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[[File:Saddle point.png|thumb|right|200px|A saddle point on the graph of z=x<sup>2</sup>−y<sup>2</sup> (in red)]]
{{about|the numerical integration method|the neurological examination maneuver|Romberg's test}}
[[File:Saddle pt.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Saddle point between two hills (the intersection of the figure-eight <math>z</math>-contour)]]
In [[mathematics]], a '''saddle point''' is a point in the [[domain (mathematics)|domain]] of a [[function (mathematics)|function]] that is a [[stationary point]] but not a [[local extremum]]. The name derives from the fact that the prototypical example in two dimensions is a [[surface]] that ''curves up'' in one direction, and ''curves down'' in a different direction, resembling a [[saddle]] or a [[mountain pass]]. In terms of [[contour line]]s, a saddle point in two dimensions gives rise to a contour that appears to intersect itself.


== Mathematical Discussion ==
In [[numerical analysis]], '''Romberg's method''' {{Harv|Romberg|1955}} is used to estimate the [[Integral|definite integral]]


A simple criterion for checking if a given stationary point of a real-valued function ''F''(''x'',''y'') of two real variables is a saddle point is to compute the function's [[Hessian matrix]] at that point: if the Hessian is [[Positive-definite matrix#Indefinite|indefinite]], then that point is a saddle point. For example, the Hessian matrix of the function <math>z=x^2-y^2</math> at the stationary point <math>(0, 0)</math> is the matrix
:<math> \int_a^b f(x) \, dx </math>
: <math>\begin{bmatrix}
2 & 0\\
0 & -2 \\
\end{bmatrix}
</math>
which is indefinite. Therefore, this point is a saddle point. This criterion gives only a sufficient condition. For example, the point <math>(0, 0)</math> is a saddle point for the function <math>z=x^4-y^4,</math> but the Hessian matrix of this function at the origin is the null matrix, which is not indefinite.


In the most general terms, a '''saddle point''' for a [[smooth function]] (whose [[graph of a function|graph]] is a [[curve]], [[surface]] or [[hypersurface]]) is a stationary point such that the curve/surface/etc. in the [[neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of that point is not entirely on any side of the [[tangent space]] at that point.
by applying [[Richardson extrapolation]] {{Harv|Richardson|1910}} repeatedly on the [[trapezium rule]] or the [[rectangle rule]] (midpoint rule). The estimates generate a triangular array.  Romberg's method is a [[Newton–Cotes formulas|Newton–Cotes formula]] – it evaluates the integrand at equally-spaced points.
[[File:x cubed plot.svg|thumb|150px|The plot of ''y''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''x''<sup>3</sup> with a saddle point at 0]]
The integrand must have continuous derivatives, though fairly good results
may be obtained if only a few derivatives exist.
If it is possible to evaluate the integrand at unequally-spaced points, then other methods such as [[Gaussian quadrature]] and [[Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature]] are generally more accurate.


In one dimension, a saddle point is a [[Point (geometry)|point]] which is both a [[stationary point]] and a [[Inflection point|point of inflection]]. Since it is a point of inflection, it is not a [[local extremum]].
The method is named after [[Werner Romberg]] (1909–2003), who published the method in 1955.


== Other uses ==
== Method ==


In [[dynamical systems]], a ''saddle point'' is a [[periodic point]] whose [[stable manifold|stable]] and [[unstable manifold]]s have a [[dimension]] that is not zero. If the dynamic is given by a [[differentiable map]] ''f'' then a point is hyperbolic if and only if the differential of ''&fnof;'' <sup>''n''</sup> (where ''n'' is the period of the point) has no eigenvalue on the (complex) [[unit circle]] when computed at the point.
The method can be defined inductively


In a two-player [[zero-sum (game theory)|zero sum]] game defined on a continuous space, the [[Nash equilibrium|equilibrium]] point is a saddle point.
:<math>R(0,0) = \frac{1}{2} (b-a) (f(a) + f(b))</math>


