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| The '''Syriac Sinaitic''' (syr<sup>s</sup>), known also as the '''Sinaitic Palimpsest''', of [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] is a late 4th century [[manuscript]] of 358 pages, containing a translation of the four canonical [[gospel]]s of the [[New Testament]] into [[Syriac language|Syriac]], which have been overwritten by a ''vita'' (biography) of female [[saint]]s and [[martyr]]s with a date corresponding to AD 778. This [[palimpsest]] is the oldest copy of the gospels in Syriac, one of two surviving manuscripts (the other being the [[Curetonian Gospels]]) that are conventionally dated to before the [[Peshitta]], the standard Syriac translation of the Bible.
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| ==Text==
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| Both syr<sup>s</sup> and syr<sup>cur</sup> contain similar renderings of the gospel text, exhibiting conformity with the Greek. Even so, syr<sup>s</sup> retains some readings from even earlier lost Syriac gospels and from the 2nd century [[Greek language|Greek]] [[manuscripts]], which brought the four gospels into harmony with one another through selective readings and emendations.<ref>See [[Gospel harmony]].</ref>
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| The importance of such early, least conforming texts is emphasized by the revision of the Peshitta that was made about 508, ordered by bishop [[Philoxenus of Mabbog]]. His revision, it is said, skilfully moved the Peshitta nearer to the Greek text; "it is very remarkable that his own frequent gospel quotations preserved in his writings show that he used an Old Syriac set of the four gospels".<ref>[http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/syriac_versions.html Steven Ring: ''Ancient Syriac New Testament Versions''.]</ref>
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| ==History==
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| The palimpsest was identified in the library at Saint Catherine's Monastery in February 1892 by [[Agnes Smith Lewis]] and her sister [[Margaret Dunlop Gibson]], who returned with a team of scholars that included [[J. Rendel Harris]], to photograph and transcribe the work in its entirety.<ref>[http://www.metamind.net/sisterbio.html A. S. Lewis and her sister M. D. Gibson and the discovery of the Sinaitic Palimpsest].</ref>
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| The German theologian [[Adalbert Merx]] devoted much of his later research to the elucidation of the Sinaitic Palimpsest, the results being embodied in ''Die vier kanonischen Evangelien nach dem ältesten bekannten Texte'' (1897-1905).
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| The Sinaitic Palimpsest immediately became a central document in tracing the history of the New Testament. The palimpsest's importance lies especially in making the Greek New Testament manuscripts understandable to [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] speaking communities during that period.
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| == Notable readings ==
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| The palimpsest lacks the [[Mark 16|last 12 verses of Mark]], [[Christ's agony at Gethsemane|Christ's agony]] (Luke 22:43-44), the [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|Pericope Adulteræ]] (John 7:53-8:11), and the reconciliation of Pilate with Herod (Luke 23:10-12).<ref>H. Schumacher, ''A Handbook of Scripture Study'' (B. Herder Book Co.: London 1923), p. 39.</ref>
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| In Matthew 4:10, it contains a singular reading reflecting the Greek ὕπαγε ὀπίσω σου (''get you behind'' or ''get behind you'').
