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| {{Infobox scientist
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| |name = David Orlin Hestenes
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| |image =
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| |image_size = 200px
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| |birth_date = 1933
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| |fields = [[Physics]]
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| |workplaces = [[Arizona State University]]
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| |notable_students =
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| |known_for = '''[[Geometric Algebra]]'''
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| |influences =
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| |awards = '''[[Oersted Medal]]''' (2002)
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| '''David Orlin Hestenes''', Ph.D. (born May 21, 1933) is a [[theoretical physicist]] and science educator. He is best known as chief architect of [[geometric algebra]] as a unified language for mathematics and physics,<ref>D. Hestenes: ''A Unified Language for Mathematics and Physics''. In: J.S.R. Chisholm/A.K. Common (eds.): ''Clifford Algebras and their Applications in Mathematical Physics'' (Reidel: Dordrecht/Boston, 1986), p. 1–23.</ref> and as founder of Modelling Instruction, a research-based program to reform [[K–12 (education)|K–12]] Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education.<ref>Home page on Modeling Instruction http://modeling.asu.edu/</ref>
| | If you have any sort of questions concerning where and how you can use clash of clans hack android ([http://circuspartypanama.com Our Web Page]), you could call us at the webpage. But Supercell, by allowing the actual illusion on the multi player game, taps into you're instinctual male drive as a way to from the status hierarchy, and even though it''s unattainable to the surface of your hierarchy if you don't need to been logging in regularly because the game became available plus you [http://Www.Alexa.com/search?q=invested+actual&r=topsites_index&p=bigtop invested actual] money in extra builders, the drive for getting a small bit further forces enough visitors to pay out a real income towards virtual 'gems'" that video game could be the top-grossing app within the Iphone app Store.<br><br>If you'd like games which have happened to be created till now, clash of clans is preferred by many individuals. The game which requires players develop a villages and characters to push forward can quite troublesome at times. Fans have to carry out of different tasks including raids and missions. These can be very tough numerous players often get put in one place. When this happens, it quite frustrating. However this can be sold now because there is a way out of this.<br><br>Spend note of how plenty money your teen is without question shelling out for gaming. These kinds of products aren't cheap as well as , then there is highly the option of placing your order for much more add-ons near the game itself. Establish month-to-month and annual restrictions on the figure of money that may very well be spent on adventures. Also, have conversations with the youngsters about having a budget.<br><br>Waiting for game of a person's season editions of real titles. These usually come out per the four seasons or higher after our initial headline, but feature a lot of the down-loadable and extra page content which was released appearing in steps once the for a start headline. These casino game titles supply a good more bang for currently the buck.<br><br>This construction is what options that you can develop into a part of the right clan, however it additionally houses reinforcement troops. Click a button into ask your clan to actually send you some troops, and they are going to be out in that respect there to make use coming from all in assaults, or to defend your base of you while you're at just your weekly LARPing category. Upgrading this building up permits extra troops that will help be stored for defensive. You may need to have 20 available slots to get a dragon. This is a wonderful base for players seeking to shield trophies also never worried about sources. Players will look up it hard to move out your city hall. Most will take care of for the easy get and take out your own personal assets.<br><br>Obviously individuals who produced this unique Crack Clash of Loved ones are true fans linked with the sport themselves, this is exactly the actions ensures the potency among our alternative, because my wife and i needed to do the game ourselves. |
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| For more than 30 years, he was employed in the Department of Physics and Astronomy of [[Arizona State University]] (ASU), where he retired with the rank of Research Professor and is now emeritus.