A saddle point is an element of the matrix which is both the largest element in its column and the smallest element in its row.
:<math>R(n,0) = \frac{1}{2} R(n-1,0) + h_n \sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}} f(a + (2k-1)h_n)</math>


For a second-order linear autonomous systems, a [[critical point (mathematics)|critical point]] is a saddle point if the [[Characteristic equation (calculus)|characteristic equation]] has one positive and one negative real eigenvalue.<ref>{{harvnb|von Petersdorff|2006}}</ref>
:<math>R(n,m) = R(n,m-1) + \frac{1}{4^m-1} (R(n,m-1) - R(n-1,m-1))</math>


== See also ==
or
* [[Saddle-point method]] is an extension of [[Laplace's method]] for approximating integrals
* [[Extremum]]
* [[First derivative test]]
* [[Second derivative test]]
* [[Higher-order derivative test]]
* [[Saddle surface]]
* [[Hyperbolic equilibrium point]]
* [[Sion's minimax theorem]]
* [[Mountain pass]]
* [[Max–min inequality]]


== Notes ==
:<math>R(n,m) = \frac{1}{4^m-1} ( 4^m R(n,m-1) - R(n-1,m-1))</math>
<references/>
 
where
 
:<math> n \ge 1 \, </math>
 
:<math> m \ge 1 \, </math>
 
:<math> h_n = \frac{b-a}{2^n}. </math>
 
In [[big O notation]], the error for ''R''(''n'',&nbsp;''m'') is {{Harv|Mysovskikh|2002}}:
 
:<math> O\left(h_n^{2m+2}\right). \, </math>
 
The zeroeth extrapolation, ''R''(''n'',&nbsp;0), is equivalent to the [[trapezoidal rule]] with 2<sup>''n''</sup>&nbsp;+&nbsp;1 points; the first extrapolation, ''R''(''n'',&nbsp;1), is equivalent to [[Simpson's rule]] with 2<sup>''n''</sup>&nbsp;+&nbsp;1 points. The second extrapolation, ''R''(''n'',&nbsp;2), is equivalent to [[Boole's rule]] with 2<sup>''n''</sup>&nbsp;+&nbsp;1 points. Further extrapolations differ from Newton Cote's Formulas. In particular further Romberg extrapolations expand on Boole's rule in very slight ways, modifying weights into ratios similar as in Boole's rule. In contrast, further Newton Cotes methods produce increasingly  differing weights, eventually leading to large positive and negative weights. This is indicative of how large degree interpolating polynomial Newton Cotes methods fail to converge for many integrals, while Romberg integration is more stable.
 
When function evaluations are expensive, it may be preferable to replace the polynomial interpolation of Richardson with the rational interpolation proposed by {{Harvtxt|Bulirsch|Stoer|1967}}.
 
== A geometric example ==
To estimate the area under a curve the trapezoid rule is applied first to one-piece, then two, then four, and so on.
 
[[File:Freeform_curve.gif|thumb|One-piece (click to enlarge)]] [[File:2 piece.gif|thumb|Two-piece]] [[File:4 piece.gif|thumb|Four-piece]] [[File:8 piece.gif|thumb|Eight-piece]]
 
After trapezoid rule estimates are obtained Richardson's Extrapolation is applied
 
*For the first iteration the two piece and one piece estimates are used in the formula (4 X (more accurate) - (less accurate))/3 The same formula is then used to compare the four piece and the two piece estimate, and likewise for the higher estimates
 
*For the second iteration the values of the first iteration are used in the formula (16(more accurate)-less accurate)/15
 
*The third iteration uses the next power of 4:  (64 (More accurate) - less accurate)/63 on the values derived by the second iteration.
 
