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{{Redirect|Bq||BQ (disambiguation){{!}}BQ|and|Becquerel (disambiguation)}}
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The '''becquerel''' (symbol '''Bq''') (pronounced: 'be-kə-rel) is the [[SI derived unit|SI-derived unit]] of [[Radioactive decay|radioactivity]]. One Bq is defined as the [[activity (radioactivity)|activity]] of a quantity of radioactive material in which one [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]] decays per [[second]]. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, [[second|s]]<sup>−1</sup>. The becquerel is named after [[Henri Becquerel]], who shared a [[Nobel Prize]] with [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] and [[Maria Sklodowska-Curie|Marie Curie]] in 1903 for their work in discovering radioactivity.<ref name="BIPMBecquerel">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/history-si/radioactivity/becquerel.html |title=BIPM - Becquerel |publisher=[[BIPM]] |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref>
 
==Definition==
1&nbsp;Bq = 1&nbsp;s<sup>−1</sup><ref name="BIPMtable3" />
 
A special name was introduced for the reciprocal second (s<sup>−1</sup>) to represent radioactivity to avoid potentially dangerous mistakes with prefixes. For example, 1&nbsp;µs<sup>−1</sup> could be taken to mean 10<sup>6</sup> disintegrations per second: 1&middot;(10<sup>−6</sup>&nbsp;s)<sup>−1</sup> = 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;s<sup>−1</sup>.<ref name="Allisy">{{Citation
|last=Allisy
|first= A.
|title=From the curie to the becquerel
|journal=Metrologia
|volume=32
|issue=6
|year=1995
|pages=467–479
|doi=10.1088/0026-1394/31/6/006|bibcode = 1995Metro..31..467A }}</ref> Other names considered were [[hertz]] (Hz), a special name already in use for the reciprocal second, and [[Joseph Fourier|fourier]] (Fr).<ref name="Allisy" /> The hertz is now only used for periodic phenomena.<ref name="BIPMtable3">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html |title=BIPM - Table 3 |publisher=[[BIPM]] |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref>
 
{{SI unit lowercase|Henri Becquerel|becquerel|Bq}}
 
== Prefixes ==
Like any SI unit, Bq can be [[SI prefix|prefixed]]; commonly used multiples are kBq (kilobecquerel, 10<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;Bq), MBq (megabecquerel, 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;Bq), GBq (gigabecquerel, 10<sup>9</sup>&nbsp;Bq), TBq (terabecquerel, 10<sup>12</sup>&nbsp;Bq), and PBq (petabecquerel, 10<sup>15</sup>&nbsp;Bq). For practical applications, 1&nbsp;Bq is a small unit; therefore, the prefixes are common. For example, the roughly 0.0169&nbsp;g of [[potassium-40]] present in a typical human body produces approximately 266,000 disintegrations per minute, which equates to about 4,400 disintegrations per second or 4.4&nbsp;kBq of activity.<ref>[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scdiroff/lds/QuantumRelativity/RadioactiveHumanBody/RadioactiveHumanBody.html ''Radioactive human body'' — Harvard University Natural Science Lecture Demonstrations] - Accessed October 2013</ref>  The global inventory of [[carbon-14]] is estimated to be {{val|8.5|e=18|u=Bq}} (8.5&nbsp;[[Exa-|E]]Bq, 8.5 exabecquerel).<ref>G.R. Choppin, J.O.Liljenzin, J. Rydberg, "Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry", 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7506-7463-8.</ref>  The [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear explosion]] in [[Hiroshima]] ({{convert|14|kt(TNT)|lk=in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) is estimated to have produced {{val|8|e=24|u=Bq}} (8&nbsp;[[Yotta-|Y]]Bq, 8 yottabecquerel).<ref>Michael J. Kennish, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=CJqcq2C792UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA74,M1 ''Pollution Impacts on Marine Biotic Communities''] , CRC Press, 1998, p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8493-8428-8.</ref>
 
== Relationship to the curie ==
The becquerel succeeded the [[curie]] (Ci), an older, non-SI unit of radioactivity based on the activity of 1&nbsp;gram of [[radium-226]]. The curie is defined as 3.7&middot;10<sup>10</sup>&nbsp;s<sup>−1</sup>, or 37&nbsp;GBq.<ref name="Allisy" />
 
Conversion factors:
 
: 1&nbsp;Ci = {{val|3.7|e=10|u=Bq}} = 37&nbsp;GBq
: 1&nbsp;μCi = 37,000&nbsp;Bq = 37&nbsp;kBq
: 1&nbsp;Bq = {{val|2.7|e=-11|u=Ci}} = {{val|2.7|e=-5|u=µCi}}
: 1&nbsp;GBq = 0.027&nbsp;Ci
 
==Calculation of radioactivity==
For a given mass <math>m</math> (in grams) of an isotope with [[atomic mass]] <math>m_a</math> (in g/mol) and a [[half-life]] of <math>t_{1/2}</math> (in s), the amount
of radioactivity can be calculated using:
 
<math>A_{Bq} = \frac{m}{m_a}N_A\frac{\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}</math>
 
With <math>N_A</math>=6.022 141 79(30){{e|23}} mol<sup>−1</sup>, the [[Avogadro constant]].
 