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| Matthew 12:47 is omitted, as in א*, B, [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]], [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Γ]], 1009, [[Lectionary 12|'''ℓ''' ''12'']], ff<sup>1</sup>, k, syr<sup>c</sup>, cop<sup>sa</sup>.<ref>NA26, p. 46.</ref>
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| In Matthew 14:12, it reflects πτωμα (''corpse'') with א B C D L Θ ''f''<sup>1</sup> ''f''<sup>13</sup> [[Minuscule 33|33]] 565 700 892 1241 1424 e k '''ℓ''' ''844'' '''ℓ''' ''2211'' syr<sup>c, p</sup> cop<sup>bo</sup>
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| In Matthew 16:12, it reflects της ζυμης (''leaven'') with D, Θ, ''f''<sup>13</sup>, 565, a, b, ff<sup>2</sup>
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| Matthew 21:44 is omitted, as in [[Papyrus 104|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>104</sup>]], D, 33, it<sup>a.b.d.e</sup>, ff<sup>1</sup>, ff<sup>2</sup>, r<sup>1</sup>, [[Irenaeus]]<sup>lat</sup>, [[Origen]], [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius]]
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| In Matthew 27:9, text reflecting Ιερεμιου (''Jeremiah'') is omitted, as in [[Codex Beratinus|Φ]] 33 it<sup>[[Codex Vercellensis|a]]</sup> it<sup>[[Codex Veronensis|b]]</sup> syr<sup>p</sup> cop<sup>bo</sup>
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| In Matthew 27:16, it reflects Ἰησοῦν τὸν Βαραββᾶν (''Jesus the Barabbas'') with [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] ''f''<sup>1</sup> 700* arm geo<sup>2</sup>
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| In Mark 2:26, the phrase ''when Abiatar was high priest'' is omitted, as in D, W, 1009, 1546, it<sup>a.b.d.e.ff<sup>2</sup>.i.r<sup>1</sup>.t</sup>
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| In Mark 10:2, the phrase ''the Pharisees came'' is omitted, as in D, it<sup>a.b.d.k.r<sup>1</sup></sup>, (syr<sup>cur</sup>)
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| In Mark 10:7, the phrase ''and be joined to his wife'' is omitted, as in [[Codex Sinaiticus|א]], [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]], [[Minuscule 892|892]]*, [[Minuscule 2427|2427]], [[Lectionary 48|'''ℓ''' ''48'']], goth.<ref>UBS3, p. 164.</ref>
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| In Luke 4:17, it reflects ἀνοίξας (''opened'') with A, B, L, W, Ξ, 33, 579, 892, 1195, 1241, [[Lectionary 547|'''ℓ''' ''547'']], syr<sup>h, pal</sup>, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>
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| In Luke 9:35, it reflects ἐκλελεγμένος (''Elect One'') with [[Papyrus 45|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>45</sup>]] [[Papyrus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup>]] א B L Ξ 892 1241 it<sup>a.aur.ff<sup>2</sup>.l</sup> vg<sup>st</sup> cop<sup>mss</sup>
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| In Luke 10:41b-42a, the phrase ''you are worried and being troubled about many things, but only one thing is needed'' is omitted, as in it<sup>a.b.d.e.ff<sup>2</sup>.i.l.r<sup>1</sup></sup> [[Ambrose]]
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| In Luke 23:34, the phrase ''And Jesus said: Father forgive them, they know not what they do'' is omitted, agreeing with [[Papyrus 75|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup>]], [[Codex Sinaiticus|א<sup>1</sup>]], [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]], [[Codex Bezae|D*]], [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]], [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], [[Uncial 070|0124]], 1241, [[Codex Vercellensis|a]], Bezae<sup>lat</sup>, cop<sup>sa</sup>, cop<sup>bo</sup>.<ref>UBS4, p. 311.</ref>
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| Luke 24:40 is omitted, as in D it<sup>a.b.d.e.ff<sup>2</sup>.l.r<sup>1</sup></sup>, syr<sup>cur</sup>
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| In Luke 24:52, the phrase ''after worshiping him'' is omitted, as in D it<sup>a.b.d.e.ff<sup>2</sup>.geo<sup>2</sup>.l</sup> (syr<sup>cur</sup>)
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| In Luke 24:53, it reflects εὐλογοῦντες (''blessing'') with <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup> א B C* L
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| In John 1:34, it reflects ὁ ἐκλεκτός (''the Elect One'') with [[Papyrus 5|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>5</sup>]] [[Papyrus 106|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>106</sup>]]<sup>vid</sup> א* it<sup>b.e.ff<sup>2*</sup></sup> syr<sup>cur</sup>
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| In John 6:23, the phrase ''the Lord having given thanks'' is omitted, as in D [[Uncial 091|091]] it<sup>a.e</sup> syr<sup>cur</sup>
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| In John 6:42, the phrase ''and his mother'' is omitted, as in א* W it<sup>b</sup> syr<sup>cur</sup>
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| In John 6:46, it contains a singular reading reflecting the Greek θεον πατερα (''God the Father'').
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| In John 6:47, it reflects ὁ πιστεύων εις θεον ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (''he who is believing '''in God''' has life everlasting'') in agreement only with syr<sup>cur</sup>.