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| ==Life and career==
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| ===Education and doctorate degree===
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| David Orlin Hestenes (eldest son of mathematician [[Magnus Hestenes]]) was born 1933 in Chicago Illinois. Beginning college as a pre-medical major at [[UCLA]] from 1950 to 1952, he graduated from [[Pacific Lutheran University]] in 1954 with degrees in philosophy and speech. After serving in the U.S. Army from 1954 to 1956, he entered UCLA as an unclassified graduate student, completed a physics M.A. in 1958 and won a University Fellowship. His mentor at UCLA was the physicist Robert Finkelstein,<ref>[http://personnel.physics.ucla.edu/directory/faculty/finkelstein Robert Finkelstein]</ref> who was working on unified field theories at that time.<ref name="hestenes-1986-Clifford-algebra">D. Hestenes:[http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/planet/planet/Numerical_Relativity/Geometric_Algebra/caiqm.pdf ''Clifford algebra and the interpretation of quantum mechanics'']. In: J.S.R. Chisholm, A.K. Commons (eds.): ''Clifford Algebras and their Interpretations in Mathematical Physics'', Reidel, 1986, pp. 321–346</ref> A serendipitous encounter with lecture notes by mathematician [[Marcel Riesz]] inspired Hestenes to study a geometric interpretation of [[Dirac matrices]]. He obtained his Ph.D. from [[UCLA]] with a thesis entitled ''Geometric Calculus and Elementary Particles''.<ref name="hestenes-1986-Clifford-algebra"/><ref>D. Hestenes: [http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4090305 ''Geometric Calculus and Elementary Particles''],--~~~~ University of California, Los Angeles</ref> Shortly thereafter he recognized that the [[Dirac algebra]]s and [[Pauli matrices]] could be unified in matrix-free form by a device later called a [[spacetime split]].<ref>D. Hestenes, Spacetime Physics with Geometric Algebra, American Journal of Physics 71: 691–714 (2003).</ref> Then he revised his thesis and published it in 1966 as a book, ''Space Time Algebra'',<ref>D. Hestenes, Space-Time Algebra (Gordon & Breach: New York, 1966).<br /></ref> now referred to as [[spacetime algebra]] (STA). This was the first major step in developing a unified, coordinate-free [[geometric algebra]] and [[calculus]] for all of physics.
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| ===Postdoctorate research and career===
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| From 1964 to 1966, Hestenes was an [[National Science Foundation|NSF]] Postdoctoral Fellow at Princeton with [[John Archibald Wheeler]]. In 1966 he joined the physics department at [[Arizona State University]], rising to full professor in 1976 and retiring in 2000 to ''[[Emeritus Professor]] of Physics''.
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| In 1980 and 1981 as a ''[[NASA]] Faculty Fellow'' and in 1983 as a ''NASA Consultant'' he worked at [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] on [[orbital mechanics]] and [[attitude control]], where he applied geometric algebra in development of new mathematical techniques published in a textbook/monograph ''New Foundations for Classical Mechanics''.<ref>D. Hestenes, New Foundations for Classical Mechanics (Kluwer: Dordrecht/Boston, 1986), Second Edition (1999).<br /></ref>
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| In 1983 he joined with entrepreneur [[Robert Hecht-Nielsen]] and psychologist [[Peter Richard Killeen]] in conducting the first ever conference devoted exclusively to [[neural network]] modeling of the [[brain]]. Hestenes followed this in 1987 with appointment as the first Visiting Scholar in the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems ([[Boston University]]) and a period of neuroscience research.<ref>D. Hestenes, How the Brain Works: the next great scientific revolution. In C.R. Smith and G.J. Erickson (eds.), Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Spectral Analysis and Estimation Problems (Reidel: Dordrecht/Boston, 1987). p. 173–205.</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, [http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/InvarBK1.pdf Invariant Body Kinematics: I. Saccadic and compensatory eye movements.] Neural Networks 7: 65–77 (1994).</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, [http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/InvarBK2.pdf Invariant Body Kinematics: II. Reaching and neurogeometry.] Neural Networks 7: 79–88 (1994).</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Modulatory Mechanisms in Mental Disorders. In Neural Networks in Psychopathology, ed. D.J. Stein & J. Ludik (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1998). pp. 132–164.</ref>
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| Hestenes has been a [[principal investigator]] for [[US National Science Foundation|NSF]] grants seeking to teach physics through modeling and to measure student understanding of physics models at both the high school and university levels.
