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{{for|Ore's condition in graph theory|Ore's theorem}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2012}}
In [[mathematics]], especially in the area of [[algebra]] known as [[ring theory]], the '''Ore condition''' is a condition introduced by [[Øystein Ore]], in connection with the question of extending beyond [[commutative ring]]s the construction of a [[field of fractions]], or more generally [[localization of a ring]]. The ''right Ore condition'' for a [[multiplicative subset]] ''S'' of a [[ring (mathematics)|ring]] ''R'' is that for ''a''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''R'' and ''s''&nbsp;∈&nbsp;''S'', the intersection ''aS''&nbsp;∩&nbsp;''sR''&nbsp;≠&nbsp;{{unicode|∅}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cohn|first=P. M.|title=Algebra |volume=Vol. 3 |edition=2nd |year=1991|chapter=Chap. 9.1| pages=351}}</ref> A domain that satisfies the right Ore condition is called a '''right Ore domain'''. The left case is defined similarly.
 
==General idea==
The goal is to construct the right ring of fractions ''R''[''S''<sup>−1</sup>] with respect to [[multiplicative subset]] ''S''. In other words we want to work with elements of the form ''as''<sup>−1</sup> and have a ring structure on the set ''R''[''S''<sup>−1</sup>]. The problem is that there is no obvious interpretation of the product (''as''<sup>−1</sup>)(''bt''<sup>−1</sup>); indeed, we need a method to "move" ''s''<sup>−1</sup> past ''b''. This means that we need to be able to rewrite ''s''<sup>−1</sup>''b'' as a product ''b''<sub>1</sub>''s''<sub>1</sub><sup>−1</sup>.<ref>{{cite web|last=Artin|first=Michael|title=Noncommutative Rings|url=http://math.mit.edu/~etingof/artinnotes.pdf|accessdate=9 May 2012|pages=13|year=1999}}</ref> Suppose ''s''<sup>−1</sup>''b'' = ''b''<sub>1</sub>''s''<sub>1</sub><sup>−1</sup> then multiplying on the left by ''s'' and on the right by ''s''<sub>1</sub>, we get ''bs''<sub>1</sub> = ''sb''<sub>1</sub>. Hence we see the necessity, for a given ''a'' and ''s'', of the existence of ''a''<sub>1</sub> and ''s''<sub>1</sub> with ''s''<sub>1</sub> ≠ 0 and such that ''as''<sub>1</sub> = ''sa''<sub>1</sub>.
 
==Application==
Since it is well known that each [[integral domain]] is a subring of a field of fractions (via an embedding) in such a way that every element is of the form ''rs''<sup>−1</sup> with ''s'' nonzero,  it is natural to ask if the same construction can take a noncommutative domain and associate a [[division ring]] (a noncommutative field) with the same property.  It turns out that the answer is sometimes "no", that is, there are domains which do not have an analogous "right division ring of fractions".
 
For every right Ore domain ''R'', there is a unique (up to natural ''R''-isomorphism) division ring ''D'' containing ''R'' as a subring such that every element of ''D'' is of the form ''rs''<sup>−1</sup> for ''r'' in ''R'' and ''s'' nonzero in ''R''. Such a division ring ''D'' is called a '''ring of right fractions''' of ''R'', and ''R'' is called a '''right order''' in ''D''. The notion of a '''ring of left fractions''' and '''left order''' are defined analogously, with elements of ''D'' being of the form ''s''<sup>−1</sup>''r''.
 
It is important to remember that the definition of ''R'' being a right order in ''D'' includes the condition that ''D'' must consist entirely of elements of the form ''rs''<sup>−1</sup>. Any domain satisfying one of the Ore conditions can be considered a subring of a division ring, however this does not automatically mean ''R'' is a left order in ''D'', since it is possible ''D'' has an element which is not of the form ''s''<sup>−1</sup>''r''.  Thus it is possible for ''R'' to be a right-not-left Ore domain.  Intuitively, the condition that all elements of ''D'' be of the form ''rs''<sup>−1</sup> says that ''R'' is a "big" ''R''-submodule of ''D''. In fact the condition ensures ''R''<sub>''R''</sub> is an [[essential submodule]] of ''D''<sub>''R''</sub>.  Lastly, there is even an example of a domain in a division ring which satisfies ''neither'' Ore condition (see examples below).
 
Another natural question is: "When is a subring of a division ring right Ore?" One characterization is that a subring ''R'' of a division ring ''D'' is a right Ore domain if and only if ''D'' is a [[flat module|flat]] left ''R''-module {{harv|Lam|2007|loc=Ex. 10.20}}.
 