And since the mass per atomic mass ratio is also the number of mols, the amount of radioactivity <math>A</math> can be calculated by:
 
<math>A_{Bq} = nN_A\frac{\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}</math>
 
For instance, one gram of [[potassium]] contains 0.000117&nbsp;gram of [[Potassium-40|<sup>40</sup>K]] (all other naturally occurring isotopes are stable) that has a <math>t_{1/2}</math> of {{val|1.277|e=9|u=years}} = {{val|4.030|e=16|u=s}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nucleardata.nuclear.lu.se/toi/nuclide.asp?iZA=190040 |title=Table of Isotopes decay data |publisher=[[Lund University]] |date=1990-06-01 |accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref> and has an atomic mass of 39.964&nbsp;g/mol,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some |title=Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements |publisher=[[NIST]] |date= |accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref> so the radioactivity is 30&nbsp;Bq.
 
== See also ==
* [[Background radiation]]
* [[Banana equivalent dose]]
* [[Counts per minute]]
* [[Gray (unit)]]
* [[Hertz]] (equally defined unit, not used on radioactivity)
* [[Ionizing radiation]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (radiation)]]
* [[Rad (unit)]]
* [[Radiation poisoning]]
* [[Relative Biological Effectiveness]]
* [[Rem (unit)]]
* [[Roentgen (unit)]]
* [[Rutherford (unit)]]
* [[Sievert]] (biological dose equivalent of radiation)
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/derived_units/2-2-2.html Derived units] on the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM) web site
 
{{SI units}}
 
[[Category:SI derived units]]
[[Category:Units of radioactivity]]
[[Category:Units of frequency]]

Latest revision as of 01:26, 24 February 2014

You have constantly admired the bodies of man specialist swimmers. Those wide shoulders of a swimmer which tapers down the to the waist in a splendid V-shape plus not to mention the sexy six pack abs plus perfectly toned muscular arms are very impressive, aren't they?

Being tall inside the dating scene is an advantage. For me, my issue with standing out like a sore thumb rapidly diminished, considering I liked the extra attention and getting observed by all the guys, placing me found on the front lines. Speaking of 'lines', the basketball line was annoying, but it was a perfect initial line for men to approach me with and I started not minding it because much.

If you talk regarding United States, then the figures say that the issue of obesity waist to height ratio has, in actuality reached to the levels of epidemic proportions. It is calculated which over 2 thirds of adults in the US are overweight or obese. The figures in children are even worse as 20%- 30% kids in the US are either obese or overweight.

I went back to the same clinic and spoke to a different doctor- by that time, nodules had shown up on my neck and were very painful. How fantastic to locate out a little pill could solve all of the mysterious issues which hit me like a lot of bricks. True, I'll be taking it for the rest of my lifetime, however, I reside a happy and healthy existence.

Correctly undertaken, diesel tuning by remapping the ECU may create the engine run better, producing extra power plus torque. Take, through example, a late-model Audi with a 2.0 litre TDi engine and original force output of 140 BHP. Remapping the ECU can potentially boost power to 170 BHP plus increase torque by 75 Nm. Naturally, energy gains usually fluctuate, based on the model in addition to engine specs. However, a 35% improvement inside performance is feasible for countless cars or pickups.

Here's an amusing thought: many every NFL linebacker is classified as fat waist height ratio, as are most other expert athletes. Many elderly folks with pretty small muscle qualify as "healthy weight". Those are the skinny-fat folks that the article above references plus it doesn't affect only the elderly.

Our bodies plus the skin on the bodies are synonymous to a rubber balloon. If you don't have enough fat or air in the body, the balloon is deflated, wrinkled plus sagging. If you have the right amount of fat in the body or air in the balloon the skin is taught, however, not stretched. Finally in the event you have too much fat or air in the balloon the skin stretches. Ideally you need the 2nd scenario where you have enough fat to inflate the balloon and keep the skin taught. Understanding this and the truth which everyone's body is different is the first step to obtaining a healthy body image.

If you find which the body fat percentage is too excellent and you may be not currently active, then getting active plus functioning on the nutrition is your initially step. If you are currently active, then make sure you are doing cardio plus strength training exercises. Increasing your lean muscle allows the body to burn more fat faster plus follow these tricks from Womens Health.

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