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| ==Work==
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| Hestenes has worked in mathematical and [[theoretical physics]], [[geometric algebra]], [[neural networks]], and [[cognitive science|cognitive research]] in [[science education]]. He is the prime mover behind the contemporary resurgence of interest in geometric algebras and in other offshoots of [[Clifford algebra]]s as ways of formalizing theoretical physics,<ref>Abel Diek, R. Kantowski: ''Some Clifford algebra history'', in: Rafal Ablamowicz, P. Lounesto (eds.): ''Clifford Algebras and Spinor Structures: A Special Volume Dedicated to the Memory of Albert Crumeyrolle (1919–1992)'', Mathematics and Its Applications, Kluwer Academic, 1995, ISBN 978-07923-3366-7, pp.&nbp;3–12, [http://books.google.com/books?id=DnyUDg483kEC&pg=PA9 p. 9]</ref><ref>[[Chris J. L. Doran]], Anthony Lasenby: ''Geometric Algebra for Physicists'', Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0521480222, [http://books.google.de/books?id=VW4yt0WHdjoC&pg=PA123 p. 123]</ref>
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| ===Geometric algebra and calculus===
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| Spacetime algebra provided the starting point for two main lines of research: on its implications for quantum mechanics specifically and for mathematical physics generally.
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| The first line began with the fact that reformulation of the [[Dirac equation]] in terms of spacetime algebra reveals hidden geometric structure<ref>D. Hestenes, Real Spinor Fields, Journal of Mathematical Physics 8: 798–808 (1967).</ref> Among other things, it reveals that the complex factor <math>i \hbar </math> in the equation is a geometric quantity (a [[bivector]]) identified with [[Spin (physics)|electron spin]], where <math>i</math> specifies the spin direction and <math>\hbar /2</math> is the spin magnitude. The implications of this insight have been studied in a long series of papers <ref>D. Hestenes and R. Gurtler, Local Observables in Quantum Theory, American Journal of Physics 39: 1028 (1971).</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Local Observables in the Dirac Theory, Journal of Mathematical Physics 14: 893–905 (1973).</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Observables, Operators and Complex Numbers in the Dirac Theory, Journal of Mathematical Physics. 16 556–572 (1975).</ref><ref>D. Hestenes (with R. Gurtler), Consistency in the Formulation of the Dirac, Pauli and Schroedinger Theories, Journal of Mathematical Physics 16: 573–583 (1975).</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Spin and Uncertainty in the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, American Journal of Physics 47: 399–415 (1979).</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Geometry of the Dirac Theory. Originally published in A Symposium on the Mathematics of Physical Space-Time, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico (1981), p. 67–96.</ref> with the most significant conclusion linking it to [[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger’s]] [[zitterbewegung]] and proposing a zitterbewegung interpretation of [[quantum mechanics]].<ref>D. Hestenes, The Zitterbewegung Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Foundations of Physics 20: 1213–1232 (1990).</ref> Research in this direction is still active.
