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[[File:Earth Centered Inertial Coordinate System.png|thumb|To show a location about the earth using the ECI system; the Cartesian Coordinates are used. The x-y plane coincides with the Earth’s equatorial plane. The x axis is permanently fixed in a direction relative to the celestial sphere (which does not rotate like the Earth does). The z axis lies at a 90 angle to the equatorial plane and extends through the North Pole. Due to forces exerted from the sun and moon, the Earth’s equatorial plane moves with respect to the celestial sphere. The Earth rotates, the ECI Coordinate system does not.]]


'''Earth-centered inertial (ECI)''' coordinate frames have their origins at the center of mass of the Earth.<ref name=Rizzi>
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These food types may also be great types of fibers, which can help you supрort fullness considerably longer. Fast food can provide you with a briеf dash, but additionally, it may lead to yоur body to crash. Steeг clear of junk fooԁ and take in sensіbly for the pleased Ьody.<br><br>Monitoring your nutrition means enjoying the best drinks and haνing the right meals. Nourishment contributes to proƿer well being, and proper nutrients is very important for the healthier life. By using the information offered earlier mentioned, уou can start аdhering to ϲorrect nourishment for a, healthy life.
 
{{Cite book|title=Relativity in rotating frames: relativistic physics in rotating reference frames |author=Neil Ashby |chapter=The Sagnac effect in the Global Positioning System |editor=Guido Rizzi, Matteo Luca Ruggiero |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DH7jEf48KjgC&pg=PA11 |page=11  |isbn=1-4020-1805-3 |year=2004 |publisher=Springer}}
 
</ref> ECI frames are called inertial in contrast to the Earth-centered, Earth-fixed ([[ECEF]]) frames which rotate in [[inertial space]] in order to remain fixed with respect to the [[surface of the Earth]]. It is convenient to represent the positions and velocities of terrestrial objects in ECEF coordinates or with latitude, longitude, and altitude. However, for objects in space, the [[Equation of motion|equations of motion]] that describe [[orbital motion]] are simpler in a non-rotating frame such as ECI. The ECI frame is also useful for specifying the direction toward [[Astronomical object|celestial objects]].
 
ECI coordinate frames are not truly inertial since the Earth itself is accelerating as it travels in its orbit about the Sun.  In many cases, it may be assumed that the ECI frame is inertial without adverse effect. However, when computing the gravitational influence of a third body such as the Moon on the dynamics of a spacecraft, the acceleration of the ECI frame must be considered. For example, when computing the acceleration of an Earth-orbiting spacecraft due to the gravitational influence of the Moon, the acceleration of the Earth itself due to the Moon's gravity must be subtracted.<ref>Tapley, Schutz, and Born, "Statistical Orbit Determination," Elsevier Academic Press, 2004, pp. 61–63.</ref>
 
==Coordinate system definitions==
It is convenient to define the orientation of an ECI frame using the Earth's orbit plane and the orientation of the Earth's rotational axis in space.<ref>David A. Vallado and Wayne D. McClain, "Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications," 3rd ed. Microcosm Press, 2007, pp. 153–162.</ref> The Earth's orbit plane is called the [[ecliptic]], and it does not coincide with the Earth's equatorial plane. The angle between the Earth's equatorial plane and the ecliptic, <math> \epsilon </math>, is called the obliquity of the [[ecliptic]] and <math>\epsilon \approx 23.4^{\circ}</math>.
 
The intersection of the ecliptic and Earth's equatorial plane can be used as a principal direction for ECI frames and is called the [[vernal equinox]]. The Sun lies in the direction of the vernal equinox around 21 March. The [[fundamental plane]] for ECI frames is usually either the equatorial plane or the ecliptic.
 
The location of an object in space can be defined in terms of [[right ascension]] and [[declination]] which are measured from the vernal equinox and the [[celestial equator]]. Right ascension and declination are [[Spherical coordinate system|spherical coordinates]] analogous to [[Geographic coordinate system|longitude and latitude]], respectively. Locations of objects in space can also be represented using [[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian coordinates]] in an ECI frame.
 
The gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon on the Earth's equatorial bulge cause the rotational axis of the Earth to precess in space similar to the action of a top. This is called [[precession]]. [[Nutation]] is the smaller amplitude shorter-period (<&nbsp;18.6 years) wobble that is superposed on the precessional motion of the [[Celestial pole]]. It is due to shorter-period fluctuations in the strength of the torque exerted on Earth's equatorial bulge by the sun, moon, and planets. When the short-term periodic oscillations of this motion are averaged out, they are considered "mean" as opposed to "true" values. Thus, the vernal equinox, the equatorial plane of the Earth, and the ecliptic plane vary according to date and are specified for a particular [[Epoch (astronomy)|epoch]]. Models representing the ever-changing orientation of the Earth in space are available from the [[International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service]].
 
===J2000===
One commonly used ECI frame is defined with the Earth's Mean Equator and Equinox at 12:00 [[Terrestrial Time]] on 1 January 2000. It can be referred to as ''J2000'' or ''EME2000.''  The x-axis is aligned with the mean equinox. The z-axis is aligned with the Earth's spin axis or celestial [[North Pole]].  The y-axis is rotated by 90&deg; East about the celestial equator.<ref>Tapley, Schutz, and Born, "Statistical Orbit Determination," Elsevier Academic Press, 2004, pp. 29–32.</ref>
 
===M50===
This frame is similar to J2000, but is defined with the mean equator and equinox at 12:00 on 1 January 1950.
 
===GCRF===
Geocentric Celestial Reference Frame (GCRF) is the Earth-centered counterpart of the [[International Celestial Reference Frame]].
 
===TOD===
A True of Date (TOD) frame is defined using the true equator and equinox on that date.
 
===MOD===
A Mean of Date (MOD) frame is defined using the mean equator and equinox on a particular date.
 
===TEME===
The ECI frame used for the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command|NORAD]] [[Two-line element set|two-line elements]] is sometimes called ''true equator, mean equinox'' (TEME) although it does not use the conventional mean equinox.
 
==See also==
* [[Orbital state vectors]]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Earth-Centered Inertial}}
[[Category:Celestial coordinate system]]

Latest revision as of 16:57, 8 May 2014

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