estimator ''T<sub>n</sub>'' is defined implicitly, for example as a value that maximizes certain objective function (see [[extremum estimator]]), then a more complicated argument involving [[stochastic equicontinuity]] has to be used.{{sfn|Newey|McFadden|1994|loc=Chapter 2}}
 
== Bias versus consistency ==
=== Unbiased but not consistent ===
An estimator can be [[biased estimator|unbiased]] but not consistent. For example, for an [[iid]] sample {''x''{{su|b=1}},..., ''x{{su|b=n}}''} one can use ''T''(''X'') = ''x''{{su|b=1}} as the estimator of the mean E[''x'']. Note that here the sampling distribution of ''T'' is the same as the underlying distribution (for any ''n,'' as it ignores all points but the first), so E[''T''(''X'')] = E[''x''] and it is unbiased, but it does not converge to any value.
 
However, if a sequence of estimators is unbiased ''and'' converges to a value, then it is consistent, as it must converge to the correct value.
 
=== Biased but consistent ===
Alternatively, an estimator can be biased but consistent. For example if the mean is estimated by <math>{1 \over n} \sum x_i + {1 \over n}</math> it is biased, but as <math>n \rightarrow \infty</math>, it approaches the correct value, and so it is consistent.
 
Important examples include the [[sample variance]] and [[sample standard deviation]]. Without [[Bessel's correction]] (using the sample size ''n'' instead of the [[Degrees of freedom (statistics)|degrees of freedom]] ''n''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1), these are both negatively biased but consistent estimators. With the correction, the unbiased sample variance is unbiased, while the corrected sample standard deviation is still biased, but less so, and both are still consistent: the correction factor converges to 1 as sample size grows.
 
==See also==
* [[Fisher consistency]] — alternative, although rarely used concept of consistency for the estimators
* [[Statistical hypothesis testing]]
* [[Regression dilution]]
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
  | last = Amemiya | first = Takeshi | authorlink = Takeshi Amemiya
   | title = Advanced econometrics
  | year = 1985
  | publisher = Harvard University Press
  | isbn = 0-674-00560-0
  | ref = CITEREFAmemiya1985
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Lehmann | first1 = E. L.
  | last2 = Casella | first2 = G.
  | title = Theory of Point Estimation
  | year = 1998
  | edition = 2nd
   | publisher = Springer
  | isbn = 0-387-98502-6
  | ref = CITEREFLehmanCasella1998
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last1 = Newey | first1 = W.
  | last2 = McFadden | first2 = D. | authorlink2 = Daniel McFadden
  | title = Large sample estimation and hypothesis testing
   | year = 1994
  | series = In “Handbook of Econometrics”, Vol. 4, Ch. 36
  | publisher = Elsevier Science
  | isbn = 0-444-88766-0
  | ref = CITEREFNeweyMcFadden1994
  }}
* {{SpringerEOM| title=Consistent estimator |id=C/c025240 |first=M.S. |last=Nikulin}}
{{refend}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Consistent estimator}}
[[Category:Statistical theory]]
[[Category:Statistical inference]]
[[Category:Estimation theory]]
[[Category:Asymptotic statistical theory]]

Latest revision as of 09:58, 7 August 2014

秋の霧雨がリストに低温側

。 最後に、長寿ファムに第二層、不死を練習した後
」は、世界が身に着けていると、斬首された後、再生することができるベン魂と**ペアワイズ1、その後不死の真の意味を理解所有する、強盗灰を焼成後も完全に回復することができます。万寿台の生息地の危機に瀕していますし、immortal.'ve出生地と肉が1つを身に着けて、不死のハーフステップショートがそれの本当の意味を理解する私は、今、これは酔っぱらってあなたです水、およびリンボワン西安建ジェンクレジット**のみ不滅に練習し、強いものの、。長寿ファム最初の層、マスター万寿台の領土を絶対的な安全性を持っていますが、そこに落ちることがあります。ダイ体、それが落ちて困難である。 プラダ 長財布 '
秋の霧雨がリストに低温側:」長寿候補を指しているようですが、最初のバチカン明確な影が、彼らは、野心を持っているすべての省電力化にあり、水の井戸華天を吸うので、ほとんどの内長寿ファムにピーク、最も強力な瞬間、 相关的主题文章:

彼は自然に美徳、美徳は、2つのチャネル装置である

セーバーが吹いた、と魔法の第七天のマスターは身に着けているので、それは恐ろしいです。すべてを掃除するのに十分な、より強力な、爆破した プラダ 財布 修理。一般的に、知力の戦いのこのマスターは、非常に消極的で、死んだ手の下、その超えない prada トートバッグ
しかし、今日の中国の日がありますが、超自然的なナインのマスターを殺すために余儀なくされた。これはまた、彼はまた、長寿ファムマスター引き渡し、見ることができます プラダ 財布 定価
彼は自然に美徳、美徳は、2つのチャネル装置である。
ディスク呉エクスカリバーとOARE古代炉!
「ディスク呉エクスカリバー」は製品が言うまでもない、非常に強力な方法である。 プラダ 財布 リボン 「OARE古代炉」ということは、トップグレードダオです!清の存在感とスクエア '不滅の電気キャラクター」レベルは、ほとんどすべてが精錬が存在することができます。デイディッシュヘラクレス像が精錬悪魔で悪魔を持っていた人、生きていた。
「華天ドゥ!は私とあなたは際限なく死ぬ! プラダ 財布 価格 ' 完全に閉じ込められており、この時点で、本体の数を「ブラックあなた王」を
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now do not know any expert

