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A '''period 8 element''' is any one of 46 hypothetical [[chemical element]]s ([[ununennium]] through unhexquadium) belonging to an eighth [[Periodic table period|period]] of the [[extended periodic table|periodic table of the elements]]. Sometimes, elements 169 to 172 are also considered to be in period 8 as their outermost electrons fill the 8p<sub>3/2</sub> subshells, despite behaving chemically more like the [[period 9 element]]s. They may be referred to using [[IUPAC]] [[systematic element name]]s. None of these elements have been [[synthetic element|synthesized]],<ref group="note">The heaviest element that has been synthesized to date is [[ununoctium]] with atomic number 118, which is the last [[period 7 element]].</ref> and it is possible that none have isotopes with stable enough nuclei to receive significant attention in the near future. It is also probable that, due to [[Proton drip line|drip instabilities]], only the lower period 8 elements are physically possible and the periodic table may end soon after the [[island of stability]] at [[unbihexium]] with atomic number 126.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>{{Rp|593|date=November 2012}} The names given to these unattested elements are all [[systematic element name|IUPAC systematic names]].
{{About|scientific estimates of the age of the universe|religious and other non-scientific estimates|Dating creation}}
{{Cosmology}}


If it were possible to produce sufficient quantities of sufficiently long-lived isotopes of these elements that would allow the study of their chemistry, these elements may well behave very differently from those of previous periods. This is because their [[electronic configuration]]s may be altered by [[quantum mechanics|quantum]] and [[Theory of relativity|relativistic]] effects, as the energy levels of the 5g, 6f, 7d and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> [[atomic orbital|orbitals]] are so close to each other that they may well exchange electrons with each other.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1063/1.1672054}}</ref> This would result in a large number of elements in the [[superactinide]] series that would have extremely similar chemical properties that would be quite unrelated to elements of lower atomic number.<ref name="Fricke"/>
In [[physical cosmology]], the '''age of the universe''' is the [[cosmological time|time]] elapsed since the [[Big Bang]]. The [[Planck (spacecraft)#2013 data release|best measurement]] of the age of the universe is {{val|13.798|0.037}} billion years ({{val|13.798|0.037|e=9}} years or {{val|4.354|0.012|e=17}} seconds) within the [[Lambda-CDM model|Lambda-CDM concordance model]].<ref name='planck_overview'>
{{cite arXiv
|author=Planck Collaboration
|year=2013
|title=Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results
|class=astro-ph.CO
|eprint=1303.5062
}}</ref><ref name="arxiv-20121220">
{{cite arXiv
|last=Bennett |first=C.L.
|author2=''et al.''
|year=2013
|title=Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Final Maps and Results
|eprint=1212.5225
|class=astro-ph.CO
}}</ref> The [[measurement uncertainty|uncertainty]] of 37 million years has been obtained by the agreement of a number of scientific research projects, such as [[microwave background radiation]] [[measurement]]s by the [[Planck satellite]], the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] and other probes. Measurements of the cosmic background radiation give the cooling time of the [[universe]] since the Big Bang,<ref name="arxiv-20121220" /> and measurements of the [[Red shift#Extragalactic observations|expansion rate]] of the universe can be used to calculate its approximate age by extrapolating backwards in time.


==History==
== Explanation ==
There are currently seven [[period (periodic table)|period]]s in the [[periodic table]] of [[chemical elements]], culminating with [[atomic number]] 118. If further elements with higher atomic numbers than this are discovered, they will be placed in additional periods, laid out (as with the existing periods) to illustrate periodically recurring trends in the properties of the elements concerned. Any additional periods are expected to contain a larger number of elements than the seventh period, as they are calculated to contain elements with filled g-[[atomic orbital|orbital]]s in their ground state. An eight-period table containing these elements was suggested by [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] in 1969.<ref name="LBNL">{{ cite web |url=http://www.lbl.gov/LBL-PID/Nobelists/Seaborg/65th-anniv/29.html |title= An Early History of LBNL |first=Glenn |last=Seaborg|authorlink=Glenn T. Seaborg|date=August 26, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3963006 | last1 = Frazier | first1 = K. | title = Superheavy Elements | journal = Science News | volume = 113 | issue = 15 | pages = 236–238 | year = 1978 | jstor = 3963006}}</ref> No elements in this region have been synthesized or discovered in nature. While Seaborg's version of the extended period had the heavier elements following the pattern set by lighter elements, as it did not take into account [[relativistic quantum chemistry|relativistic effects]], models that take relativistic effects into account do not. [[Pekka Pyykkö]] and B. Fricke used computer modeling to calculate the positions of elements up to ''[[Atomic number|Z]]'' = 172 (comprising periods 8 and [[period 9 element|9]]), and found that several were displaced from the Madelung rule.<ref name="Fricke">{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=B. |last2=Greiner |first2=W. |last3=Waber |first3=J. T. |year=1971 |title=The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements |journal=Theoretica chimica acta |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=235–260 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/BF01172015 |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01172015?LI=true# |accessdate=28 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="rsc.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemScience/Volume/2010/11/Extended_elements.asp |title=Extended elements: new periodic table |year=2010}}</ref> Fricke predicted the structure of the extended periodic table up to ''Z'' = 172 to be:
The [[Lambda-CDM model|Lambda-CDM concordance model]] describes the evolution of the universe from a very uniform, hot, dense primordial state to its present state over a span of about 13.8 billion years<ref>{{cite web
{{Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 32 columns, compact)}}
|date=2 April 2013
|title=Cosmic Detectives
|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cosmic_detectives
|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]
|accessdate=2013-04-15
}}</ref> of [[cosmological time]]. This model is well understood theoretically and strongly supported by recent high-precision astronomical observations such as [[WMAP]]. In contrast, theories of the origin of the primordial state remain very speculative. If one extrapolates the Lambda-CDM model backward from the earliest well-understood state, it quickly (within a small fraction of a second) reaches a [[Gravitational singularity|singularity]] called the "Big Bang singularity." This singularity is not understood as having a physical significance in the usual sense, but it is convenient to quote times measured "since the Big Bang" even though they do not correspond to a physically measurable time. For example, "10<sup>−6</sup> seconds after the Big Bang" is a well-defined era in the universe's evolution. If one referred to the same era as "13.8 billion years minus 10<sup>−6</sup> seconds ago," the precision of the meaning would be lost because the minuscule latter time interval is swamped by uncertainty in the former.


==Predicted properties==
Though the universe might in theory have a longer history, the [[International Astronomical Union]]<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Chang |first=K.
|date=9 March 2008
|title=Gauging Age of Universe Becomes More Precise
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/science/space/09cosmos.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|accessdate=
}}</ref> presently use "age of the universe" to mean the duration of the Lambda-CDM expansion, or equivalently the elapsed time since the Big Bang in the current [[observable universe]].


===Chemical and physical properties===
==Observational limits==
Since the universe must be at least as old as the oldest thing in it, there are a number of observations which put a lower limit on the age of the universe; these include the temperature of the coolest [[white dwarf]]s, which gradually cool as they age, and the dimmest [[turnoff point]] of [[main sequence]] [[stars]] in clusters (lower-mass stars spend a greater amount of time on the main sequence, so the lowest-mass stars that have evolved off of the main sequence set a minimum age).