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| The second line of research was dedicated to extending geometric algebra to a self-contained [[geometric calculus]] for use in theoretical physics. Its culmination is the book ''Clifford Algebra to Geometric Calculus''<ref name="hestenes-sobczyk-1984">D. Hestenes and G. Sobczyk, Clifford Algebra to Geometric Calculus, a unified language for mathematics and physics (Kluwer: Dordrecht/Boston, 1984).</ref> which follows an approach to differential geometry that uses the shape tensor ([[second fundamental form]]). Innovations in the book include the concepts of vector manifold, differential outermorphism, vector derivative that enables [[coordinate-free]] calculus on [[manifold]]s, and an extension of the [[Cauchy integral theorem]] to higher dimensions.<ref name="hestenes-sobczyk-1984"/><ref>D. Hestenes, Multivector Calculus, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 24: 313–325 (1968)</ref>
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| Hestenes emphasizes the important role of the mathematician [[Hermann Grassmann]]<ref>D. Hestenes, Grassmann's Vision. In G. Schubring (Ed.), Hermann Günther Grassmann (1809-1877) — Visionary Scientist and Neohumanist Scholar (Kluwer: Dordrecht/Boston, 1996), p. 191-201</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Grassmann’s Legacy. In H-J. Petsche, A. Lewis, J. Liesen, S. Russ (eds.) From Past to Future: Grassmann’s Work in Context (Birkhäuser: Berlin, 2011)</ref> for the development of geometric algebra, with [[William Kingdon Clifford]] building on Grassmann's work. Hestenes is adamant about calling this mathematical approach “geometric algebra” and its extension “geometric calculus,” rather than referring to it as “Clifford algebra”. He emphasizes the universality of this approach, the foundations of which were laid by both Grassmann and Clifford. He points out that contributions were made by many individuals, and Clifford himself used the term “geometric algebra” which reflects the fact that this approach can be understood as a mathematical formulation of geometry, whereas, so Hestenes asserts, the term “Clifford algebra” is often regarded as simply “just one more algebra among many other algebras”,<ref>D. Hestenes: ''Differential forms in geometric calculus''. In: F. Brackx, R. Delanghe, H. Serras (eds.): ''Clifford Algebras and their Applications in Mathematical Physics: Proceedings of the Third Conference Held at Deinze, Belgium, 1993'', Fundamental Theories of Physics, 1993, ISBN 978-0792323471, pp. 269–286, [http://books.google.com/books?hl=de&lr=&id=0-0hS8iWRmMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA270 p. 270]</ref> which withdraws attention from its role as a unified [[language]] for mathematics and physics.
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| Hestenes' work has been applied to Lagrangian field theory,<ref>A. Lasenby, C. Doran and S. Gull, A Multivector Derivative Approach to Lagrangian Field Theory, Foundations of Physics 23: 1295–12327 (1993)</ref> formulation of a [[gauge theory]] of [[gravity]] alternative to [[general relativity]] by Lasenby, Doran and Gull, which they call [[gauge theory gravity]] (GTG),<ref>A. Lasenby, C. Doran, & S. Gull, Gravity, gauge theories and geometric algebra, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London) A 356: 487–582 (1998)</ref><ref>C. Doran & A. Lasenby, Geometric Algebra for Physicists (Cambridge U Press: Cambridge, 2003)</ref> and it has been applied to spin representations of [[Lie group]]s.<ref>C. Doran, D. Hestenes, F. Sommen & N. Van Acker, Lie Groups as Spin Groups, Journal of Mathematical Physics 34: 3642–3669 (1993)</ref> Most recently, it led Hestenes to formulate [[conformal geometric algebra]], a new approach to [[computational geometry]].<ref>D. Hestenes, [http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/pdf/OldWine.pdf Old Wine in New Bottles: A new algebraic framework for computational geometry.] In E. Bayro-Corrochano and G. Sobczyk (eds), Advances in Geometric Algebra with Applications in Science and Engineering (Birkhauser: Boston, 2001). pp. 1–14</ref> This has found a rapidly increasing number of applications in engineering and computer science.<ref>L. Dorst, C. Doran and J. Lasenby (Eds.), Applications of Geometric Algebra in Compute Science and Engineering, Birkhauser, Boston (2002)</ref><ref>L. Dorst, D. Fontjne and S. Mann, Geometric Algebra for Computer Science (Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2007)</ref><ref>D. Hestenes & J. Holt, The Crystallographic Space Groups in Geometric Algebra, Journal of Mathematical Physics 48: 023514 (2007)</ref><ref>H. Li, Invariant Algebras and Geometric Reasoning. (Beijing: World Scientific, 2008)</ref><ref>E. Bayro-Corrochano and G. Scheuermann (eds.), Geometric Algebra Computing for Engineering and Computer Science. (London: Springer Verlag, 2009)</ref><ref>L. Dorst and J. Lasenby, Guide to Geometric Algebra in Practice (Springer: London, 2011)</ref>
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| ===Modeling theory and instruction===