A different, stronger version of the Ore conditions is usually given for the case where ''R'' is not a domain, namely that there should be a common multiple
 
:''c'' = ''au'' = ''bv''
 
with ''u'', ''v'' not [[zero divisor]]s. In this case, '''Ore's theorem''' guarantees the existence of an [[over-ring]] called the (right or left) '''classical ring of quotients'''.
 
==Examples==
Commutative domains are automatically Ore domains, since for nonzero ''a'' and ''b'', ''ab'' is nonzero in ''aR''∩''bR''.  Right [[Noetherian ring|Noetherian]] domains, such as right [[principal ideal domain]]s, are also known to be right Ore domains. Even more generally, [[Alfred Goldie]] proved that a domain ''R'' is right Ore if and only if ''R''<sub>''R''</sub> has finite [[uniform dimension]].  It is also true that right [[Bézout domain]]s are right Ore.
 
A subdomain of a division ring which is not right or left Ore: If ''F'' is any field, and <math>G = \langle x,y \rangle\,</math> is the [[free monoid]] on two symbols ''x'' and ''y'', then the [[monoid ring]] <math>F[G]\,</math> does not satisfy any Ore condition, but it is a [[free ideal ring]] and thus indeed a subring of a division ring, by {{harv|Cohn|1995|loc=Cor 4.5.9}}.
 
==Multiplicative sets==
The Ore condition can be generalized to other [[multiplicative subset]]s, and is presented in textbook form in {{harv|Lam|1999|loc=&sect;10}} and {{harv|Lam|2007|loc=&sect;10}}.  A subset ''S'' of a ring ''R'' is called a '''right denominator set''' if it satisfies the following three conditions for every ''a'',''b'' in ''R'', and ''s'', ''t'' in ''S'':
# ''st'' in ''S''; (The set ''S'' is '''multiplicatively closed'''.)
# ''aS'' ∩ ''sR'' is not empty; (The set ''S'' is '''right permutable'''.)
# If ''sa'' = 0, then there is some ''u'' in ''S'' with ''au'' = 0; (The set ''S'' is '''right reversible'''.)
If ''S'' is a right denominator set, then one can construct the '''ring of right fractions''' ''RS''<sup>−1</sup> similarly to the commutative case. If ''S'' is taken to be the set of regular elements (those elements ''a'' in ''R'' such that if ''b'' in ''R'' is nonzero, then ''ab'' and ''ba'' are nonzero), then the right Ore condition is simply the requirement that ''S'' be a right denominator set.
 
Many properties of commutative localization hold in this more general setting.  If ''S'' is a right denominator set for a ring ''R'', then the left ''R''-module ''RS''<sup>−1</sup> is [[flat module|flat]]. Furthermore, if ''M'' is a right ''R''-module, then the ''S''-torsion, tor<sub>''S''</sub>(''M'') = { ''m'' in ''M'' : ''ms'' = 0 for some ''s'' in ''S'' }, is an ''R''-submodule isomorphic to Tor<sub>1</sub>(''M'',''RS''<sup>−1</sup>), and the module ''M'' ⊗<sub>''R''</sub> ''RS''<sup>−1</sup> is naturally isomorphic to a module ''MS''<sup>−1</sup> consisting of "fractions" as in the commutative case.
 
==Notes==
<references />
 
==References==
* {{cite book|last=Cohn|first=P. M.|title=Algebra |volume=Vol. 3 |edition=2nd |year=1991|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd|location=Chichester|pages=xii+474|chapter= 9.1|isbn=0-471-92840-2 | id={{MathSciNet | id = 1098018}} }}
*{{Citation | last=Cohn | first=P.M. | title=On the embedding of rings in skew fields | journal=Proc. London Math. Soc. | volume=11 | year=1961 | pages=511–530 | doi=10.1112/plms/s3-11.1.511 | mr=25#100 }}
* Cohn, P.M. (1995) ''Skew fields, Theory of general division rings'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 0-521-43217-0
*{{Citation | last1=Lam | first1=Tsit-Yuen | title=Lectures on modules and rings | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Graduate Texts in Mathematics No. 189 | isbn=978-0-387-98428-5 | year=1999}}
*{{Citation | last1=Lam | first1=Tsit-Yuen | title=Exercises in modules and rings | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | series=Problem Books in Mathematics | isbn=978-0-387-98850-4; 978-0-387-98850-4 | id={{MathSciNet | id = 2278849}} | year=2007}}
*{{citation|author=Stenström, Bo |title=Rings and modules of quotients |series=Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 237 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |place=Berlin |date=1971 |pages=vii+136 |isbn=978-3-540-05690-4| id={{MathSciNet | id = 0325663}} }}
 