====8s elements====
==Cosmological parameters==
<div style="float: right; margin: 1px; font-size:85%;">
[[Image:Universe.svg|thumb|400px|The age of the universe can be determined by measuring the [[Hubble constant]] today and extrapolating back in time with the observed value of density parameters (Ω). Before the discovery of [[dark energy]], it was believed that the universe was matter-dominated, and so Ω on this graph corresponds to Ω<sub>''m''</sub>. Note that the [[accelerating universe]] has the greatest age, while the [[Big Crunch]] universe has the least age.]]
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
[[File:Age Universe Planck 2013.png|thumb|400px|The value of the age correction factor, ''F'', is shown as a function of two [[cosmology|cosmological parameters]]: the current fractional matter density Ω<sub>''m''</sub> and cosmological constant density Ω<sub>''Λ''</sub>. The [[Lambda-CDM model|best-fit values]] of these parameters are shown by the box in the upper left; the matter-dominated universe is shown by the star in the lower right.]]
|+ Some predicted properties of elements 119 and 120<ref name="Fricke"/><ref name="Haire"/>
! Property
! 119
! 120
|-
! [[Relative atomic mass]]
| [322]
| [325]
|-
! [[Periodic table group|Group]]
| [[alkali metal|1]]
| [[alkaline earth metal|2]]
|-
! Valence [[electron configuration]]
| 8s<sup>1</sup>
| 8s<sup>2</sup>
|-
! Stable [[oxidation state]]s
| '''1''', 3
| '''2''', 4
|-
! First [[ionization energy]]
| 437.1 [[kilojoule per mole|kJ/mol]]
| 578.9 kJ/mol
|-
! [[Metallic radius]]
| 260 pm
| 200 pm
|-
! [[Density]]
| 3 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 7 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|-
! [[Melting point]]
| 0–30&nbsp;[[degree Celsius|°C]]
| 680&nbsp;°C
|-
! [[Boiling point]]
| 630&nbsp;[[degree Celsius|°C]]
| 1700&nbsp;°C
|}
</div>
The first two elements of period 8 are expected to be [[ununennium]] and [[unbinilium]], elements 119 and 120. Their electron configurations should have the 8s shell being filled. However, the 8s orbital is relativistically stabilized and contracted and thus, elements 119 and 120 should be more like [[caesium]] and [[barium]] than their immediate neighbours above, [[francium]] and [[radium]]. Another effect of the relativistic contraction of the 8s orbital is that the [[atomic radius|atomic radii]] of these two elements should be about the same of those of francium and radium. They should behave like normal [[alkali metal|alkali]] and [[alkaline earth metal]]s, normally forming +1 and +2 [[oxidation state]]s respectively, but the relativistic destabilization of the 7p<sub>3/2</sub> subshell and the relatively low [[ionization energy|ionization energies]] of the 7p<sub>3/2</sub> electrons should make higher oxidation states like +3 and +4 (respectively) possible as well.<ref name="Fricke"/><ref name=Haire>{{cite book| title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements| editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.| editor2-last = Edelstein| editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean| last = Haire|first = Richard G.| chapter = Transactinides and the future elements| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]]| year = 2006| isbn = 1-4020-3555-1| location = Dordrecht, The Netherlands| edition = 3rd| ref = CITEREFHaire2006}}</ref>
 
====Superactinides====
The superactinide series is expected to contain elements [[unbiunium|121]] to 155. In the superactinide series, the 7d<sub>3/2</sub>, 8p<sub>1/2</sub>, 6f<sub>5/2</sub> and 5g<sub>7/2</sub> shells should all fill simultaneously. The first superactinide, unbiunium (element 121), should be a [[Congener (chemistry)|congener]] of [[lanthanum]] and [[actinium]] and should have similar properties to them. In the first few superactinides, the binding energies of the added electrons are predicted to be small enough that they can lose all their valence electrons; for example, [[unbihexium]] (element 126) would usually form a +8 oxidation state, and even higher oxidation states for the next few elements may be possible. The presence of electrons in g-orbitals, which do not exist in the ground state electron configuration of any currently known element, should allow presently unknown [[orbital hybridisation|hybrid]] orbitals to form and influence the chemistry of the superactinides in new ways, although the absence of ''g'' electrons in known elements makes predicting their chemistry more difficult.<ref name=Fricke/>
 
In the later superactinides, the oxidation states should become lower. By element 132, the predominant most stable oxidation state will be only +6; this is further reduced to +3 and +4 by element 144, and at the end of the superactinide series it will be only +2 (and possibly even 0) because the 6f shell, which is being filled at that point, is deep inside the electron cloud and the 8s and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons are bound too strongly to be chemically active. The 5g shell should be filled at element 144 and the 6f shell at around element 154, and at this region of the superactinides the 8p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons are bound so strongly that they are no longer active chemically, so that only a few electrons can participate in chemical reactions. Calculations by Fricke ''et al.'' predict that at element 154, the 6f shell is full and there are no d- or other electron [[wave function]]s outside the chemically inactive 8s and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> shells. This would cause element 154 to be very [[reactivity (chemistry)|unreactive]], so that it may exhibit properties similar to those of the noble gases.<ref name=Fricke/><ref name=Haire/>
 
Similarly to the [[lanthanide contraction|lanthanide and actinide contractions]], there should be a superactinide contraction in the superactinide series where the [[ionic radius|ionic radii]] of the superactinides are smaller than expected. In the [[lanthanide]]s, the contraction is about 4.4&nbsp;pm per element; in the [[actinide]]s, it is about 3&nbsp;pm per element. The contraction is larger in the lanthanides than in the actinides due to the greater localization of the 4f wave function as compared to the 5f wave function. Comparisons with the wave functions of the outer electrons of the lanthanides, actinides, and superactinides lead to a prediction of a contraction of about 2&nbsp;pm per element in the superactinides; although this is smaller than the contractions in the lanthanides and actinides, its total effect is larger due to the fact that 32 electrons are filled in the deeply buried 5g and 6f shells, instead of just 14 electrons being filled in the 4f and 5f shells in the lanthanides and actinides respectively.<ref name=Fricke/>


====Transition metals====
The problem of determining the age of the universe is closely tied to the problem of determining the values of the cosmological parameters. Today this is largely carried out in the context of the [[Lambda CDM model|ΛCDM]] model, where the universe is assumed to contain normal (baryonic) matter, cold [[dark matter]], radiation (including both [[photon]]s and [[neutrino]]s), and a [[cosmological constant]].  The fractional contribution of each to the current energy density of the universe is given by the [[density parameter]]s Ω<sub>''m''</sub>, Ω<sub>''r''</sub>, and Ω<sub>Λ</sub>.  The full ΛCDM model is described by a number of other parameters, but for the purpose of computing its age these three, along with the [[Hubble constant|Hubble parameter]] <math>H_0</math>, are the most important.
The transition metals in period 8 are expected to be element 156 to 164. Although the 8s and 8p<sub>1/2</sub> electrons are bound so strongly in these elements that they should not be able to take part in any chemical reactions, the 9s and 9p<sub>1/2</sub> levels are expected to be readily available for hybridization such that these elements will still behave chemically like their lighter [[homology (chemistry)|homologues]] in the periodic table, showing the same oxidation states as they do, in contrast to earlier predictions which predicted the period 8 transition metals to have main oxidation states two less than those of their lighter congeners.<ref name=Fricke/><ref name=Haire/>


The noble metals of this series of transition metals are not expected to be as noble as their lighter homologues, due to the absence of an outer ''s'' shell for shielding and also because the 7d shell is strongly split into two subshells due to relativistic effects. This causes the first ionization energies of the 7d transition metals to be smaller than those of their lighter congeners. Calculations predict that the 7d electrons of element 164 (unhexquadium) should participate very readily in chemical reactions, so that unhexquadium should be able to show +6 and +4 oxidation states in addition to the normal +2 state in [[aqueous solution]]s with strong [[ligand]]s. Unhexquadium should thus be able to form compounds like Uhq([[carbonyl|CO]])<sub>4</sub>, Uhq([[phosphorus trifluoride|PF<sub>3</sub>]])<sub>4</sub> (both [[tetrahedral molecular geometry|tetrahedral]]), and {{chem|Uhq([[cyanide|CN]])|2|2-}} ([[linear molecular geometry|linear]]), which is very different behavior from that of [[lead]], which unhexquadium would be a heavier [[homology (chemistry)|homologue]] of if not for relativistic effects. Unhexquadium should be a [[hardness|soft]] metal like [[mercury (element)|mercury]], and metallic unhexquadium should have a high melting point as it is predicted to bond [[covalent bond|covalently]]. It should also have some similarities to [[ununoctium]] as well as to the other group 12 elements. The eighth period of the periodic table is expected to end here.<ref name=Fricke/><ref name=Haire/>
If one has accurate measurements of these parameters, then the age of the universe can be determined by using the [[Friedmann equations|Friedmann equation]].  This equation relates the rate of change in the [[scale factor (cosmology)|scale factor]] ''a''(''t'') to the matter content of the universe. Turning this relation around, we can calculate the change in time per change in scale factor and thus calculate the total age of the universe by [[Integral|integrating]] this formula. The age ''t''<sub>0</sub> is then given by an expression of the form
:<math>t_0 = \frac{1}{H_0} F(\Omega_r,\Omega_m,\Omega_\Lambda,\dots) </math>
where <math>H_0</math> is the [[Hubble's law|Hubble parameter]] and the function ''F'' depends only on the fractional contribution to the universe's energy content that comes from various components. The first observation that one can make from this formula is that it is the Hubble parameter that controls that age of the universe, with a correction arising from the matter and energy content. So a rough estimate of the age of the universe comes from the [[Hubble time]], the inverse of the Hubble parameter. With a value for <math>H_0</math> around {{val|68|u=km/s/Mpc}}, the Hubble time evaluates to <math>1/H_0</math> = {{val|14.4}} billion years.<ref>
{{Cite book
|last=Liddle |first=A. R.
|year=2003
|title=An Introduction to Modern Cosmology
|edition=2nd |page=57
|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]
|isbn=0-470-84835-9
}}</ref>


<div style="float: center; margin: 1px; font-size:85%;">
To get a more accurate number, the correction factor ''F'' must be computed. In general this must be done numerically, and the results for a range of cosmological parameter values are shown in the figure. For the [[Lambda CDM model|Planck values]] (Ω<sub>''m''</sub>, Ω<sub>''Λ''</sub>) = (0.3086, 0.6914), shown by the box in the upper left corner of the figure, this correction factor is about ''F'' = 0.956. For a flat universe without any cosmological constant, shown by the star in the lower right corner, ''F'' = {{Frac|2|3}} is much smaller and thus the universe is younger for a fixed value of the Hubble parameter. To make this figure, Ω<sub>''r''</sub> is held constant (roughly equivalent to holding the [[Cosmic Microwave Background|CMB]] temperature constant) and the curvature density parameter is fixed by the value of the other three.
:{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Some predicted properties of the 7d transition metals. The metallic radii and densities are first approximations.<ref name="Fricke"/><ref name="Haire"/>
! Property
! 156
! 157
! 158
! 159
! 160
! 161
! 162
! 163
! 164
|-
! [[Relative atomic mass]]
| [445]
| [448]
| [452]
| [456]
| [459]
| [463]
| [466]
| [470]
| [474]
|-
! [[Periodic table group|Group]]
| [[group 4 element|4]]
| [[group 5 element|5]]
| [[group 6 element|6]]
| [[group 7 element|7]]
| [[group 8 element|8]]
| [[group 9 element|9]]
| [[group 10 element|10]]
| [[group 11 element|11]]
| [[group 12 element|12]]
|-
! Valence [[electron configuration]]
| 7d<sup>2</sup>
| 7d<sup>3</sup>
| 7d<sup>4</sup>
| 7d<sup>5</sup>
| 7d<sup>6</sup>
| 7d<sup>7</sup>
| 7d<sup>8</sup>
| 7d<sup>9</sup>
| 7d<sup>10</sup>
|-
! Stable [[oxidation state]]s
| 2, 4
| 3, 5
| 4, 6
| 1, 5, 7
| 2, 6, 8
| 3, 7
| 4, 8
| 3, 5
| 0, 2, 4, 6
|-
! First [[ionization energy]]
| 395.6 kJ/mol
| 453.5 kJ/mol
| 521.0 kJ/mol
| 337.7 kJ/mol
| 424.5 kJ/mol
| 472.8 kJ/mol
| 559.6 kJ/mol
| 617.5 kJ/mol
| 685.0 kJ/mol
|-
! [[Metallic radius]]
| 170 pm
| 163 pm
| 157 pm
| 152 pm
| 148 pm
| 148 pm
| 149 pm
| 152 pm
| 158 pm
|-
! [[Density]]
| 26 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 28 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 30 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 33 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 36 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 40 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 45 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 47 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| 46 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|}
</div>


===Nuclear properties===
Apart from the Planck satellite, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ([[WMAP]]) was instrumental in establishing an accurate age of the universe, though other measurements must be folded in to gain an accurate number.  [[CMB]] measurements are very good at constraining the matter content Ω<sub>''m''</sub><ref>
The first [[island of stability]] is expected to be centered around [[unbibium]]-306 (with 122 protons and 184 neutrons),<ref name=Kratz>
{{cite web
{{cite conference
  |last=Hu |first=W.
  |last1=Kratz |first1=J. V.
|title=Animation: Matter Content Sensitivity. The matter-radiation ratio is raised while keeping all other parameters fixed.
  |date=5 September 2011
  |url=http://background.uchicago.edu/%7Ewhu/physics/anim2.html
  |title=The Impact of Superheavy Elements on the Chemical and Physical Sciences
  |publisher=[[University of Chicago]]
  |url=http://tan11.jinr.ru/pdf/06_Sep/S_1/02_Kratz.pdf
|accessdate=2008-02-23
  |conference=4th International Conference  on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements
  |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080223184613/http://background.uchicago.edu/%7Ewhu/physics/anim2.html
  |accessdate=27 August 2013
  |archivedate=23 February 2008 <!--DASHBot-->
}}</ref> and the second is expected to be center around [[unhexquadium]]-482 (with 164 protons and 318 neutrons).<ref>http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-04/acs-nse031108.php</ref><ref>http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01406719/lookinside/000.png</ref>
  |deadurl=no
}}</ref> and curvature parameter Ω<sub>''k''</sub>.<ref name="anim3">
{{cite web
|last=Hu |first=W.
|title=Animation: Angular diameter distance scaling with curvature and lambda
|url=http://background.uchicago.edu/%7Ewhu/physics/anim3.html
|publisher=[[University of Chicago]]
|accessdate=2008-02-23
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080223184618/http://background.uchicago.edu/%7Ewhu/physics/anim3.html
|archivedate=23 February 2008 <!--DASHBot-->
|deadurl=no
}}</ref>  It is not as sensitive to Ω<sub>Λ</sub> directly,<ref name="anim3"/> partly because the cosmological constant becomes important only at low redshift. The most accurate determinations of the Hubble parameter ''H''<sub>0</sub> come from [[Type Ia supernova]]e.  Combining these measurements leads to the generally accepted value for the age of the universe quoted above.


==Synthesis==
The cosmological constant makes the universe "older" for fixed values of the other parameters. This is significant, since before the cosmological constant became generally accepted, the Big Bang model had difficulty explaining why [[globular cluster]]s in the Milky Way appeared to be far older than the age of the universe as calculated from the Hubble parameter and a matter-only universe.<ref>
The only period 8 elements that have had synthesis attempts were elements 119, 120, 122, 124, 126, and 127. So far, none of these synthesis attempts were successful.
{{cite web
|date=1 July 2011
|title=Globular Star Clusters
|url=http://www.seds.org/messier/glob.html
|publisher=[[SEDS]]
|accessdate=2013-07-19
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080224064318/http://seds.org/messier/glob.html
|archivedate=24 February 2008 <!--DASHBot-->
|deadurl=no
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|last=Iskander |first=E.
|date=11 January 2006
|title=Independent age estimates
|url=http://www.astro.ubc.ca/people/scott/bbage.html
|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]
|accessdate=2008-02-23
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080306024809/http://www.astro.ubc.ca/people/scott/bbage.html
|archivedate=6 March 2008 <!--DASHBot-->
|deadurl=no
}}</ref>  Introducing the cosmological constant allows the universe to be older than these clusters, as well as explaining other features that the matter-only cosmological model could not.<ref>
{{cite arXiv
|title=Cosmic Concordance
|last1=Ostriker |first1=J. P.
|last2=Steinhardt |first2=P. J.
|year=1995
|class=astro-ph
|eprint=astro-ph/9505066
}}</ref>


===Ununennium===
==WMAP==
The synthesis of ununennium was attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of [[einsteinium]]-254 with [[calcium]]-48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley, California:
[[NASA]]'s [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (WMAP) project's [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe#Nine-year data release|nine-year data release]] in 2012 estimated the age of the universe to be {{val|13.772|0.059|e=9}} years (13.772 billion years, with an uncertainty of plus or minus 59 million years).<ref name="arxiv-20121220" />
:<math>\,^{254}_{99}\mathrm{Es} + \,^{48}_{20}\mathrm{Ca} \to \,^{302}_{119}\mathrm{Uue} ^{*} </math>
No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting yield of 300 [[barn (unit)|nb]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Search for superheavy elements using <sup>48</sup>Ca + <sup>254</sup>Es<sup>g</sup> reaction|author=R. W. Lougheed, J. H. Landrum, E. K. Hulet, J. F. Wild, R. J. Dougan, A. D. Dougan, H. Gäggeler, M. Schädel, K. J. Moody, K. E. Gregorich, and [[Glenn T. Seaborg|G. T. Seaborg]]|journal=Physical Reviews C|year=1985|pages=1760–1763|url=http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRC/v32/p1760|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.32.1760|volume=32|issue=5|bibcode = 1985PhRvC..32.1760L }}</ref>
As of May 2012, plans are under way to attempt to synthesize the isotopes <sup>295</sup>Uue and <sup>296</sup>Uue by bombarding a target of [[berkelium]] with [[titanium]] at the [[GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research]] in [[Darmstadt]], Germany:<ref name="economist">[http://www.economist.com/node/21554502 Modern alchemy: Turning a line], [[The Economist]]</ref><ref>http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf</ref>
:<math>\,^{249}_{97}\mathrm{Bk} + \,^{50}_{22}\mathrm{Ti} \to \,^{296}_{119}\mathrm{Uue} \,+3\,^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}</math>


:<math>\,^{249}_{97}\mathrm{Bk} + \,^{50}_{22}\mathrm{Ti} \to \,^{295}_{119}\mathrm{Uue} \,+4\,^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}</math>
However, this age is based on the assumption that the project's underlying model is correct; other methods of estimating the age of the universe could give different ages. Assuming an extra background of relativistic particles, for example, can enlarge the error bars of the WMAP constraint by one order of magnitude.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=de Bernardis |first1=F.
|last2=Melchiorri |first2=A.
|last3=Verde |first3=L.
|last4=Jimenez |first4=R.
|year=2008
|title=The Cosmic Neutrino Background and the Age of the Universe
|journal=[[Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics]]
|volume=2008 |issue=3 |pages=20
|arxiv=0707.4170
|bibcode=2008JCAP...03..020D
|doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2008/03/020
}}</ref>


====Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=119 compound nuclei====
This measurement is made by using the location of the first acoustic peak in the [[cosmic microwave background radiation|microwave background]] power spectrum to determine the size of the decoupling surface (size of the universe at the time of recombination).  The light travel time to this surface (depending on the geometry used) yields a reliable age for the universe.  Assuming the validity of the models used to determine this age, the residual accuracy yields a margin of error near one percent.<ref name="wmap">
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 119.
{{cite journal
|first=D. N. |last=Spergel
|author2=''et al.''
|year=2003
|title=First-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]]
|volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=175–194
|arxiv=astro-ph/0302209
|bibcode=2003ApJS..148..175S
|doi=10.1086/377226
}}</ref>


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
==Planck==
In 2013, the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Planck (spacecraft)|Planck spacecraft]] team estimated the age of the universe to be {{val|13.82}} billion years,<ref name="ESA-20130321">
{{cite web
|author=Staff
|title=Planck Reveals An Almost Perfect Universe
|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_reveals_an_almost_perfect_Universe
|publisher=[[European Space Agency]]
|date=21 March 2013
|accessdate=2013-03-21
}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20130321">
{{cite web
|last1=Clavin |first1=W.
|last2=Harrington |first2=J. D.
|title=Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus
|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-109&rn=news.xml&rst=3739
|date=21 March 2013
|publisher=[[NASA]]
|accessdate=2013-03-21
}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20130321">
{{cite news
|last=Overbye |first=D.
|date=21 March 2013
|title=An Infant Universe, Born Before We Knew
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/22/science/space/planck-satellite-shows-image-of-infant-universe.html
|work=[[New York Times]]
|accessdate=2013-03-21
}}</ref><ref name="NBC-20130321">
{{cite web
|last=Boyle |first=A.
|date=21 March 2013
|title=Planck probe's cosmic 'baby picture' revises universe's vital statistics
|url=http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/03/21/17397298-planck-probes-cosmic-baby-picture-revises-universes-vital-statistics
|work=[[NBC News]]
|accessdate=2013-03-21
}}</ref> slightly higher but within the uncertainties of the earlier number derived from the WMAP data. By combining the Planck data with previous missions, the best combined estimate of the age of the universe is [[Planck (spacecraft)#2013 data release|{{val|13.798|0.037|e=9|u=years}} old]].<ref name="planck_overview" />


!Target!!Projectile!!CN!!Attempt result
<center>
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%; text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#B0C4DE" align="center"
|+ [[Lambda-CDM model|Cosmological parameters]] from 2013 Planck results<ref name="planck_overview" /><ref name='planck_cosmological_parameters'>
{{cite arXiv
|author=Planck collaboration
|year=2013
|title=Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
|class=astro-ph.CO
|eprint=1303.5076
}}</ref>
! Parameter !! Symbol !! Planck<br> Best fit !! Planck<br> 68% limits !! Planck+lensing<br> Best fit !! Planck+lensing<br> 68% limits !! Planck+WP<br> Best fit !! Planck+WP<br> 68% limits !! Planck+WP<br> +HighL<br> Best fit !! Planck+WP<br> +HighL<br> 68% limits !! Planck+lensing<br> +WP+highL<br> Best fit !! Planck+lensing<br> +WP+highL<br> 68% limits !! Planck+[[WMAP|WP]]<br> +highL+[[baryon acoustic oscillations|BAO]]<br> Best fit !! Planck+[[WMAP|WP]]<br> +highL+[[baryon acoustic oscillations|BAO]]<br> 68% limits
|-
|-
!<sup>254</sup>Es
| Age of the universe<br> (Ga) || <math>t_0</math> || 13.819 || {{val|13.813|0.058}} || 13.784 || {{val|13.796|0.058}} || 13.8242 || {{val|13.817|0.048}} || 13.8170 || {{val|13.813|0.047}} || 13.7914 || {{val|13.794|0.044}} || 13.7965 || {{val|13.798|0.037}}
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>302</sup>Uue||{{no|Failure to date}}
|-
|-
!<sup>249</sup>Bk
| [[Hubble's constant]]<br> ( {{frac|km|Mpc·s}} ) || <math>H_0</math> || 67.11 || {{val|67.4|1.4}} || 68.14 || {{val|67.9|1.5}} || 67.04 || {{val|67.3|1.2}} || 67.15 || {{val|67.3|1.2}} || 67.94 || {{val|67.9|1.0}}|| 67.77 || {{val|67.80|0.77}}
|<sup>50</sup>Ti||<sup>299</sup>Uue||{{unk|Planned reaction}}
|}
|}
</center>
{{-}}


===Unbinilium===
==Assumption of strong priors==
Attempts to date to synthesize the element using fusion reactions at low excitation energy have met with failure, although there are reports that the fission of nuclei of unbinilium at very high excitation has been successfully measured, indicating a strong shell effect at Z=120.
Calculating the age of the universe is accurate only if the assumptions built into the models being used to estimate it are also accurate. This is referred to as [[strong priors]] and essentially involves stripping the potential errors in other parts of the model to render the accuracy of actual observational data directly into the concluded result. Although this is not a valid procedure in all contexts (as noted in the accompanying caveat: "based on the fact we have assumed the underlying model we used is correct"), the age given is thus accurate to the specified error (since this error represents the error in the instrument used to gather the raw data input into the model).
In March–April 2007, the synthesis of unbinilium was attempted at the [[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions]] in [[Dubna]] by bombarding a [[plutonium]]-244 target with [[iron]]-58 [[ion]]s.<ref>[http://www.jinr.ru/plan/ptp-2007/e751004.htm THEME03-5-1004-94/2009]</ref> Initial analysis revealed that no atoms of element 120 were produced providing a limit of 400 [[barn (unit)|fb]] for the cross section at the energy studied.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. C|volume=79|page=024603|year=2009|title=Attempt to produce element 120 in the <sup>244</sup>Pu+<sup>58</sup>Fe reaction|doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.79.024603|last1=Oganessian|first1=Yu. Ts.|last2=Utyonkov|first2=V.|last3=Lobanov|first3=Yu.|last4=Abdullin|first4=F.|last5=Polyakov|first5=A.|last6=Sagaidak|first6=R.|last7=Shirokovsky|first7=I.|last8=Tsyganov|first8=Yu.|last9=Voinov|first9=A.|last10=N.N.|displayauthors=9|issue=2 |bibcode = 2009PhRvC..79b4603O }}</ref>


:<math>\,^{244}_{94}\mathrm{Pu} + \,^{58}_{26}\mathrm{Fe} \to \,^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} \to \ \mathit{fission\ only}</math>
The age of the universe based on the best fit to [[Planck (spacecraft)#2013 data release|Planck 2013 data]] alone is {{val|13.813|0.058}} billion years (the other estimate of {{val|13.798|0.037}} billion years uses Gaussian [[Prior probability|prior]]s based on earlier estimates from other studies to determine the combined uncertainty). This number represents the first accurate "direct" measurement of the age of the universe (other methods typically involve [[Hubble's law]] and the age of the oldest stars in globular clusters, etc.). It is possible to use different methods for determining the same parameter (in this case – the age of the universe) and arrive at different answers with no overlap in the "errors". To best avoid the problem, it is common to show two sets of uncertainties; one related to the actual measurement and the other related to the systematic errors of the model being used.


The Russian team are planning to upgrade their facilities before attempting the reaction again.<ref name=Duellmann>>http://fias.uni-frankfurt.de/kollo/Duellmann_FIAS-Kolloquium.pdf</ref>
An important component to the analysis of data used to determine the age of the universe (e.g. from [[Planck (spacecraft)|Planck]]) therefore is to use a [[Bayesian statistics|Bayesian statistical]] analysis, which normalizes the results based upon the priors (i.e. the model).<ref name="wmap" /> This quantifies any uncertainty in the accuracy of a measurement due to a particular model used.<ref>
{{cite conference
|last=Loredo |first=T. J.
|year=1992
|title=The Promise of Bayesian Inference for Astrophysics
|url=http://www.astro.cornell.edu/staff/loredo/bayes/promise.pdf
|editor1-last=Feigelson |editor1-first=E. D.
|editor2-last=Babu |editor2-first=G. J.
|booktitle=Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy
|pages=275–297
|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]
|bibcode=1992scma.conf..275L
|doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-9290-3_31
|isbn=978-1-4613-9292-7
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Colistete |first1=R.
|last2=Fabris |first2=J. C.
|last3=Concalves |first3=S. V. B.
|year=2005
|title=Bayesian Statistics and Parameter Constraints on the Generalized Chaplygin Gas Model Using SNe ia Data
|journal=[[International Journal of Modern Physics D]]
|volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=775–796
|arxiv=astro-ph/0409245
|bibcode=2005IJMPD..14..775C
|doi=10.1142/S0218271805006729
}}</ref>


In April 2007, the team at [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|GSI]] attempted to create unbinilium using [[uranium]]-238 and [[nickel]]-64:<ref name=Duellmann/>
==History==
{{Expand section|date=February 2014|1= The estimated age of the universe for certain crucial points in history, e.g.:
* before Einstein
* after Einstein
* before Hubble
* after Hubble
* etc}}
In the 18th century, the concept that the [[age of the Earth]] was millions, if not billions, of years began to appear. However, most scientists throughout the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th century presumed that the universe itself was [[Steady State theory|Steady State]] and eternal, with maybe stars coming and going but no changes occurring at the largest scale known at the time.


:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{64}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \to \,^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} \to \ \mathit{fission\ only}</math>
The first scientific theories indicating that the age of the universe might be finite were the studies of [[thermodynamics]], formalized in the mid-19th century. The concept of [[entropy]] dictates that if the universe (or any other closed system) were infinitely old, then everything inside would be at the same temperature, and thus there would be no stars and no life. No scientific explanation for this contradiction was put forth at the time. In 1915 [[Albert Einstein]] published the theory of [[general relativity]].<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Einstein |first=A.
|year=1915
|title=Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
|journal=[[Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften]]
|pages=778–786
|language=German
|bibcode=1915SPAW.......778E
}}</ref> Based on Einstein's theory, [[Georges Lemaître]]'s work showed that the universe cannot be static and must be either expanding or contracting. Einstein himself did not believe this result and so he added what he called a [[cosmological constant]] to his equations in an unsuccessful attempt to produce a theory consistent with a steady state universe.


No atoms were detected providing a limit of 1.6 pb on the cross section at the energy provided. The GSI repeated the experiment with higher sensitivity in three separate runs from April–May 2007, Jan–March 2008, and Sept–Oct 2008, all with negative results and providing a cross section limit of 90 fb.<ref name=Duellmann/>
The first direct observational evidence that the universe has a finite age came from the observations of astronomer [[Edwin Hubble]] published in 1929.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Hubble |first=E.
|year=1929
|title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae
|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]
|volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168&ndash;173
|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/168
|bibcode=1929PNAS...15..168H
|doi=10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
|pmid=16577160
|pmc=522427
}}</ref> Earlier in the 20th century, Hubble and others resolved individual stars within certain [[nebula]]e, thus determining that they were [[Galaxy|galaxies]], similar to, but external to, our [[Milky Way Galaxy]]. In addition, these galaxies were very large and very far away. [[electromagnetic spectrum|Spectra]] taken of these distant galaxies showed a [[red shift]] in their [[spectral lines]] presumably caused by the [[Doppler effect]], thus indicating that these galaxies were moving away from the Earth. In addition, the farther away these galaxies seemed to be, the greater the redshift and thus the faster they seemed to be moving away. This was the first direct evidence that the universe is not static but expanding. The first estimate of the age of the universe came from the calculation of when all of the objects must have started speeding out from the same point. Hubble's initial value for the universe's age was very low, as the galaxies were assumed to be much closer than later observations found them to be.


In June–July 2010, scientists at the GSI attempted the fusion reaction:<ref name=Duellmann/>
The first reasonably accurate measurement of the rate of expansion of the universe, a numerical value now known as the [[Hubble constant]], was made in 1958 by astronomer [[Allan Sandage]].<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Sandage |first1=A. R.
|title=Current Problems in the Extragalactic Distance Scale
|year=1958
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
|volume=127 |issue=3 |pages=513–526
|bibcode=1958ApJ...127..513S
|doi=10.1086/146483
}}</ref> His measured value for the Hubble constant came very close to the value range generally accepted today.


:<math>\,^{248}_{96}\mathrm{Cm} + \,^{54}_{24}\mathrm{Cr} \to \,^{302}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} </math>
However Sandage, like Einstein, did not believe his own results at the time of discovery. His value for the age of the universe{{Elucidate|date=February 2014|reason=What was his value for the age of the universe?}} was too short to reconcile with the 25-billion-year age estimated at that time for the oldest known [[star]]s. Sandage and other astronomers repeated these measurements numerous times, attempting to reduce the Hubble constant and thus increase the resulting age for the universe. Sandage even proposed new theories of [[cosmogony]] to explain this discrepancy. This issue was finally resolved by improvements in the theoretical models used for estimating the ages of stars. As of 2013, using the latest models for stellar evolution, the estimated age of the [[HD 140283|oldest known star]] is {{val|14.46|0.8}} billion years.<ref name=arxiv>
 
{{cite journal
They were unable to detect any atoms but exact details are not currently available.<ref name=Duellmann/>
|last1=Bond |first1=H. E.
 
|last2=Nelan |first2=E. P.
In August–October 2011, a different team at the GSI using the TASCA facility tried the new reaction:<ref name=Duellmann/>
|last3=Vandenberg|first3=D. A.
 
|last4=Schaefer|first4=G. H.
:<math>\,^{249}_{98}\mathrm{Cf} + \,^{50}_{22}\mathrm{Ti} \to \,^{299}_{120}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} </math>
|last5=Harmer |first5=D.
 
  |title=HD 140283: A Star in the Solar Neighborhood that Formed Shortly After the Big Bang
Results from this experiment are not yet available.<ref name=Duellmann/>
|year=2013
In 2008, the team at GANIL, France, described the results from a new technique which attempts to measure the fission [[half-life]] of a compound nucleus at high excitation energy, since the yields are significantly higher than from neutron evaporation channels. It is also a useful method for probing the effects of shell closures on the survivability of compound nuclei in the super-heavy region, which can indicate the exact position of the next proton shell (Z=114, 120, 124, or 126).
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
The team studied the nuclear fusion reaction between uranium ions and a target of natural nickel:
|volume=765 |pages=L12 |issue=12
 
|arxiv=1302.3180
::::<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{nat}_{28}\mathrm{Ni} \to \,^{296,298,299,300,302}\mathrm{Ubn} ^{*} \to \ \mathit{fission}.</math>
|bibcode=2013ApJ...765L..12B
 
|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L12
The results indicated that nuclei of unbinilium were produced at high (~70 MeV) excitation energy which underwent fission with measurable half-lives > 10<sup>−18</sup> s. Although very short, the ability to measure such a process indicates a strong shell effect at Z=120. At lower excitation energy (see neutron evaporation), the effect of the shell will be enhanced and ground-state nuclei can be expected to have relatively long half-lives. This result could partially explain the relatively long half-life of <sup>294</sup>[[ununoctium|Uuo]] measured in experiments at Dubna. Similar experiments have indicated a similar phenomenon at Z=124 (see [[unbiquadium]]) but not for [[flerovium]], suggesting that the next proton shell does in fact lie at Z>120.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1103/Physics.1.12|title=How stable are the heaviest nuclei?|year=2008|author=Natowitz, Joseph|journal=Physics|volume=1|pages=12|bibcode = 2008PhyOJ...1...12N }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|volume=101|year=2008|page=072701|title=Fission Time Measurements: A New Probe into Superheavy Element Stability|author=Morjean, M. et al.|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.072701|pmid=18764526|bibcode=2008PhRvL.101g2701M|issue=7}}</ref>
}}</ref>
The team at RIKEN have begun a program utilizing <sup>248</sup>Cm targets and have indicated future experiments to probe the possibility of Z=120 being the next magic number using the aforementioned nuclear reactions to form <sup>302</sup>Ubn.<ref>see slide 11 in [http://www-win.gsi.de/tasca07/contributions/TASCA07_Contribution_Morita.pdf Future Plan of the Experimental Program on Synthesizing the Heaviest Element at RIKEN]</ref>
 
====Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=120 compound nuclei====
The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with an atomic number of 120.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Attempt result
|-
!<sup>208</sup>Pb
|<sup>88</sup>Sr||<sup>296</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted<ref name=Haire/>}}
|-
!<sup>238</sup>U
|<sup>64</sup>Ni||<sup>302</sup>Ubn||{{no|Failure to date, σ < 94 fb}}
|-
!<sup>244</sup>Pu
|<sup>58</sup>Fe||<sup>302</sup>Ubn||{{no|Failure to date, σ < 0.4 pb}}
|-
!<sup>248</sup>Cm
|<sup>54</sup>Cr||<sup>302</sup>Ubn||{{no|Failure to date, not all details available}}
|-
!<sup>250</sup>Cm
|<sup>54</sup>Cr||<sup>304</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>249</sup>Cf
|<sup>50</sup>Ti||<sup>299</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Results are not yet available}}
|-
!<sup>252</sup>Cf
|<sup>50</sup>Ti||<sup>302</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|-
!<sup>257</sup>Fm
|<sup>48</sup>Ca||<sup>305</sup>Ubn||{{unk|Reaction yet to be attempted}}
|}
 
===Unbibium===
The first attempt to synthesize unbibium was performed in 1972 by [[Georgy Flerov|Flerov]] ''et al.'' at [[JINR]], using the hot fusion reaction:<ref name="emsley"/>
 
:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{66}_{30}\mathrm{Zn} \to \,^{304}_{122}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \ \mbox{no atoms}.</math>
 
No atoms were detected and a yield limit of 5 [[Barn (unit)|mb]] (5,000,000,000 [[barn (unit)|pb]]) was measured. Current results (see [[flerovium]]) have shown that the sensitivity of this experiment was too low by at least 6 orders of magnitude.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
 
In 2000, the [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung]] (GSI) performed a very similar experiment with much higher sensitivity:<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=588}}</ref>
 
:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} + \,^{70}_{30}\mathrm{Zn} \to \,^{308}_{122}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \ \mbox{no atoms}.</math>
 
These results indicate that the synthesis of such heavier elements remains a significant challenge and further improvements of beam intensity and experimental efficiency is required. The sensitivity should be increased to 1 [[barn (unit)|fb]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
 
Another unsuccessful attempt to synthesize unbibium was carried out in 1978 at the GSI, where a natural [[erbium]] target was bombarded with [[xenon-136]] ions:<ref name="emsley"/>
 
:<math>\,^{nat}_{68}\mathrm{Er} + \,^{136}_{54}\mathrm{Xe} \to \,^{298,300,302,303,304,306}\mathrm{Ubb} ^{*} \to \ \mbox{no atoms}.</math>
 
The two attempts in the 1970s to synthesize unbibium were caused by research investigating whether superheavy elements could potentially be naturally occurring.<ref name="emsley"/>
Several experiments have been performed between 2000-2004 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions studying the fission characteristics of the compound nucleus <sup>306</sup>Ubb. Two nuclear reactions have been used, namely <sup>248</sup>Cm + <sup>58</sup>Fe and <sup>242</sup>Pu + <sup>64</sup>Ni.<ref name="emsley"/> The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling [[nuclear shell model|closed shell]] nuclei such as <sup>132</sup>Sn (Z=50, N=82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between <sup>48</sup>Ca and <sup>58</sup>Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of <sup>58</sup>Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.<ref>see Flerov lab annual reports 2000–2004 inclusive http://www1.jinr.ru/Reports/Reports_eng_arh.html</ref>
 
===Unbiquadium===
In a series of experiments, scientists at GANIL have attempted to measure the direct and delayed fission of compound nuclei of elements with Z=114, 120, and 124 in order to probe [[nuclear shell|shell]] effects in this region and to pinpoint the next spherical proton shell. This is because having complete nuclear shells (or, equivalently, having a [[magic number (physics)|magic number]] of [[proton]]s or [[neutron]]s) would confer more stability on the nuclei of such superheavy elements, thus moving closer to the [[island of stability]]. In 2006, with full results published in 2008, the team provided results from a reaction involving the bombardment of a natural germanium target with uranium ions:
 
:<math>\,^{238}_{92}\mathrm{U} +  \,^{nat}_{32}\mathrm{Ge} \to \,^{308,310,311,312,314}\mathrm{Ubq} ^{*} \to \  fission.</math>
 
The team reported that they had been able to identify compound nuclei fissioning with half-lives > 10<sup>−18</sup> s. A compound nucleus is a loose combination of [[nucleon]]s that have not arranged themselves into nuclear shells yet. It has no internal structure and is held together only by the collision forces between the target and projectile nuclei. It is estimated that it requires around 10<sup>−14</sup>&nbsp;s for the nucleons to arrange themselves into nuclear shells, at which point the compound nucleus becomes an [[nuclide]], and this number is used by [[IUPAC]] as the minimum [[half-life]] a claimed isotope must have to potentially be recognised as being discovered. Thus, the GANIL experiments do not count as a discovery of element 124.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=590}}</ref>
 
===Unbihexium===
The first and only attempt to synthesize unbihexium, which was unsuccessful, was performed in 1971 at [[CERN]] by [[René Bimbot]] and John M. Alexander<!--don't link; the article titled "John M. Alexander" goes to a different John M. Alexander--> using the hot fusion reaction:<ref name="emsley"/>
 
: {{nuclide2|thorium|232|link=y}} + {{nuclide2|krypton|84|link=y}} → {{nuclide2|unbihexium|316}}* → ''no atoms''<!-- please, drop the attitude to use the resource-consuming <math> for any (non-mathematical) crap which one cannot easily type-as-it-reads on an en-US keyboard.  learn templates, HTML and Unicode -->
 
A high energy [[alpha particle]] was observed and taken as possible evidence for the synthesis of unbihexium. Recent research{{which|date=October 2011}} suggests that this is highly unlikely as the sensitivity of experiments performed in 1971 would have been several orders of magnitude too low according to current understanding.
 