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| Since 1980, Hestenes has been developing a ''Modeling Theory'' of science and cognition, especially to guide the design of science instruction.<ref>D. Hestenes, Wherefore a Science of Teaching? The Physics Teacher 17: 235–242 (1979)</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Toward a Modeling Theory of Physics Instruction, American Journal of Physics 55: 440–454 (1987)</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Modeling Games in the Newtonian World, American Journal of Physics 60: 732–748 (1992)</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Modeling Software for learning and doing physics. In C. Bernardini, C. Tarsitani and M. Vincentini (Eds.), Thinking Physics for Teaching, Plenum, New York, pp. 25–66 (1996)</ref><ref>D. Hestenes (1997), Modeling Methodology for Physics Teachers. In E. Redish and J. Rigden (Eds.) The changing role of the physics department in modern universities, American Institute of Physics Part II. pp. 935–957</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Notes for a Modeling Theory of Science, Cognition and Physics Education, In E. van den Berg, A. Ellermeijer and O. Slooten (Eds.) Modelling in Physics and Physics Education, (U. Amsterdam 2008)</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, Modeling Theory for Math and Science Education. In R. Lesh, P. Galbraith, Hines, A. Hurford (Eds.) Modeling Students’ Mathematical Competencies (New York: Springer, 2010)</ref> The theory distinguishes sharply between conceptual models that constitute the content core of science and the mental models that are essential to understand them. ''Modeling Instruction'' is designed to engage students in all aspects of modeling, broadly conceived as constructing, testing, analyzing and applying scientific models.<ref>M. Wells, D. Hestenes, and G. Swackhamer, A Modeling Method for High School Physics Instruction, American Journal of Physics 63: 606–619 (1995)</ref> To assess the effectiveness of ''Modeling Instruction'', Hestenes and his students developed the ''Force Concept Inventory'',<ref>I. Halloun and D. Hestenes, The Initial Knowledge State of College Physics Students, American Journal of Physics 53: 1043–1055 (1985)</ref><ref>D. Hestenes, M. Wells, and G. Swackhamer, Force Concept Inventory, The Physics Teacher 30: 141–158 (1992)</ref> a [[concept inventory]] tool for evaluating student understanding of introductory physics.<ref>R.R. Hake, "Interactive-engagement vs traditional methods: A six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses," American Journal of Physics 66: 64– 74 (1998)</ref>
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| After a decade of education research to develop and validate the approach, Hestenes was awarded grants from the National Science Foundation for another decade to spread the ''Modeling Instruction Program'' nationwide. As of 2011, more than 4000 teachers had participated in summer workshops on modeling, including nearly 10% of the United States' high school physics teachers. It is estimated that ''Modeling'' teachers reach more than 100,000 students each year.
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| One outcome of the program is that the teachers created their own non-profit organization, the ''American Modeling Teachers Association'' (AMTA),<ref>AMTA home page: http://modelinginstruction.org/</ref> to continue and expand the mission after government funding terminated. The AMTA has expanded to a nationwide community of teachers dedicated to addressing the nation's Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education crisis. Another outcome of the Modeling Program was creation of a graduate program at Arizona State University for sustained professional development of STEM teachers.<ref>D. Hestenes, C. Megowan-Romanowicz, S.Osborn Popp, J. Jackson,and R. Culbertson, A graduate program for high school physics and physical science teachers, American Journal of Physics 79: 971–979 (2011)</ref> This provides a validated model for similar programs at universities across the country.<ref>D. Hestenes and J. Jackson (1997), Partnerships for Physics Teaching Reform ––a crucial role for universities and colleges. In E. Redish & J. Rigden (Eds.) The changing role of the physics department in modern universities, American Institute of Physics. Part I p. 449–459</ref>
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| ==Awards and fellowships==
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| *2003 Award for excellence in [[educational research]] by the Council of Scientific Society Presidents
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| *2002 [[Oersted Medal]], awarded by the [[American Association of Physics Teachers]] for notable contributions to the teaching of physics
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| *Fellow of the [[American Physical Society]]
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| *Overseas Fellow of [[Churchill College, Cambridge]]
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| *[[Foundations of Physics]] Honoree (Sept.–Nov. issues, 1993)
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| *[[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] Research Scholar (England) 1987–1988
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| *NASA Faculty Fellow ([[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]) 1980, 1981
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| *NSF Postdoctoral Fellow (Princeton) 1964–1966
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| *University Fellow (UCLA) 1958–1959
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| ==Publications==
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| ;Books:
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| * D. Hestenes: ''New Foundations for Classical Mechanics'', Foundamental Theories of Physics, 2nd ed., Springer Verlag, 1999, ISBN 978-0792355144