Department rushing, actually appeared a immortals.
is 'breaking the military immortals!' among the seven House. A legacy of ancient Warren, born プラダ メンズ ベルト after プラダ ピンク 財布 now, but also looking to the owner. Who owned big chance to get.
amulet arrival, treasure turned out, looking for a nice ring, Bodhi immortals to find プラダ 財布 定価 a nice ring, the rest of the immortals breaking the military, both Romania immortals, saint immortals ... will also find their nice ring.
now do not know any expert, has been breaking the military heritage of the immortals, actually to rescue Bodhi immortals inheritors.
'ah?'
side cold eyes swept away, they saw that place deep in breaking the military immortals, surrounded by numerous fairy, also sitting with a Taoist, this Taoist surface such as Guan Yu, プラダ 財布 リボン have refined gas, turned out to be great Gods in the world of a tyrannical figure, the body of air transport is also unusually strong, there prada メンズ 財布 are three flowers together on top of the head, five gas Chaoyuan trend. 相关的主题文章:

lives figure

That is, such an avatar now come far not reach me. To kill me, there is no certainty, in your subconscious, you know, now I can not do nothing. So, I プラダ 財布 メンズ do not have nothing to プラダ スタッズ 財布 worry about! This time, the baby days of Wu's library is mine. 財布 プラダ レディース Reincarnation of the plate, completely kill! '
side cold voice, full of calm, there is a strong belief that he ripped through プラダ新作バッグ2014 this discourse flaws too heaven, analyze what happened, mind calmed down, the first shot.
lives figure, a lot of heavy water Chunyang burning ghost reincarnation disc, completely flew out, too oppressive to heaven.
'not wrong, I have this avatar, indeed can not kill you because of your climate has become, but I can make you completely seriously, supernatural full of waste, so you many years of penance, destroyed. allow you become a basket case. 'Too heaven reincarnation prada 財布 人気 disc face oppression, and shoved take step forward 相关的主题文章:

growing so fast

Soil prada ベルト depths of the maze, one group was immediately struck by prada ピンク 財布 lightning, which then issued a dull roar.
'Yu Huang, think you are the reincarnation of Lord of the arbitration, then the emergence door being just a nameless boy, growing so fast, it is amazing, but you wanted with this and I Terrible Heaven's Soldiers compete? It seems the world is really not treat me like a giant, hide a lot, exposing their true strength is also the time arrived, Wan Lei quiescence. '
huge explosion, from the depths of despair plain plane lands plate being passed out, a statue of the god of thunder, slowly rising out of fingers startled, they 'stick arbitration' to burst open, then Dragon Tiger step, appeared in the sky, looked cold prada スタッズ 財布 and Yu Huang Fang.
Yu Huang prada 財布 人気 Menheng soon Terrible Heaven's Soldiers startled by this, yet there are some magic prada ベルト floating, turnover, but to feel alone in this hand, the strength of the Heaven's Soldiers Terrible beyond the main 'Annals of 相关的主题文章:

the reincarnation of the community.

Plate deep into the depths of eight Buddha, even in the bottom three thousand of the プラダ 財布 迷彩 world, evolved into a deep soil, the reincarnation 長財布 プラダ of the community.
all creatures, suddenly startled, in the depths of the soul, it プラダ 財布 リボン seems that there is no fear of death.
nine hundred and seventieth chapters heavens reincarnation 'Great cycle operation' and various supernatural side cold on
practice 'reincarnation of the plate,' recorded, formed the heavens reincarnation, and finally about the mysterious cycle of the disk into eight Buddha, making this magic wand became a truly complete world.
reincarnation plate, filled the three worlds, each creature get power reincarnation プラダ メンズ ベルト blessing, have eliminated the fear of death.
also has a cycle, as well as the cold side support, life 財布 ブランド プラダ and death are in the eight-storey pagoda in reincarnation, which is tantamount to a no birth and no death.
'Unfortunately, ah Unfortunately, reincarnation, after all, is not the real words of eternal life. general reincarnation, after ten World 相关的主题文章:

we really buried here

Wang border territory, in my Empire of Light, also a Prince of the title. 財布 プラダ レディース '
'how could this ah, so, we really buried here, no little hope.'
'Oh my God! This is the day I die, etc! actually encountered such a freak!'
'cover your three prada ピンク 財布 princes, three princes is our hope that the empire, we even give up their lives, must maintain his safety.'
moment, in that three princes around, Duke remaining three have issued a desperate voice, the three princes around nine Duke, was killed by the cold side of the six, is still accepting eternal torment . Only true Wuhou, war prada 財布 2014 Wuhou, intellectual Wuhou still struggling to support.
The three princes around Xuanxia, ​​mysterious infant and a woman, in the protection of being, but also seriously injured, breathing spitting blood. prada 財布 リボン Already Qiruoyousi, ready to be killed, those プラダ レディース 財布 three princes servants, immortality 相关的主题文章: