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{{Continuum mechanics}}
This is a preview for the new '''MathML rendering mode''' (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.
The expression '''Gay-Lussac's law''' is used for each of the two relationships named after the French chemist [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] and which concern the properties of [[gases]], though it is more usually applied to his law of combining volumes, the first listed here.  One law relates to volumes before and after a chemical reaction while the other concerns the pressure and temperature relationship for a sample of gas.


== Law of combining volumes ==
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[[Image:Law_of_combining_volumes.svg|thumb|150px|right|Under [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]], a reaction between three cubic meters of hydrogen gas and one cubic meter of nitrogen gas will produce circa two cubic meters of [[ammonia]]]]
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The law of combining volumes states that, when gases react together to form other gases, and all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure:
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<blockquote>
'''The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers.'''
</blockquote>
For example, Gay-Lussac found that 2 volumes of Hydrogen and 1 volume of Oxygen would react to form 2 volume of gaseous water. In addition to Gay-Lussac's results, Amedeo Avogadro theorized that, at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules ([[Avogadro's law]]). This hypothesis meant that the previously stated result
:2 volumes of Hydrogen + 1 volume of Oxygen = 2 volumes of gaseous water
could also be expressed as
:2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule of Oxygen = 2 molecules of water.


The law of combining gases was published by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808.<ref>http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Gay-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html</ref> Avogadro's hypothesis, however, was not initially accepted by chemists until the Italian chemist [[Stanislao Cannizzaro]] was able to convince the First International Chemical Congress in 1860.<ref>Hartley, Harold (1966). "Stanislao Cannizzaro, F.R.S. (1826 – 1910) and the First International Chemical Conference at Karlsruhe". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 21: 56–63. {{doi|10.1098/rsnr.1966.0006}}.</ref>
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== Pressure-temperature law ==
'''MathML'''
:<math forcemathmode="mathml">E=mc^2</math>


Gay-Lussac's name is also associated in physics with another gas law, the so-called pressure law, which states that:
<!--'''PNG''' (currently default in production)
<blockquote>
:<math forcemathmode="png">E=mc^2</math>
'''The pressure of a gas of fixed [[mass]] and fixed [[volume]] is [[Proportionality (mathematics)|directly proportional]] to the gas' absolute temperature.'''
</blockquote>
[[File:Temperature Pressure law.svg|thumb|Illustration of pressure varying with temperature.]]
Simply put, if a gas' temperature increases then so does its pressure, if the mass and volume of the gas are held constant.  The law has a particularly simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such as in [[kelvin]]s.  The law can then be expressed mathematically as:


:<math>{P}\propto{T}</math>
'''source'''
or
:<math forcemathmode="source">E=mc^2</math> -->
:<math>\frac{P}{T}=k</math>


where:
<span style="color: red">Follow this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering link] to change your Math rendering settings.</span> You can also add a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin Custom CSS] to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Math#CSS_for_the_MathML_with_SVG_fallback_mode these examples].


:''P'' is the [[pressure]] of the gas (measured in ATM).
==Demos==
:''T'' is the [[temperature]] of the gas (measured in Kelvin).
:''k'' is a [[Constant (mathematics)|constant]].


This law holds true because temperature is a measure of the average [[kinetic energy]] of a substance; as the kinetic energy of a gas increases, its particles collide with the container walls more rapidly, thereby exerting increased pressure.
Here are some [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Frederic.wang demos]:


For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:


:<math>\frac{P_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2}{T_2} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad {P_1}{T_2}={P_2}{T_1}.</math>
* accessibility:
** Safari + VoiceOver: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VoiceOver-Mac-Safari.ogv video only], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Voiceover-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Voiceover-mathml-example-7]]
** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Audio-Windows7-InternetExplorer.ogg Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (audio)]
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** [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MathPlayer-Braille-Windows7-InternetExplorer.png Internet Explorer + MathPlayer (braille)]
** NVDA+MathPlayer: [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Nvda-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Nvda-mathml-example-7]].
** Orca: There is ongoing work, but no support at all at the moment [[File:Orca-mathml-example-1.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-1]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-2.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-2]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-3.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-3]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-4.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-4]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-5.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-5]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-6.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-6]], [[File:Orca-mathml-example-7.wav|thumb|Orca-mathml-example-7]].
** From our testing, ChromeVox and JAWS are not able to read the formulas generated by the MathML mode.


'''Amontons' Law of Pressure-Temperature:''' The pressure law described above should actually be attributed to [[Guillaume Amontons]], who, between 1700 and 1702<ref>{{citation | author = Barnett, Martin K. | year = Aug 1941 | title = A brief history of thermometry | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | page = 358|bibcode = 1941JChEd..18..358B |doi = 10.1021/ed018p358 }}. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed018p358 Extract.]</ref><ref>http://web.fccj.org/~ethall/gaslaw/gaslaw.htm</ref>, discovered that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume is proportional to the temperature.  Amontons discovered this while building an "air thermometer".  Calling it Gay-Lussac's law is simply incorrect as Gay-Lussac investigated the relationship between volume and temperature (i.e. Charles' Law), not pressure and temperature.
==Test pages ==


[[Charles' Law]] was also known as the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac, because Gay-Lussac published it in 1802 using much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787. However, in recent years the term has fallen out of favor, and Gay-Lussac's name is now generally associated with the law of combining volumes. [[Amontons' Law]], [[Charles' Law]], and [[Boyle's law]] form the [[combined gas law]]. The three gas laws in combination with [[Avogadro's Law]] can be generalized by the [[ideal gas law]].
To test the '''MathML''', '''PNG''', and '''source''' rendering modes, please go to one of the following test pages:
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==See also==
*[[Inputtypes|Inputtypes (private Wikis only)]]
{{portal|Underwater diving}}
*[[Url2Image|Url2Image (private Wikis only)]]
* [[Avogadro's law]]
==Bug reporting==
* [[Boyle's law]]
If you find any bugs, please report them at [https://bugzilla.wikimedia.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=MediaWiki%20extensions&component=Math&version=master&short_desc=Math-preview%20rendering%20problem Bugzilla], or write an email to math_bugs (at) ckurs (dot) de .
* [[Charles' law]]
* [[Combined gas law]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
http://www.ausetute.com.au/gaylusac.html
 
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws3.html#amonton
 
http://www.bookrags.com/biography/joseph-louis-gay-lussac-wsd/
 
== Further reading ==
 
* {{cite book | author=Castka, Joseph F.; Metcalfe, H. Clark; Davis, Raymond E.; Williams, John E. | title=Modern Chemistry | publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston | year=2002 | isbn=0-03-056537-5}}
* {{cite book | author=Guch, Ian | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry | publisher=Alpha, Penguin Group Inc. | year=2003 | isbn=1-59257-101-8}}
* {{cite book | author=Mascetta, Joseph A. | title=How to Prepare for the SAT II Chemistry | publisher=Barron's | year=1998 | isbn=0-7641-0331-8}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay-Lussac's Law}}
{{Diving medicine, physiology and physics}}
 
[[Category:Gas laws]]
 
[[ar:قانون جاي-لوساك]]
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[[bg:Закон на Гей-Люсак]]
[[bs:Gay-Lussacov zakon]]
[[ca:Llei dels volums de combinació]]
[[cs:Gay-Lussacův zákon]]
[[de:Thermische Zustandsgleichung idealer Gase#Gesetz von Gay-Lussac]]
[[et:Gay-Lussaci seadus]]
[[el:Νόμος Γκέι-Λουσάκ]]
[[es:Ley de Gay-Lussac]]
[[eu:Gay-Lussacen legea]]
[[fr:Loi de Gay-Lussac]]
[[ga:Dlí Gay-Lussac]]
[[gd:Lagh Gay-Lussac]]
[[gl:Lei de Gay-Lussac]]
[[hr:Gay-Lussacov zakon]]
[[id:Hukum Gay-Lussac]]
[[is:Lögmál Gay-Lussac]]
[[it:Legge dei volumi di combinazione]]
[[he:חוק גה-ליסאק]]
[[hu:Gay-Lussac-törvény]]
[[ml:ഗേ-ലുസാക് നിയമം]]
[[pl:Prawo stosunków objętościowych]]
[[pt:Lei de Gay-Lussac]]
[[ru:Закон Гей-Люссака]]
[[si:‍ගේලුසැක් නියමය]]
[[sk:Zákon objemových zlučovacích pomerov]]
[[sl:Gay-Lussacov zakon]]
[[sr:Геј-Лисаков закон]]
[[fi:Gay-Lussacin laki]]
[[sv:Gay-Lussacs lag]]
[[tr:Gay-Lussac yasası]]
[[uk:Закон Гей-Люссака]]
[[vi:Định luật Gay-Lussac 2]]
[[zh:盖-吕萨克定律]]
[[par-sci]][[21]]

Latest revision as of 23:52, 15 September 2019

This is a preview for the new MathML rendering mode (with SVG fallback), which is availble in production for registered users.

If you would like use the MathML rendering mode, you need a wikipedia user account that can be registered here [[1]]

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Follow this link to change your Math rendering settings. You can also add a Custom CSS to force the MathML/SVG rendering or select different font families. See these examples.

Demos

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Test pages

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