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{{Infobox programming language
It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>Should you have any kind of questions regarding exactly where and how to use [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 Best Dentists in DC], you can contact us with the webpage.
|name = GW-BASIC
|logo = [[Image:GW-BASIC 3.23.png|200px|GW-BASIC 3.23]]
|paradigm =
|year = 1983
|designer =
|developer = [[Microsoft]] (for [[Compaq]])
|latest_release_version = 3.23
|latest_release_date = 1988
|typing =
|implementations =
|dialects =
|influenced_by = [[IBM Cassette BASIC]], [[IBM Disk BASIC]], [[IBM BASICA]]
|influenced = [[QBasic]], [[QuickBasic]], [[MSX BASIC]]
|current version =
|operating_system = [[DOS]]
|license =
|website =
}}
 
'''GW-BASIC''' is a dialect of the [[programming language]] [[BASIC]] developed by [[Microsoft]] from [[IBM BASICA|BASICA]], originally for [[Compaq]]. It is otherwise identical to Microsoft/[[IBM]] [[IBM BASICA|BASICA]], but is a fully self-contained executable and does not need the [[read-only memory|ROM]] BASIC. It was bundled with [[MS-DOS]] [[operating system]]s on [[IBM PC compatible]]s by Microsoft. Microsoft also sold a BASIC [[compiler]], BASCOM, compatible with GW-BASIC, for programs needing more speed. The language is suitable for simple games, business programs and the like. Since it was included with most versions of MS-DOS, it was also a low cost way for many would-be [[programmer]]s to learn the fundamentals of [[computer programming]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/KindlyRat/GWBASIC.html|title=GW-BASIC|date=|accessdate=2009-11-10|author="KindlyRat"|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050726081451/http://www.geocities.com/KindlyRat/GWBASIC.html
|archivedate=2005-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/dos11basic/index.htm|title=GWBASIC Games & Other Programs|date=|accessdate=2009-11-10|author="Leon"|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20091026132941/http://geocities.com/dos11basic/index.htm|archivedate=2009-10-26}}</ref> With the release of MS-DOS 5.0, GW-BASIC's place was eventually taken by [[QBasic]], the interpreter part of the separately available [[QuickBASIC]] compiler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emsps.com/oldtools/msbasv.htm#qbasic|title=Microsoft BASIC version information|accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref>
 
== Syntax ==
IBM BASICA and GW-BASIC are direct ports of Microsoft's BASIC-80 (also known as MBASIC) designed for 8080/Z80 machines, but added features specifically for the IBM PC hardware. Common features of BASIC-80 and BASICA/GW-BASIC include:
 
*CLS command to clear the screen
*Double-precision variables
*True integer support
*PRINT USING statement for formatted display output
*LPRINT for outputting to printers
*WHILE...WEND loops
*The ability to save programs in three formats (ordinary tokenized binary, ASCII, or a "protected" token format that cannot be LISTed)
*"Ok" as the BASIC prompt
*DEFINT statement to set all variables beginning with the specified characters as one type, eliminating the need to put type indicators in front of them
*INKEY$ function to read key presses
*An advanced editor which included statements for renumbering program lines and deleting them in blocks
*Hexadecimal number support (performed by preceding numbers with &H)
*The REM statement can be abbreviated as '
*Statements that have quoted text (e.g. PRINT) do not require a second quote mark at the end unless other arguments follow
*IN/OUT instructions for I/O
*Error trapping features
 
Conversely, BASIC-80/BASICA/GWBASIC does not allow the line crunching in 6502 versions (where no spaces are required on a program line)
 
MBASIC programs not using PEEK/POKE statements would run under GWBASIC. BASICA added a large number of features for the IBM PC such as sound, graphics, and memory commands.
 
Microsoft did not offer a generic version of MS-DOS until v3.20 in 1986 and before then, all variants of the OS were OEM ones. Depending on the OEM, BASIC was distributed as either BASICA.EXE or GWBASIC.EXE. The former should not be confused with IBM BASICA, which always came as a .COM file. Some variants of BASIC had extra features to support a particular machine (for example, the AT&T and Tandy versions of DOS included a special GWBASIC that supported their enhanced sound and graphics capabilities).
 
The initial version of GW-BASIC was the one included with Compaq DOS 1.13 (released with the Compaq Portable in 1983) and was analogous to IBM BASICA 1.10. It used the CP/M-derived file control blocks for disk access and did not support subdirectories. Later versions added this feature and improved graphics and other capabilities.
 
GW-BASIC 3.20 (1986) added EGA graphics support (no version of BASICA or GWBASIC had VGA support) and was in effect the last new version released before it was superseded by QBASIC.
 
