Least common multiple

Leon Max Lederman (born July 15, 1922) is an American experimental physicist who received, along with Martin Lewis Perl, the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1982, for their research on quarks and leptons, and the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988, along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, for their research on neutrinos. He is Director Emeritus of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois, USA. He founded the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, in Aurora, Illinois in 1986, and has served in the capacity of Resident Scholar since 1998. In 2012, he was awarded the Vannevar Bush Award for his extraordinary contributions to understanding the basic forces and particles of nature.

Early life and career

Lederman was born in New York City, New York, the son of Minna (née Rosenberg) and Morris Lederman, a laundryman. Lederman graduated from the James Monroe High School in the South Bronx. He received his bachelor's degree from the City College of New York in 1943, and received a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1951. He then joined the Columbia faculty and eventually became Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics. He took an extended leave of absence from Columbia in 1979 to become director of Fermilab. Resigning from Columbia (and retiring from Fermilab) in 1989 to teach briefly at the University of Chicago, he then moved to the physics department of the Illinois Institute of Technology, where he currently serves as the Pritzker Professor of Science. In 1991, Lederman became President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Lederman is also one of the main proponents of the "Physics First" movement. Also known as "Right-side Up Science" and "Biology Last," this movement seeks to rearrange the current high school science curriculum so that physics precedes chemistry and biology.

A former president of the American Physical Society, Lederman also received the National Medal of Science, the Wolf Prize and the Ernest O. Lawrence Medal. Lederman serves as President of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1989 to 1992.

Among his achievements are the discovery of the muon neutrino in 1962 and the bottom quark in 1977. These helped establish his reputation as among the top particle physicists.

In 1977, a group of physicists led by Leon Lederman announced that a particle with a mass of about 6.0 GeV was being produced by the Fermilab particle accelerator. The particle's initial name was the greek letter Upsilon ($\Upsilon \,$). After taking further data, the group discovered that this particle did not actually exist, and the "discovery" was named "Oops-Leon" as a pun on the original name (mispronounced Template:IPAc-en) and Lederman's first name.

As the director of Fermilab and subsequent Nobel physics prizewinner, Leon Lederman was a very prominent early supporter – some sources say the architect or proposer – of the Superconducting Super Collider project, which was endorsed around 1983, and was a major proponent and advocate throughout its lifetime. Lederman later wrote his 1993 popular science book The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? – which sought to promote awareness of the significance of such a project – in the context of the project's last years and the changing political climate of the 1990s. The increasingly moribund project was finally shelved that same year after some $2 billion of expenditure.

In 1988, Lederman received the Nobel Prize for Physics along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino". Lederman also received the National Medal of Science (1965), the Elliott Cresson Medal for Physics (1976), the Wolf Prize for Physics (1982) and the Enrico Fermi Award (1992).

In 1995, he received the Chicago History Museum "Making History Award" for Distinction in Science Medicine and Technology.

Lederman was an early supporter of Science Debate 2008, an initiative to get the then-candidates for president, Barack Obama and John McCain, to debate the nation's top science policy challenges. In October 2010, Lederman participated in the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Lunch with a Laureate program where middle and high school students got to engage in an informal conversation with a Nobel Prize-winning Scientist over a brown bag lunch. Lederman was also a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Advisory Board and CRDF Global.

Personal life

Lederman was born in New York to a family of JewishPotter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. immigrants from Russia. His father operated a hand laundry while encouraging Leon to pursue his education. He went to elementary school in New York City, continuing on to college and his doctorate in the city.

In his book,The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?, Lederman writes that, although he was a chemistry major, he became fascinated with physics, because of the clarity of the logic and the unambiguous results from experimentation. His best friend during his college years, Martin Klein, convinced him of "the splendors of physics during a long evening over many beers." After that conversation he became resolute and unwavering regarding his desire to pursue physics. When he joined the Army with a B.S. in Chemistry, he was determined to become a physicist following his service.

After three years in the U.S. Army during World War II, he took up physics at Columbia University, and received his Masters in 1948. Lederman began his Ph.D research working with Columbia's Nevis synchro-cyclotron, which was the most powerful particle accelerator in the world at that time. Dwight D. Eisenhower, then the president of Columbia University, and future president of the United States, cut the ribbon dedicating the synchro-cyclotron in June 1950. These atom smashers were just coming of age at this time and created the new discipline of particle physics.

After receiving his Ph.D and then becoming a faculty member at Columbia University he was promoted to full professor in 1958.

In "The God Particle" he once wrote "The history of atomism is one of reductionism – the effort to reduce all the operations of nature to a small number of laws governing a small number of primordial objects." And this was the quest he undertook. This book shows that he pursued the quark, and hopes to find the Higgs boson. The top quark, which he and other physicists realized must exist according to the standard model, was, in fact, produced at Fermilab not long after this book was published.

He is known for his sense of humor in the physics community. On August 26, 2008 Lederman was video-recorded by a science focused organization called ScienCentral, on the street in a major U.S. city, answering questions from passersby. He answered questions such as "What is the strong force?" and "What happened before the Big Bang?".

He has three children with his first wife, Florence Gordon, and now lives with his second wife, Ellen (Carr), in Batavia, Illinois.

He is an atheist.