===Unbiseptium===
Unbiseptium has had one failed attempt at [[Synthetic element|synthesis]] in 1978 at the Darmstadt UNILAC accelerator by bombarding a natural [[tantalum]] target with [[xenon]] ions:<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=593}}</ref>
 
:<math>\,^{nat}_{73}\mathrm{Ta} +  \,^{136}_{54}\mathrm{Xe} \to \,^{316, 317}\mathrm{Ubs} ^{*} \to \mbox{no atoms}.</math>
 
====Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=127 compound nuclei====
 
The below table shows various combinations of targets and projectiles leading to compound nuclei with an atomic number of 127.
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Target !! Projectile !! CN !! Attempt result
|-
!<sup>180m</sup>Ta
|<sup>136</sup>Xe||<sup>316</sup>Ubs||{{no|Failure to date}}
|-
!<sup>181</sup>Ta
|<sup>136</sup>Xe||<sup>317</sup>Ubs||{{no|Failure to date}}
|-
|}


==See also==
The discovery of [[microwave]] [[cosmic background radiation]] announced in 1965<ref name="apj142:419">
* [[Extended periodic table]]: extension of the table beyond the 7th period
{{cite journal
* [[Nucleon drip line]]
|last=Penzias |first=A. A.
* [[Period 9 element]]
|last2=Wilson |first2=R .W.
|year=1965
|title=A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
|volume=142 |pages=419–421
|doi=10.1086/148307
|bibcode=1965ApJ...142..419P
}}</ref> finally brought an effective end to the remaining scientific uncertainty over the expanding universe. The recently launched space probes WMAP, launched in 2001, and Planck, launched in 2009, produced data that determines the Hubble constant and the age of the universe independent of galaxy distances, removing the largest source of error.<ref name="wmap"/>


==Notes==
== See also ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Portal|Astronomy}}
* [[Age crisis]]
* [[Age of the Earth]]
* [[Anthropic principle]]
* [[Cosmology]]
* [[Hubble Deep Field]]
* [[Metric expansion of space]]
* [[Multiverse]]
* [[Observable universe]]
* [[Red Shift#Observations in astronomy|Red shift observations in astronomy]]
* [[Static universe]]
* [[The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe]] an essay written by [[Steven Weinberg]] and published in 1977
* [[Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE)]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


{{Navbox periodic table}}
==External links==
{{Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 32 columns, compact)}}
*[http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmolog.htm Ned Wright's Cosmology Tutorial]
*{{cite web | url =http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/age.html | first =Edward L. | last =Wright | title =Age of the Universe | date =2 July 2005}}
*Wayne Hu's [http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/metaanim.html cosmological parameter animations]
*{{cite arXiv|eprint=astro-ph/9505066|author1=Ostriker|author2=Steinhardt|title=Cosmic Concordance|class=astro-ph|year=1995}}
*SEDS page on [http://www.seds.org/messier/glob.html "Globular Star Clusters"]
*Douglas Scott [http://www.astro.ubc.ca/people/scott/bbage.html "Independent Age Estimates"]
*KryssTal [http://www.krysstal.com/scale.html "The Scale of the Universe"] Space and Time scaled for the beginner.
*[http://icosmos.co.uk/ iCosmos: Cosmology Calculator (With Graph Generation )]
*[http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ideas/expanding.htm The Expanding Universe] (American Institute of Physics)


{{DEFAULTSORT:Period 08}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Age Of The Universe}}
[[Category:Periods in the periodic table]]
[[Category:Universe]]
[[Category:Hypothetical chemical elements]]
[[Category:Physical cosmology]]
[[Category:Big Bang]]

Revision as of 22:13, 12 August 2014

29 yr old Orthopaedic Surgeon Grippo from Saint-Paul, spends time with interests including model railways, top property developers in singapore developers in singapore and dolls. Finished a cruise ship experience that included passing by Runic Stones and Church. Template:Cosmology

In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang. The best measurement of the age of the universe is Template:Val billion years (Template:Val years or Template:Val seconds) within the Lambda-CDM concordance model.[1][2] The uncertainty of 37 million years has been obtained by the agreement of a number of scientific research projects, such as microwave background radiation measurements by the Planck satellite, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and other probes. Measurements of the cosmic background radiation give the cooling time of the universe since the Big Bang,[2] and measurements of the expansion rate of the universe can be used to calculate its approximate age by extrapolating backwards in time.

Explanation

The Lambda-CDM concordance model describes the evolution of the universe from a very uniform, hot, dense primordial state to its present state over a span of about 13.8 billion years[3] of cosmological time. This model is well understood theoretically and strongly supported by recent high-precision astronomical observations such as WMAP. In contrast, theories of the origin of the primordial state remain very speculative. If one extrapolates the Lambda-CDM model backward from the earliest well-understood state, it quickly (within a small fraction of a second) reaches a singularity called the "Big Bang singularity." This singularity is not understood as having a physical significance in the usual sense, but it is convenient to quote times measured "since the Big Bang" even though they do not correspond to a physically measurable time. For example, "10−6 seconds after the Big Bang" is a well-defined era in the universe's evolution. If one referred to the same era as "13.8 billion years minus 10−6 seconds ago," the precision of the meaning would be lost because the minuscule latter time interval is swamped by uncertainty in the former.

Though the universe might in theory have a longer history, the International Astronomical Union[4] presently use "age of the universe" to mean the duration of the Lambda-CDM expansion, or equivalently the elapsed time since the Big Bang in the current observable universe.

Observational limits

Since the universe must be at least as old as the oldest thing in it, there are a number of observations which put a lower limit on the age of the universe; these include the temperature of the coolest white dwarfs, which gradually cool as they age, and the dimmest turnoff point of main sequence stars in clusters (lower-mass stars spend a greater amount of time on the main sequence, so the lowest-mass stars that have evolved off of the main sequence set a minimum age).

Cosmological parameters

The age of the universe can be determined by measuring the Hubble constant today and extrapolating back in time with the observed value of density parameters (Ω). Before the discovery of dark energy, it was believed that the universe was matter-dominated, and so Ω on this graph corresponds to Ωm. Note that the accelerating universe has the greatest age, while the Big Crunch universe has the least age.
The value of the age correction factor, F, is shown as a function of two cosmological parameters: the current fractional matter density Ωm and cosmological constant density ΩΛ. The best-fit values of these parameters are shown by the box in the upper left; the matter-dominated universe is shown by the star in the lower right.

The problem of determining the age of the universe is closely tied to the problem of determining the values of the cosmological parameters. Today this is largely carried out in the context of the ΛCDM model, where the universe is assumed to contain normal (baryonic) matter, cold dark matter, radiation (including both photons and neutrinos), and a cosmological constant. The fractional contribution of each to the current energy density of the universe is given by the density parameters Ωm, Ωr, and ΩΛ. The full ΛCDM model is described by a number of other parameters, but for the purpose of computing its age these three, along with the Hubble parameter , are the most important.

If one has accurate measurements of these parameters, then the age of the universe can be determined by using the Friedmann equation. This equation relates the rate of change in the scale factor a(t) to the matter content of the universe. Turning this relation around, we can calculate the change in time per change in scale factor and thus calculate the total age of the universe by integrating this formula. The age t0 is then given by an expression of the form

where is the Hubble parameter and the function F depends only on the fractional contribution to the universe's energy content that comes from various components. The first observation that one can make from this formula is that it is the Hubble parameter that controls that age of the universe, with a correction arising from the matter and energy content. So a rough estimate of the age of the universe comes from the Hubble time, the inverse of the Hubble parameter. With a value for around Template:Val, the Hubble time evaluates to = Template:Val billion years.[5]

To get a more accurate number, the correction factor F must be computed. In general this must be done numerically, and the results for a range of cosmological parameter values are shown in the figure. For the Planck values (Ωm, ΩΛ) = (0.3086, 0.6914), shown by the box in the upper left corner of the figure, this correction factor is about F = 0.956. For a flat universe without any cosmological constant, shown by the star in the lower right corner, F = Template:Frac is much smaller and thus the universe is younger for a fixed value of the Hubble parameter. To make this figure, Ωr is held constant (roughly equivalent to holding the CMB temperature constant) and the curvature density parameter is fixed by the value of the other three.