*The pattern is continued until there is one estimate.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Number of pieces'''||'''Trapezoid estimates'''|| '''First iteration'''||'''second iteration||'''third iteration'''
|-
|                      ||                        ||'''(4MA-LA)/3'''*  || '''(16MA-LA)/15'''|| '''(64MA-LA)/63'''
|- 
|1||0  ||  (4*480-0)/3 = 640||  (16*880-640)/15 =896 ||  (64*1015.11-896)/63 = 1017.002
|-
|2||480 ||  (4*780-480)/3 = 880 || (16*1006.67-880)/15 = 1015.11.. ||
|-
|4||780 ||  (4*950-780)/3 =1006.666..  ||  ||
|-
|8||950 ||  ||  ||
|-
|-
|}
*MA stands for more accurate, LA stands for less accurate
 
== Example ==
 
As an example, the [[Gaussian function]] is integrated from 0 to 1, i.e. the [[error function]] erf(1)&nbsp;≈&nbsp;0.842700792949715.  The triangular array is calculated row by row and calculation is terminated if the two last entries in the last row differ less than 10<sup>&minus;8</sup>.
 
<pre><nowiki>
0.77174333
0.82526296  0.84310283
0.83836778  0.84273605  0.84271160
0.84161922  0.84270304  0.84270083  0.84270066
0.84243051  0.84270093  0.84270079  0.84270079  0.84270079
</nowiki></pre>
 
The result in the lower right corner of the triangular array is accurate to the digits shown.
It is remarkable that this result is derived from the less accurate approximations
obtained by the trapezium rule in the first column of the triangular array.
 
== Implementation ==
Here is an example of a computer implementation of the Romberg method (in the [[C programming language]]). It needs one vector and one variable, as well as a sub-routine trapeze:
 
<source lang=c>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#define MAX 6
 
int main()
{
    double s[MAX];
    int i,k;
    double var ;
    for (i = 1; i< MAX; i++)
        s[i] = 1;
    for (k=1; k< MAX; k++)
    {
        for (i=1; i <=k; i++)
        {
            if (i==1)
            {
                var = s[i];
                s[i] = Trap(0, 1, pow(2, k-1));    // sub-routine trapeze
            }                                      // integrated from 0 and 1
                                                    /* pow() is the number of subdivisions*/
            else
            {
                s[k]= ( pow(4 , i-1)*s[i-1]-var )/(pow(4, i-1) - 1);
                                                               
                var = s[i];
                s[i]= s[k]; 
            }
        }
 
        for (i=1; i <=k; i++)
            printf ("  %f  ", s[i]);
 
        printf ("\n");
    }
 
    return 0;
}
</source>


== References ==
== References ==
* {{citation|last1=Richardson|first1=L. F.|title=The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam|journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A<!--, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character--> |volume=210|issue=459-470|year=1911|pages=307–357|doi=10.1098/rsta.1911.0009|jstor=90994}}
* {{citation|last1=Romberg|first1=W.|title=Vereinfachte numerische Integration|journal=Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Forhandlinger|volume=28|year=1955|location=Trondheim|pages=30–36|issue=7}}
* {{citation|last=Thacher, Jr.|first=Henry C.|title=Remark on Algorithm 60: Romberg integration|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=7|pages =420–421|month=July|year=1964|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=364520.364542|doi=10.1145/364520.364542|issue=7}}
* {{citation|last1=Bauer|first1=F.L.|last2=Rutishauser|last3=Stiefel|first3=E.|title=New aspects in numerical quadrature|editor-last=Metropolis|editor-first=N. C., et al.|journal=Experimental Arithmetic, high-speed computing and mathematics, Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics|publisher=[[American Mathematical Society|AMS]]|year=1963|pages=199–218|first2=H.|issue=15}}
* {{citation|last1=Bulirsch|first1=Roland|last2=Stoer|first2=Josef|title= Handbook Series Numerical Integration. Numerical quadrature by extrapolation|journal=Numerische Mathematik|volume=9|year=1967|pages=271–278 |url=http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN362160546_0009}}
* {{citation|last=Mysovskikh|first=I.P.|contribution=Romberg method|editor-last=Hazewinkel|editor-first=Michiel|title=Encyclopaedia of Mathematics|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|year=2002|isbn=1-4020-0609-8|url=http://eom.springer.de/r/r082570.htm}}
* {{Citation |last1=Press|first1=WH|last2=Teukolsky|first2=SA|last3=Vetterling|first3=WT|last4=Flannery|first4=BP|year=2007|title=Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing|edition=3rd|publisher=Cambridge University Press| publication-place=New York|isbn=978-0-521-88068-8|chapter=Section 4.3. Romberg Integration|chapter-url=http://apps.nrbook.com/empanel/index.html?pg=166}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/loadFile.do?objectId=34&objectType=file ROMBINT] – code for [[MATLAB]] (author: Martin Kacenak)
*[http://math.fullerton.edu/mathews/n2003/RombergMod.html Module for Romberg integration]
*[http://www.hvks.com/Numerical/webintegration.html Free online integration tool using Romberg, Fox–Romberg, Gauss–Legendre and other numerical methods]


* {{citation |last1=Gray |first1=Lawrence F.|last2=Flanigan|first2=Francis J.|last3=Kazdan|first3=Jerry L.|last4=Frank|first4=David H|last5=Fristedt|first5=Bert |title=Calculus two: linear and nonlinear functions |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=Berlin |year=1990 |pages= page 375|isbn=0-387-97388-5 |oclc= |doi=}}
[[Category:Numerical integration (quadrature)]]
* {{Citation | last1=Hilbert | first1=David | author1-link=David Hilbert | last2=Cohn-Vossen | first2=Stephan | author2-link=Stephan Cohn-Vossen | title=Geometry and the Imagination | publisher=Chelsea | location=New York | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-8284-1087-8 | year=1952 }}
[[Category:Articles with example C code]]
* {{citation|first=Tobias|last=von Petersdorff|url=http://www2.math.umd.edu/~petersd/246/stab.html|chapter=Critical Points of Autonomous Systems|year=2006|title=Differential Equations for Scientists and Engineers (Math 246 lecture notes)}}
* {{citation |last=Widder|first=D. V. |title=Advanced calculus |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York |year=1989 |pages=page 128 |isbn=0-486-66103-2 |oclc= |doi=}}
* {{citation |last=Agarwal|first=A. |title=Study on the Nash Equilibrium (Lecture Notes)|url=http://www.cse.iitd.ernet.in/~rahul/cs905/lecture3/nash1.html#SECTION00041000000000000000}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Saddle Point}}
[[ca:Mètode de Romberg]]
[[Category:Differential geometry of surfaces]]
[[de:Romberg-Integration]]
[[Category:Multivariable calculus]]
[[es:Método de Romberg]]
[[Category:Stability theory]]
[[fr:Méthode de Romberg]]
[[Category:Analytic geometry]]
[[hu:Romberg módszer]]
[[nl:Methode van Romberg]]
[[pl:Metoda Romberga]]
[[sr:Ромбергова интеграција]]

Revision as of 13:25, 12 August 2014

29 yr old Orthopaedic Surgeon Grippo from Saint-Paul, spends time with interests including model railways, top property developers in singapore developers in singapore and dolls. Finished a cruise ship experience that included passing by Runic Stones and Church.

In numerical analysis, Romberg's method Template:Harv is used to estimate the definite integral

by applying Richardson extrapolation Template:Harv repeatedly on the trapezium rule or the rectangle rule (midpoint rule). The estimates generate a triangular array. Romberg's method is a Newton–Cotes formula – it evaluates the integrand at equally-spaced points. The integrand must have continuous derivatives, though fairly good results may be obtained if only a few derivatives exist. If it is possible to evaluate the integrand at unequally-spaced points, then other methods such as Gaussian quadrature and Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature are generally more accurate.

The method is named after Werner Romberg (1909–2003), who published the method in 1955.

Method

The method can be defined inductively

or

where

In big O notation, the error for R(nm) is Template:Harv:

The zeroeth extrapolation, R(n, 0), is equivalent to the trapezoidal rule with 2n + 1 points; the first extrapolation, R(n, 1), is equivalent to Simpson's rule with 2n + 1 points. The second extrapolation, R(n, 2), is equivalent to Boole's rule with 2n + 1 points. Further extrapolations differ from Newton Cote's Formulas. In particular further Romberg extrapolations expand on Boole's rule in very slight ways, modifying weights into ratios similar as in Boole's rule. In contrast, further Newton Cotes methods produce increasingly differing weights, eventually leading to large positive and negative weights. This is indicative of how large degree interpolating polynomial Newton Cotes methods fail to converge for many integrals, while Romberg integration is more stable.

When function evaluations are expensive, it may be preferable to replace the polynomial interpolation of Richardson with the rational interpolation proposed by Template:Harvtxt.

A geometric example

To estimate the area under a curve the trapezoid rule is applied first to one-piece, then two, then four, and so on.

One-piece (click to enlarge)
Two-piece
Four-piece
Eight-piece

After trapezoid rule estimates are obtained Richardson's Extrapolation is applied

  • For the first iteration the two piece and one piece estimates are used in the formula (4 X (more accurate) - (less accurate))/3 The same formula is then used to compare the four piece and the two piece estimate, and likewise for the higher estimates
  • For the second iteration the values of the first iteration are used in the formula (16(more accurate)-less accurate)/15
  • The third iteration uses the next power of 4: (64 (More accurate) - less accurate)/63 on the values derived by the second iteration.
  • The pattern is continued until there is one estimate.
Number of pieces Trapezoid estimates First iteration second iteration third iteration
(4MA-LA)/3* (16MA-LA)/15 (64MA-LA)/63
1 0 (4*480-0)/3 = 640 (16*880-640)/15 =896 (64*1015.11-896)/63 = 1017.002
2 480 (4*780-480)/3 = 880 (16*1006.67-880)/15 = 1015.11..
4 780 (4*950-780)/3 =1006.666..
8 950
  • MA stands for more accurate, LA stands for less accurate

Example

As an example, the Gaussian function is integrated from 0 to 1, i.e. the error function erf(1) ≈ 0.842700792949715. The triangular array is calculated row by row and calculation is terminated if the two last entries in the last row differ less than 10−8.

 0.77174333
 0.82526296  0.84310283
 0.83836778  0.84273605  0.84271160
 0.84161922  0.84270304  0.84270083  0.84270066
 0.84243051  0.84270093  0.84270079  0.84270079  0.84270079

The result in the lower right corner of the triangular array is accurate to the digits shown. It is remarkable that this result is derived from the less accurate approximations obtained by the trapezium rule in the first column of the triangular array.

Implementation

Here is an example of a computer implementation of the Romberg method (in the C programming language). It needs one vector and one variable, as well as a sub-routine trapeze:

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <math.h>
 #define MAX 6

int main()
{
    double s[MAX];
    int i,k;
    double var ;
    for (i = 1; i< MAX; i++)
        s[i] = 1;
 
    for (k=1; k< MAX; k++)
    {
        for (i=1; i <=k; i++)
        {
            if (i==1)
            {
                var = s[i];
                s[i] = Trap(0, 1, pow(2, k-1));     // sub-routine trapeze 
            }                                       // integrated from 0 and 1
                                                    /* pow() is the number of subdivisions*/
            else
            {
                s[k]= ( pow(4 , i-1)*s[i-1]-var )/(pow(4, i-1) - 1); 
                                                                 
                var = s[i];
                s[i]= s[k];  
            }
         }

        for (i=1; i <=k; i++)
            printf ("  %f  ", s[i]);

        printf ("\n");
    }

    return 0;
}

References

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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

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    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

External links

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