Publications

• The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? by Leon M. Lederman, Dick Teresi (ISBN 0-385-31211-3)
• From Quarks to the Cosmos by Leon Lederman and David N. Schramm (ISBN 0-7167-6012-6)
• Portraits of Great American Scientists Leon M. Lederman, et al. (ISBN 1-57392-932-8)
• Symmetry and the Beautiful Universe Leon M. Lederman and Christopher T. Hill (ISBN 1-59102-242-8)
• What We'll Find Inside the AtomTemplate:Dead link by Leon Lederman is an essay he wrote for the September 15, 2008 issue of Newsweek
• "Quantum Physics for Poets" Leon M. Lederman and Christopher T. Hill (ISBN 978-1616142339)

Honorary degrees and awards

• Election to the National Academy of Sciences, 1965.
• U.S. National Medal of Science, 1965.
• Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 13 May 1970.
• Townsend Harris Medal, Alumni Association of the City College of New York, 1973.
• Elliot Cresson Prize of the Franklin Institute, 1976.
• President Jimmy Carter's Committee on the National Medal of Science, 21 March 1979.
• Wolf Foundation Prize in Physics, Israel, 1982.
• Doctor of Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 10 June 1983.
• Doctor of Humane Letters and Science, IIT, Chicago, Illinois, 17 May 1987.
• Doctor of Science, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois, 7 May 1988.
• Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15 May 1988.
• Department of Energy Distinguished Associate Award, May 1988.
• Doctor of Science, City College of New York, New York, New York, 8 June 1988.
• Nobel Prize in Physics, December 1988.
• La laurea honoris causa in Fisica, Universita' degli Studi di Pisa, 21 March 1989.
• Member, American Philosophical Society, 21 April 1989.
• Doctor of Science, honoris causae, Aurora University, Aurora, Illinois, 20 May 1989.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, Columbia College, Chicago, Illinois, 3 June 1989.
• Citation on the occasion of the dedication of IMSA (founded 1985) to the State of Illinois in honor of Leon Lederman and Gov. James Thompson, IMSA, Aurora, Illinois, 10 June 1989.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, 10 June 1989.
• Doctor of Science, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, 11 June 1989.
• Doctor en Filosofia – Fisica, Honoris Causa, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, 2 August 1989.
• Honorary Degree, Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 3 November 1989.
• Doctor of Philosophy of Physics, honoris causa, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico, 1989.
• Appointment as member of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 15 February 1990.
• Laureate of the Lincoln Academy, State of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois, 21 April 1990.
• Doctor of Science, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, 19 May 1990.
• Doctor of Science, Columbia University, New York, New York, 26 September 1990.
• Public Affairs Committee Award, American Chemical Society, 22 March 1991.
• 1991 William Proctor Prize, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, 1991.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, The City University of New York, New York City, New York, 11 May 1992.
• Doctor of Science, Adelphi University, Long Island, New York, 17 May 1992.
• Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, Illinois, 23 May 1992.
• Doctor of Science – honoris causa, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, 10 July 1992.
• Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Drury College, Springfield, Missouri, 14 October 1992.
• Enrico Fermi Prize of the U.S. Department of Energy, 1992.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, State University of New York, Geneseo, New York, 15 May 1993.
• Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 23 May 1993.
• President's Medal, The City College, The City University of New York, New York, New York, 28 May 1993.
• Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Marywood College, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 15 October 1993.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, Illinois Benedictine College, Lisle, Illinois, 21 May 1994.
• Appointment as a Tetelman Fellow at Jonathan Edwards College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 7 November 1994.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, University of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 15 November 1994.
• The first Enrico Fermi History Maker Award, for distinction in Science, Medicine and Technology, Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois, 8 June 1995.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, 11 June 1995.
• Ordem Nacional do Merito Cientifico, Brasilia, Brazil, 13 June 1995.
• Universitario de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, Cusco, Peru, Doctor, honoris causa, 16 August 1995.
• University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Doctor of Science, honoris causa, 18 May 1997.
• Doctor of Science, Bethany College, Bethany, Virginia, 24 May 1997.
• Doctor of Science, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, 17 May 1998.
• Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts, 17 May 1998.
• Doctor of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, December 1998.
• Doctor, honoris causa, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia, 15 July 1998.
• Member, President Bill Clinton's Commission on White House Fellowships, 13 April 1999.
• Diploma, Miembro Correspondiente, La Academia Mexicana de Ciencias, October 1999.
• 1999 Medallion, Division of Particles and Fields, Mexican Physical Society, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, 11 November 1999.
• Honorary Professor, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 5 November 2000.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois, 21 January 2001.
• Doctor of Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, May 2004.
• Doctor of Public Service, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., 16 May 2004.
• Doctor of Science Education, honoris causa, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 12 December 2004.
• Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois, 6 May 2006.
• Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, Minnesota, 24 October 2008.
• Vannevar Bush Prize, 2012.

See also

• List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

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External links

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• Education, Politics, Einstein and Charm The Science Network interview with Leon Lederman
• Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
• Fermilab's Leon M. Lederman webpage
• The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988
• Video Interview with Lederman from the Nobel Foundation
• Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography
• Timeline of Nobel Prize Winners in Physics webpage for Leon Max Lederman
• Story of Leon by Leon Lederman
• Honeywell – Nobel Interactive Studio
• 1976 Cresson Medal recipient from The Franklin Institute.

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