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| In John 6:51, it reflects του εμου ἄρτου (''my bread'') with א it<sup>a.e.r<sup>1</sup></sup>
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| In John 6:64, the text ''who they are who are not believing, and'' is omitted, as in [[Papyrus 66|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>66*</sup>]] it<sup>e</sup> syr<sup>cur</sup>
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| In John 7:32, the phrase ''the chief priests and the Pharisees'' is omitted, as in [[Minuscule 118|118]] it<sup>b.e</sup>
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| In John 8:16, text reflecting πατήρ (''father'') is omitted, as in א* D 1655* it<sup>d</sup> syr<sup>cur</sup>
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| In John 8:53, the phrase ''our father'' is omitted, as in D W it<sup>a.b.c.d.e.ff<sup>2</sup>.j.l</sup> cop<sup>pbo</sup>
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| In John 9:18, the phrase ''had been blind and had received sight'' is omitted, as in <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>66*</sup> ''f''<sup>1</sup> 565 it<sup>mss</sup> cop<sup>bo</sup>
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| In John 9:35, it reflects υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (''Son of Man'') with <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>66</sup> <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>75</sup> א B D W cop<sup>mss</sup>
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| In John 11:25, the phrase ''and the life'' is omitted, as in <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>45</sup> it<sup>l</sup> [[Diatessaron]]<sup>syr</sup> [[Cyprian]]
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| In John 11:39, the phrase ''the sister of the deceased'' is omitted, as in [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] it<sup>aur.b.c.e.ff<sup>2</sup>.l</sup> ac<sup>2</sup>
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| In John 11:51, the phrase ''of that year'' is omitted, as in <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>45</sup> it<sup>e.l</sup>
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| John 12:8 is omitted, as in D it<sup>d</sup>
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| In John 13:32, the phrase ''If God has been glorified in him'' is omitted, as in <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>66</sup> א* B C* D L W 579 it vg<sup>mss</sup> syr<sup>h</sup> ac<sup>2</sup> mf co<sup>bo<sup>mss</sup></sup>
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| In John 14:1, the phrase ''And he said to his disciples'' starts the passage, as in D it<sup>a.aur.c</sup>
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| John 14:14 in omitted, as in X [[Codex Tischendorfianus III|Λ]]* [[Uncial 0141|0141]] ''f''<sup>1</sup> [[Minuscule 565|565]] it<sup>b</sup> vg<sup>ms</sup> arm
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| John 16:3 is omitted.
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| In John 16:28, the phrase ''I came forth from the Father'' is omitted, as in D W it<sup>b.d.ff<sup>2</sup></sup> ac<sup>2</sup> cop<sup>pbo</sup>
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| In John 17:14, the phrase ''just as I am not of the world'' is omitted, as in <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>66*</sup> D ''f''<sup>13</sup> it
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| In John 18:5, the phrase ''the one betraying him'' is omitted, as in <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>66*<sup>vid</sup></sup>
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| In John 18:13-24, the verse order is 13, 24, 14-15, 19–23, 16–18
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| In John 20:1, the text reads ''from the opening of the tomb'' with א W ''f''<sup>1</sup> 22 565 579 it<sup>d.f.r<sup>1</sup></sup> vg<sup>ms</sup> cop<sup>bo</sup> cop<sup>pbo</sup>
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| John 20:13 contains an interpolation (in bold): ''Woman, why are you weeping? '''Who are you seeking?''''' This reading is supported by A* D 579 1424
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| John 20:26 contains a singular reading (in bold): ''And after eight days, '''on the first day of the Sabbath (week?)'''''
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| In John 21:4, the passage concludes with ''yet, they knew not'' as with <math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>66</sup> א L Ψ 33 844 lat
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| In John 21:13, it reflects ευχαριστησας εδωκεν αὐτοῖς (''upon giving thanks, he gave it to them'') as with D it<sup>f.r<sup>1</sup></sup> vg<sup>mss</sup>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Aramaic primacy]]
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| * [[Codex Sinaiticus]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| * Agnes Smith Lewis, [http://www.archive.org/stream/catalogueofsyria00sainrich#page/n13/mode/2up ''Catalogue of the Syriac mss. in the Convent of S. Catharine on Mount Sinai''] (1894)
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| * [http://www.ashu39.dsl.pipex.com/ChristianMysteries/syriac_versions.html "Ancient Syriac New Testament Versions"]: summary of how these ancient Syriac versions of the gospel are related and the context of their creation
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| * [http://www.metamind.net/burkittbio.html Dr Francis Crawford Burkitt and the Sinaitic Palimpsest]
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| [[Category:4th-century biblical manuscripts]]
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| [[Category:Syriac manuscripts]]
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