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The becquerel (symbol Bq) (pronounced: 'be-kə-rel) is the SI-derived unit of radioactivity. One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s⁻¹. The becquerel is named after Henri Becquerel, who shared a Nobel Prize with Pierre and Marie Curie in 1903 for their work in discovering radioactivity.

Definition

1 Bq = 1 s⁻¹

A special name was introduced for the reciprocal second (s⁻¹) to represent radioactivity to avoid potentially dangerous mistakes with prefixes. For example, 1 µs⁻¹ could be taken to mean 10⁶ disintegrations per second: 1·(10⁻⁶ s)⁻¹ = 10⁶ s⁻¹. Other names considered were hertz (Hz), a special name already in use for the reciprocal second, and fourier (Fr). The hertz is now only used for periodic phenomena.

Prefixes

Like any SI unit, Bq can be prefixed; commonly used multiples are kBq (kilobecquerel, 10³ Bq), MBq (megabecquerel, 10⁶ Bq), GBq (gigabecquerel, 10⁹ Bq), TBq (terabecquerel, 10¹² Bq), and PBq (petabecquerel, 10¹⁵ Bq). For practical applications, 1 Bq is a small unit; therefore, the prefixes are common. For example, the roughly 0.0169 g of potassium-40 present in a typical human body produces approximately 266,000 disintegrations per minute, which equates to about 4,400 disintegrations per second or 4.4 kBq of activity. The global inventory of carbon-14 is estimated to be Template:Val (8.5 EBq, 8.5 exabecquerel). The nuclear explosion in Hiroshima (Template:Convert) is estimated to have produced Template:Val (8 YBq, 8 yottabecquerel).

Relationship to the curie

The becquerel succeeded the curie (Ci), an older, non-SI unit of radioactivity based on the activity of 1 gram of radium-226. The curie is defined as 3.7·10¹⁰ s⁻¹, or 37 GBq.

Conversion factors:

1 Ci = Template:Val = 37 GBq

1 μCi = 37,000 Bq = 37 kBq

1 Bq = Template:Val = Template:Val

1 GBq = 0.027 Ci

Calculation of radioactivity

For a given mass $m$ (in grams) of an isotope with atomic mass $m_{a}$ (in g/mol) and a half-life of $t_{1/2}$ (in s), the amount of radioactivity can be calculated using:

$A_{Bq}={\frac {m}{m_{a}}}N_{A}{\frac {\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}}$

With $N_{A}$=6.022 141 79(30)Template:E mol⁻¹, the Avogadro constant.

And since the mass per atomic mass ratio is also the number of mols, the amount of radioactivity $A$ can be calculated by:

$A_{Bq}=nN_{A}{\frac {\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}}$

For instance, one gram of potassium contains 0.000117 gram of ⁴⁰K (all other naturally occurring isotopes are stable) that has a $t_{1/2}$ of Template:Val = Template:Val, and has an atomic mass of 39.964 g/mol, so the radioactivity is 30 Bq.

See also

• Background radiation
• Banana equivalent dose
• Counts per minute
• Gray (unit)
• Hertz (equally defined unit, not used on radioactivity)
• Ionizing radiation
• Orders of magnitude (radiation)
• Rad (unit)
• Radiation poisoning
• Relative Biological Effectiveness
• Rem (unit)
• Roentgen (unit)
• Rutherford (unit)
• Sievert (biological dose equivalent of radiation)

References

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• Derived units on the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) web site

Template:SI units