Buyers of [[Hercules Graphics Card]]s received a special version of GWBASIC on the card's utility disk that was called HBASIC and which added support for its 720x348 monochrome graphics (other versions of BASICA/GWBASIC only allowed graphics on Hercules cards if SIMCGA was loaded)
 
GW-BASIC has a [[command line]]-based [[integrated development environment]] (IDE) based on [[Dartmouth BASIC]]. Using the cursor movement keys, any line displayed on screen can be edited. It also includes [[function key]] shortcuts at the bottom of the screen. Like other early [[microcomputer]] versions of BASIC, GW-BASIC lacked many of the structures needed for [[structured programming]] such as local variables, and GW-BASIC programs executed relatively slowly, because it was an [[interpreted programming language]]. All program lines must be numbered; all non-numbered lines are considered to be commands in direct mode to be executed immediately. Program source files are normally saved in binary compressed format with [[token (parser)|token]]s replacing commands, with an option to save in [[ASCII]] text form.<ref name="DocUtil">{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~hwiegman/gwbasic.html |title=GW-BASIC Documentation and Utilities |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071217161146/http://www.xs4all.nl/~hwiegman/gwbasic.html |archivedate = 2007-12-17}}</ref>
 
The GW-BASIC command-line environment has commands to <code>RUN,LOAD,SAVE,LIST</code> the current program, or quit to the operating <code>SYSTEM</code>; these commands can also be used as program statements. There is little support for [[structured programming]] in GW-BASIC. All <code>IF/THEN/ELSE</code> [[conditional (programming)|conditional statements]] must be written on one line, although <code>WHILE/WEND</code> statements may group multiple lines. [[subroutine|Functions]] can only be defined using the single line <code>[[User-defined_function#BASIC_language|DEF FN]]f(x)=</code><mathematical function of x> statement (e.g., <code>DEF FNLOG(base,number)=LOG(number)/LOG(base)</code>). The data type of [[variable (programming)|variable]]s can be specified with a character at the end of the variable name: <code>A$</code> is a [[string (computer science)|string]] of characters, <code>A%</code> is an [[integer]], etc. Groups of variables can also be set to default types based on the initial letter of their name by use of the <code>DEFINT, DEFSTR</code>, etc., statements. The default type for undeclared variables not identified by such typing statements, is single-precision [[floating point]].<ref name="Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~hwiegman/gw-man/index.html|title=GW-BASIC User's Guide|year=1987|accessdate=2008-06-28|author=}}</ref>
 
GW-BASIC allowed use of [[joystick]] and [[light pen]] input devices. GW-BASIC can read from and write to files and [[serial port|COM port]]s; it can also do event trapping for ports. Since the [[compact cassette|cassette]] port interface of the original IBM PC was never implemented on compatibles, cassette operations are not supported. GW-BASIC can play simple music using the <code>PLAY</code> statement, needing a string of notes represented in a [[music macro language]] (e.g. <code>PLAY "edcdeee2dfedc4"</code>). More [[low-level]] control is possible with the <code>SOUND</code> statement, which takes the arguments of a [[frequency]] in [[hertz]] and a length in clock ticks for the standard internal [[PC speaker]] in IBM machines. Consequently sound is limited to single channel beeps and whistles as befits a 'business' machine. Home-based PCs such as the [[Tandy 1000]] allowed up to three channels of sound for the <code>SOUND</code> and <code>PLAY</code> commands.<ref name="Guide"/>
 
== Name ==
There are several theories on what the initials "GW" stand for. [[Greg Whitten]], an early [[Microsoft]] employee who developed the standards in the company's BASIC compiler line, says [[Bill Gates]] picked the name GW-BASIC. Whitten refers to it as ''Gee-Whiz'' BASIC and is unsure if Gates named the program after him.<ref name="Whitten">{{cite web|url=http://www.classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctech/2005-April/042999.html|title=GW-BASIC|date=2005-04-13|accessdate=2008-06-29|author=Gregory Whitten}}</ref> The ''Microsoft User Manual'' from [[Microsoft Press]] also refers to it by this name.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} It may have also been [[nickname]]d ''Gee-Whiz'' because it had a large number of [[2D computer graphics|graphics]] commands.<ref name="Whitten"/> Other common theories as to the initials' origins include "Graphics and Windows", "[[Bill Gates|Gates, William]]" (Microsoft's president at the time), or "Gates-Whitten" (the two main designers of the program).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tldp.org/LDP/Linux-Dictionary/html/g.html|title=Linux Dictionary:G|date=|accessdate=2008-06-28|author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctech/2005-April/042967.html|title=GW-BASIC|date=2005-04-13|accessdate=2008-06-28|author=}}</ref>
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.moorecad.com/classicbasic/index.html Classic Basic Games Page], a resource for BASIC games and other programs
* [http://peyre.x10.mx/GWBASIC/index.htm Back to BASICs], another BASIC resource site
* {{Wayback |url=http://geocities.com/KindlyRat/GWBASIC.html |title=GW-BASIC interpreter program and files download site |date=20091027112638 }}
* [http://hwiegman.home.xs4all.nl/gw-man/index.html GW-BASIC User's Manual]
* [http://www.garybeene.com/qbasic/qb-hist.htm Gary Beene's Information Center] regarding BASIC, with timeline dates for DOS, Windows and BASIC dialects
* [http://www.gw-basic.com GW-BASIC - Gee Whiz!] Neil C. Obremski’s site devoted to GW-BASIC.
 
{{BASIC}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gw-Basic}}
[[Category:Discontinued Microsoft BASICs]]
[[Category:Programming languages created in 1983]]
[[Category:BASIC interpreters]]

Revision as of 01:08, 5 March 2014

It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.

Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.

At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.

Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.

Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.

Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.

Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.

In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.

Should you have any kind of questions regarding exactly where and how to use Best Dentists in DC, you can contact us with the webpage.