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| [[Image:At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam - by Jay Hambidge.jpg|thumb|"At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam", by Jay Hambidge.]]
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| '''Jay Hambidge''' (1867–1924) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] born [[United States|American]] artist. He was a pupil at the [[Art Students League of New York|Art Students' League]] in [[New York City|New York]] and of [[William Merritt Chase|William Chase]], and a thorough student of classical art. He conceived the idea that the study of [[arithmetic]] with the aid of [[geometry|geometrical]] designs was the foundation of the proportion and symmetry in Greek architecture, sculpture and ceramics.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Careful examination and measurements of classical buildings in [[Greece]], among them the [[Parthenon]], the [[Bassae|temple of Apollo at Bassæ]], of [[Statue of Zeus at Olympia|Zeus]] at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] and [[Athena|Athenæ]] at [[Aegina|Ægina]], prompted him to formulate the theory of "dynamic symmetry"{{Fact|date=May 2008}} as demonstrated in his works [http://books.google.com/books?id=Qq4gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:hambidge&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=yNo8SPa8IovwsQPVkNzBCw ''Dynamic Symmetry: The Greek Vase''] (1920) and [http://books.google.com/books?id=VYJK2F-dh2oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:hambidge&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=yNo8SPa8IovwsQPVkNzBCw&sig=lpqX9t1FxjOGBUYPSRdHgMG6viE ''The Elements of Dynamic Symmetry''] (1926). It created a great deal of discussion,{{Fact|date=May 2008}} an [[English people|English]] critic saying that Hambidge did not try to formulate a new theory, but to recover a lost technique.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} He found a [[follower|disciple]] in Dr. Lacey D. Caskey, the author of ''Geometry of Greek Vases'' (1922).
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| Two artists who have used dynamic symmetry in their painting are Al Nestler (1900-1971)<ref>''Moods in Oils and Felt Pens.'' Walter T. Foster, Tustin.</ref><ref>''Color and Composition.'' Walter T. Foster, Tustin.</ref> and Clay Wagstaff (1964-).<ref>''New American Paintings'' No. 48, p. 153. The Open Studios Press, Boston, 2003.</ref>
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| ==Dynamic symmetry==
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| Dynamic [[symmetry]] is a proportioning system and natural design methodology described in Hambidge's books. The system uses ''[[dynamic rectangle]]s'', including ''root rectangles'' based on ratios such as √2, √3, √5, the [[golden ratio]] (φ = 1.618...), its square root (√φ = 1.272...), and its square (φ<sup>2</sup> = 2.618....), and the
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| [[silver ratio]] (<math>\delta_s=2.414...</math>).<ref name=hambidge>
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| {{cite book
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| |author=Jay Hambidge
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| |title=Dynamic Symmetry: The Greek Vase
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| |edition= Reprint of original Yale University Press edition
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| |publisher=Kessinger Publishing
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| |location=Whitefish, MT
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| |year=2003
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| |origyear=1920
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| |pages=19–29
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| |isbn=0-7661-7679-7
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| |url=
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| }}</ref><ref name=ghyka>
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| {{cite book
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| |author = Matila Ghyka
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| |year = 1977
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| |title = The Geometry of Art and Life
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| |publisher=Courier Dover Publications
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| |pages =126–127
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| }}</ref>
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| From the study of [[phyllotaxis]] and the related [[Fibonacci sequence]] (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, ...), Hambidge says that "a much closer representation would be obtained by a substitute series such as 118, 191, 309, 500, 809, 1309, 2118, 3427, 5545, 8972, 14517, etc. One term of this series divided into the other equals 1.6180, which is the ratio needed to explain the plant design system."<ref>Hambidge (1920) p. 159; note that his cited ratio 1.6180 is exact only for the pair 500, 809.</ref> This substitute sequence is a [[Generalizations of Fibonacci numbers|generalization of the Fibonacci sequence]] that chooses 118 and 191 as the beginning numbers to generate the rest. In fact, the standard Fibonacci sequence provides the best possible rational approximations to the golden ratio for numbers of a given size.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2579 Hambidge Center for Creative Arts and Sciences]
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| * {{NIE}}
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=49361056}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = Hambidge, Jay
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION =
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = 1867
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH =
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| | DATE OF DEATH = 1924
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| | PLACE OF DEATH =
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Hambidge, Jay}}
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| [[Category:Symmetry]]
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| [[Category:Golden ratio]]
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| [[Category:Numerology]]
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| [[Category:People from New York City]]
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| [[Category:19th-century American painters]]
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| [[Category:20th-century American painters]]
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| [[Category:American non-fiction writers]]
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| [[Category:1867 births]]
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| [[Category:1924 deaths]]
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