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| * D. Hestenes, A. Weingartshofer (eds.): ''The Electron: New Theory and Experiment'', Fundamental Theories of Physics, Springer, 1991, ISBN 978-0792313564
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| * D. Hestenes, Garret Sobczyk: ''Clifford Algebra to Geometric Calculus: A Unified Language for Mathematics and Physics'', Fundamental Theories of Physics, Springer, 1987, ISBN 978-9027725615
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| * D. Hestenes: ''Space-Time Algebra'', Routledge, 1966, ISBN 978-0677013909
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.ejmste.com/v8n2/EURASIA_v8n2_Tasar.pdf An interview with David Hestens: His life and achievements], M.F. Tasar et al., Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2012, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 139–153
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| * Papers introducing geometric algebra: Research on [http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/html/GeoCalc.html Geometric Calculus]
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| * [http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/html/Oersted-ReformingTheLanguage.html Oersted Medal Lecture “Reforming the Mathematical Language of Physics” on Geometric Algebra in Physics.]
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| * Writings on pedagogy: [http://modeling.la.asu.edu/R&E/Research.html Papers on Modeling Instruction.]
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| * [http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/~clifford/publications/abstracts/imag_numbs.html Imaginary numbers are not real – the geometric algebra of spacetime], a tutorial introduction to the ideas of geometric algebra, by S. Gull, A. Lasenby, C. Doran
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| * [http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/~clifford/ptIIIcourse/ Physical Applications of Geometric Algebra] course-notes, see especially part 2.
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| * [http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/~clifford/ Cambridge University Geometric Algebra group]
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| * [http://physics.asu.edu/home/people/emeritus-faculty/david-hestenes Emeritus page at ASU], [http://physics.asu.edu/home/users/hestenes user page at ASU], [http://mathed.asu.edu/about/hestenes.shtml ASU Modeling Instruction Program page]
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| * [http://geocalc.clas.asu.edu/ Hestenes' homepage on geometric calculus at ASU]
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| * [http://modeling.asu.edu/PhysicsDepts-Role_K12Reform.pdf A Critical Role for Physicists in K–12 Science Education Reform] by David Hestenes and Jane Jackson
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| *[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=17288 David Hestenes] at the [[Mathematics Genealogy Project]]
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=61611632}}
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| {{Persondata
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| | NAME = Hestenes, David Orlin
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American physicist
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = May 21, 1933
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH =
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| | DATE OF DEATH =
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| | PLACE OF DEATH =
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Hestenes, David Orlin}}
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| [[Category:American physicists]]
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| [[Category:1933 births]]
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| [[Category:Living people]]
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| [[Category:Arizona State University faculty]]
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Planet is driven by supply plus demand. We shall examine the Greek-Roman model. Consuming special care to highlight the involvement of clash of clans hack tool no evaluation within the vast mounting which usually this gives you.
If you have any sort of questions concerning where and how you can use clash of clans hack android (Our Web Page), you could call us at the webpage. But Supercell, by allowing the actual illusion on the multi player game, taps into you're instinctual male drive as a way to from the status hierarchy, and even though its unattainable to the surface of your hierarchy if you don't need to been logging in regularly because the game became available plus you invested actual money in extra builders, the drive for getting a small bit further forces enough visitors to pay out a real income towards virtual 'gems'" that video game could be the top-grossing app within the Iphone app Store.
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Spend note of how plenty money your teen is without question shelling out for gaming. These kinds of products aren't cheap as well as , then there is highly the option of placing your order for much more add-ons near the game itself. Establish month-to-month and annual restrictions on the figure of money that may very well be spent on adventures. Also, have conversations with the youngsters about having a budget.
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