==External links==
* [http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/OreCondition.html PlanetMath page on Ore condition]
* [http://planetmath.org/?op=getobj&from=objects&name=OresTheorem2 PlanetMath page on Ore's theorem]
* [http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/ClassicalRingOfQuotients.html PlanetMath page on classical ring of quotients]
 
[[Category:Ring theory]]

Revision as of 19:26, 25 January 2014

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General idea

The goal is to construct the right ring of fractions R[S−1] with respect to multiplicative subset S. In other words we want to work with elements of the form as−1 and have a ring structure on the set R[S−1]. The problem is that there is no obvious interpretation of the product (as−1)(bt−1); indeed, we need a method to "move" s−1 past b. This means that we need to be able to rewrite s−1b as a product b1s1−1.[2] Suppose s−1b = b1s1−1 then multiplying on the left by s and on the right by s1, we get bs1 = sb1. Hence we see the necessity, for a given a and s, of the existence of a1 and s1 with s1 ≠ 0 and such that as1 = sa1.

Application

Since it is well known that each integral domain is a subring of a field of fractions (via an embedding) in such a way that every element is of the form rs−1 with s nonzero, it is natural to ask if the same construction can take a noncommutative domain and associate a division ring (a noncommutative field) with the same property. It turns out that the answer is sometimes "no", that is, there are domains which do not have an analogous "right division ring of fractions".

For every right Ore domain R, there is a unique (up to natural R-isomorphism) division ring D containing R as a subring such that every element of D is of the form rs−1 for r in R and s nonzero in R. Such a division ring D is called a ring of right fractions of R, and R is called a right order in D. The notion of a ring of left fractions and left order are defined analogously, with elements of D being of the form s−1r.

It is important to remember that the definition of R being a right order in D includes the condition that D must consist entirely of elements of the form rs−1. Any domain satisfying one of the Ore conditions can be considered a subring of a division ring, however this does not automatically mean R is a left order in D, since it is possible D has an element which is not of the form s−1r. Thus it is possible for R to be a right-not-left Ore domain. Intuitively, the condition that all elements of D be of the form rs−1 says that R is a "big" R-submodule of D. In fact the condition ensures RR is an essential submodule of DR. Lastly, there is even an example of a domain in a division ring which satisfies neither Ore condition (see examples below).

Another natural question is: "When is a subring of a division ring right Ore?" One characterization is that a subring R of a division ring D is a right Ore domain if and only if D is a flat left R-module Template:Harv.

A different, stronger version of the Ore conditions is usually given for the case where R is not a domain, namely that there should be a common multiple

c = au = bv

with u, v not zero divisors. In this case, Ore's theorem guarantees the existence of an over-ring called the (right or left) classical ring of quotients.

Examples

Commutative domains are automatically Ore domains, since for nonzero a and b, ab is nonzero in aRbR. Right Noetherian domains, such as right principal ideal domains, are also known to be right Ore domains. Even more generally, Alfred Goldie proved that a domain R is right Ore if and only if RR has finite uniform dimension. It is also true that right Bézout domains are right Ore.

A subdomain of a division ring which is not right or left Ore: If F is any field, and is the free monoid on two symbols x and y, then the monoid ring does not satisfy any Ore condition, but it is a free ideal ring and thus indeed a subring of a division ring, by Template:Harv.

Multiplicative sets

The Ore condition can be generalized to other multiplicative subsets, and is presented in textbook form in Template:Harv and Template:Harv. A subset S of a ring R is called a right denominator set if it satisfies the following three conditions for every a,b in R, and s, t in S:

  1. st in S; (The set S is multiplicatively closed.)
  2. aSsR is not empty; (The set S is right permutable.)
  3. If sa = 0, then there is some u in S with au = 0; (The set S is right reversible.)

If S is a right denominator set, then one can construct the ring of right fractions RS−1 similarly to the commutative case. If S is taken to be the set of regular elements (those elements a in R such that if b in R is nonzero, then ab and ba are nonzero), then the right Ore condition is simply the requirement that S be a right denominator set.

Many properties of commutative localization hold in this more general setting. If S is a right denominator set for a ring R, then the left R-module RS−1 is flat. Furthermore, if M is a right R-module, then the S-torsion, torS(M) = { m in M : ms = 0 for some s in S }, is an R-submodule isomorphic to Tor1(M,RS−1), and the module MR RS−1 is naturally isomorphic to a module MS−1 consisting of "fractions" as in the commutative case.

Notes

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References

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  • Cohn, P.M. (1995) Skew fields, Theory of general division rings, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43217-0
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

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    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

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