Apart from the Planck satellite, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) was instrumental in establishing an accurate age of the universe, though other measurements must be folded in to gain an accurate number. CMB measurements are very good at constraining the matter content Ωm[6] and curvature parameter Ωk.[7] It is not as sensitive to ΩΛ directly,[7] partly because the cosmological constant becomes important only at low redshift. The most accurate determinations of the Hubble parameter H0 come from Type Ia supernovae. Combining these measurements leads to the generally accepted value for the age of the universe quoted above.

The cosmological constant makes the universe "older" for fixed values of the other parameters. This is significant, since before the cosmological constant became generally accepted, the Big Bang model had difficulty explaining why globular clusters in the Milky Way appeared to be far older than the age of the universe as calculated from the Hubble parameter and a matter-only universe.[8][9] Introducing the cosmological constant allows the universe to be older than these clusters, as well as explaining other features that the matter-only cosmological model could not.[10]

WMAP

NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) project's nine-year data release in 2012 estimated the age of the universe to be Template:Val years (13.772 billion years, with an uncertainty of plus or minus 59 million years).[2]

However, this age is based on the assumption that the project's underlying model is correct; other methods of estimating the age of the universe could give different ages. Assuming an extra background of relativistic particles, for example, can enlarge the error bars of the WMAP constraint by one order of magnitude.[11]

This measurement is made by using the location of the first acoustic peak in the microwave background power spectrum to determine the size of the decoupling surface (size of the universe at the time of recombination). The light travel time to this surface (depending on the geometry used) yields a reliable age for the universe. Assuming the validity of the models used to determine this age, the residual accuracy yields a margin of error near one percent.[12]

Planck

In 2013, the European Space Agency's Planck spacecraft team estimated the age of the universe to be Template:Val billion years,[13][14][15][16] slightly higher but within the uncertainties of the earlier number derived from the WMAP data. By combining the Planck data with previous missions, the best combined estimate of the age of the universe is [[Planck (spacecraft)#2013 data release|Template:Val old]].[1]

Cosmological parameters from 2013 Planck results[1][17]
Parameter Symbol Planck
Best fit		 Planck
68% limits		 Planck+lensing
Best fit		 Planck+lensing
68% limits		 Planck+WP
Best fit		 Planck+WP
68% limits		 Planck+WP
+HighL
Best fit		 Planck+WP
+HighL
68% limits		 Planck+lensing
+WP+highL
Best fit		 Planck+lensing
+WP+highL
68% limits		 Planck+WP
+highL+BAO
Best fit		 Planck+WP
+highL+BAO
68% limits
Age of the universe
(Ga)		 13.819 Template:Val 13.784 Template:Val 13.8242 Template:Val 13.8170 Template:Val 13.7914 Template:Val 13.7965 Template:Val
Hubble's constant
( Template:Frac )		 67.11 Template:Val 68.14 Template:Val 67.04 Template:Val 67.15 Template:Val 67.94 Template:Val 67.77 Template:Val

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Assumption of strong priors

Calculating the age of the universe is accurate only if the assumptions built into the models being used to estimate it are also accurate. This is referred to as strong priors and essentially involves stripping the potential errors in other parts of the model to render the accuracy of actual observational data directly into the concluded result. Although this is not a valid procedure in all contexts (as noted in the accompanying caveat: "based on the fact we have assumed the underlying model we used is correct"), the age given is thus accurate to the specified error (since this error represents the error in the instrument used to gather the raw data input into the model).

The age of the universe based on the best fit to Planck 2013 data alone is Template:Val billion years (the other estimate of Template:Val billion years uses Gaussian priors based on earlier estimates from other studies to determine the combined uncertainty). This number represents the first accurate "direct" measurement of the age of the universe (other methods typically involve Hubble's law and the age of the oldest stars in globular clusters, etc.). It is possible to use different methods for determining the same parameter (in this case – the age of the universe) and arrive at different answers with no overlap in the "errors". To best avoid the problem, it is common to show two sets of uncertainties; one related to the actual measurement and the other related to the systematic errors of the model being used.

An important component to the analysis of data used to determine the age of the universe (e.g. from Planck) therefore is to use a Bayesian statistical analysis, which normalizes the results based upon the priors (i.e. the model).[12] This quantifies any uncertainty in the accuracy of a measurement due to a particular model used.[18][19]

History

Template:Expand section In the 18th century, the concept that the age of the Earth was millions, if not billions, of years began to appear. However, most scientists throughout the 19th century and into the first decades of the 20th century presumed that the universe itself was Steady State and eternal, with maybe stars coming and going but no changes occurring at the largest scale known at the time.

The first scientific theories indicating that the age of the universe might be finite were the studies of thermodynamics, formalized in the mid-19th century. The concept of entropy dictates that if the universe (or any other closed system) were infinitely old, then everything inside would be at the same temperature, and thus there would be no stars and no life. No scientific explanation for this contradiction was put forth at the time. In 1915 Albert Einstein published the theory of general relativity.[20] Based on Einstein's theory, Georges Lemaître's work showed that the universe cannot be static and must be either expanding or contracting. Einstein himself did not believe this result and so he added what he called a cosmological constant to his equations in an unsuccessful attempt to produce a theory consistent with a steady state universe.

The first direct observational evidence that the universe has a finite age came from the observations of astronomer Edwin Hubble published in 1929.[21] Earlier in the 20th century, Hubble and others resolved individual stars within certain nebulae, thus determining that they were galaxies, similar to, but external to, our Milky Way Galaxy. In addition, these galaxies were very large and very far away. Spectra taken of these distant galaxies showed a red shift in their spectral lines presumably caused by the Doppler effect, thus indicating that these galaxies were moving away from the Earth. In addition, the farther away these galaxies seemed to be, the greater the redshift and thus the faster they seemed to be moving away. This was the first direct evidence that the universe is not static but expanding. The first estimate of the age of the universe came from the calculation of when all of the objects must have started speeding out from the same point. Hubble's initial value for the universe's age was very low, as the galaxies were assumed to be much closer than later observations found them to be.

The first reasonably accurate measurement of the rate of expansion of the universe, a numerical value now known as the Hubble constant, was made in 1958 by astronomer Allan Sandage.[22] His measured value for the Hubble constant came very close to the value range generally accepted today.

However Sandage, like Einstein, did not believe his own results at the time of discovery. His value for the age of the universeTemplate:Elucidate was too short to reconcile with the 25-billion-year age estimated at that time for the oldest known stars. Sandage and other astronomers repeated these measurements numerous times, attempting to reduce the Hubble constant and thus increase the resulting age for the universe. Sandage even proposed new theories of cosmogony to explain this discrepancy. This issue was finally resolved by improvements in the theoretical models used for estimating the ages of stars. As of 2013, using the latest models for stellar evolution, the estimated age of the oldest known star is Template:Val billion years.[23]

The discovery of microwave cosmic background radiation announced in 1965[24] finally brought an effective end to the remaining scientific uncertainty over the expanding universe. The recently launched space probes WMAP, launched in 2001, and Planck, launched in 2009, produced data that determines the Hubble constant and the age of the universe independent of galaxy distances, removing the largest source of error.[12]

See also

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References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite arXiv
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite arXiv
  3. ↑ Template:Cite web
  4. ↑ Template:Cite news
  5. ↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  6. ↑ Template:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Template:Cite web
  8. ↑ Template:Cite web
  9. ↑ Template:Cite web
  10. ↑ Template:Cite arXiv
  11. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  13. ↑ Template:Cite web
  14. ↑ Template:Cite web
  15. ↑ Template:Cite news
  16. ↑ Template:Cite web
  17. ↑ Template:Cite arXiv
  18. ↑ 55 years old Systems Administrator Antony from Clarence Creek, really loves learning, PC Software and aerobics. Likes to travel and was inspired after making a journey to Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace.

    You can view that web-site... ccleaner free download
  19. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  20. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  21. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  22. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  23. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  24. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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