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<br><br>It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>Here is more info about [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 dentist DC] take a look at our own site.
<!-- To obtain a blank version of this page, type <nowiki>{{chembox supplement}}</nowiki> and save the page -->
This page provides supplementary chemical data on [[carbon dioxide]].
 
== Material Safety Data Sheet == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
 
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet ([[Material safety data sheet|MSDS]]) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as [http://www.siri.org/msds/index.php SIRI], and follow its directions.  MSDS for solid carbon dioxide is available from [http://www.siri.org/msds/f2/bwr/bwrdj.html Pacific Dry Ice, inc.]
 
== Structure and properties == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | Structure and properties
|-
| [[Index of refraction]], ''n''<sub>D</sub>
| 1.000449 (at 589.3&nbsp;nm and 0 °C) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_5/2_5_7.html|title=Refractive index of gases|publisher=NPL|accessdate=7 April 2010}}</ref><!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Dielectric constant]], ε<sub>r</sub>
| 1.60 ε<sub>0</sub> at 0 °C, 50 atm <!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Bond strength (chemistry)|Bond strength]]
| ? <!-- Specify which bond. Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Bond length]]
| C–O 116 pm <!-- Specify which bond. Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Bond angle]]
| 180.0 <!-- Specify which angle, e.g. Cl-P-O. Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Magnetic susceptibility]]
| ? <!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| [[Surface tension]]
| 4.34 dyn/cm at 20°C<br>and equilbrium pressure
|-
| [[Viscosity]]<ref name="lange1669">''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed. pp 1669-1674</ref> of liquid<br>at equilibrium pressure
| 0.0925 mPa·s at 5°C<br>0.0852 mPa·s at 10°C<br>0.0712 mPa·s at 20°C<br>0.0625 mPa·s at 25°C<br>0.0321 mPa·s at 31.1°C<br>
|-
|}
 
== Thermodynamic properties == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | Phase behavior
|-
| [[Triple point]]
| 216.58 K (-56.57 °C), 518.5 kPa
|-
| [[Critical point (thermodynamics)|Critical point]]
| 304.18 K (31.03 °C), 7.38 MPa
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of fusion|Std enthalpy change<br/>of fusion]], Δ<sub>fus</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| 8.647 kJ/mol at triple point<ref name="a_l">{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=26|title=Gas Encyclopaedia|publisher=Air Liquide|accessdate=1 June 2007}}</ref>
|-
| [[Standard entropy change of fusion|Std entropy change<br/>of fusion]], Δ<sub>fus</sub>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| ? J/(mol·K)
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of vaporization|Std enthalpy change<br/>of vaporization]],<ref name="cheric_p"/> Δ<sub>vap</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| 15.326 kJ/mol at –57.5°C
|-
| [[Standard entropy change of vaporization|Std entropy change<br/>of vaporization]], Δ<sub>vap</sub>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| 70.8 J/(mol·K)
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Solid properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change<br/>of formation]], Δ<sub>f</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>solid</sub>
| -427.4 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]],<ref name="giauqeegan1937">W.F. Giauque and C.J. Egan, "Carbon Dioxide. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of the Solid. The Heat of Sublimation. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Values of the Entropy,"  Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 5, pp. 45-54, 1937.</ref> <br/>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>solid</sub>
| 51.07 J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Heat capacity]],<ref name="giauqeegan1937"/> ''c<sub>p</sub>''
|
2.534 J/(mol K) at 15.52 K <br>
47.11  J/(mol K) at 146.48 K <br>
54.55 J/(mol K) at 189.78 K <br>
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Liquid properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change<br/>of formation]], Δ<sub>f</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>liquid</sub>
| ? kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]],<br/>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>liquid</sub>
| ? J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Heat capacity]], ''c<sub>p</sub>''
| ? J/(mol K)
|-
! {{chembox header}} | Gas properties
|-
| [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|Std enthalpy change<br/>of formation]], Δ<sub>f</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>gas</sub>
| &minus;393.52 kJ/mol
|-
| [[Standard molar entropy]],<br/>''S''<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>gas</sub>
| 213.79 J/(mol K)
|-
| [[Heat capacity]],<ref name="lange1525">''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed, pp 1525-1528</ref> ''c<sub>p</sub>''
|
33.89 J/(mol K) at –75°C<br>
36.33 J/(mol K) at 0°C<br>
36.61 J/(mol K) at 15°C<br>
38.01 J/(mol K) at 100°C<br>
43.81 J/(mol K) at 400°C<br>
50.87 J/(mol K) at 1000°C<br>
56.91 J/(mol K) at 2000°C<br>
53.01 J/(mol K) at 38°C, 2457 kPa<br>
60.01 J/(mol K) at 38°C, 5482 kPa<br>
183.1 J/(mol K) at 38°C, 8653 kPa<br>
|-
| [[Heat capacity ratio]]<ref name="lange1525"/><br>''γ'' = ''c<sub>p</sub>''/''c<sub>v</sub>''
|
1.37 at –75°C<br>
1.310 at 0°C<br>
1.304 at 15°C<br>
1.281 at 100°C<br>
1.235 at 400°C<br>
1.195 at 1000°C<br>
1.171 at 2000°C
|-
| [[van der Waals equation|van der Waals' constants]]<ref name="lange1522">''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed, pp 1522-1524</ref>
| a = 363.96 L<sup>2</sup> kPa/mol<sup>2</sup><br> b = 0.04267 liter per mole
|-
| Equilibrium with [[carbon monoxide]]<ref name="lange1573">''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed. pp 1573-1576</ref><br>
CO + ½O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub>
 
''K'' = <math>\scriptstyle \frac {[\mathrm {CO_2}]} {[\mathrm {CO}][\mathrm {O_2}]^{\frac {1} {2}}}</math>
 
''pK'' = log<sub>10</sub> ''K''
|
''pK'' = 45.0438 at T = 298.16 K<br>
''pK'' = 25.0054 at T = 500 K<br>
''pK'' = 16.5383 at T = 700 K<br>
''pK'' = 11.8409 at T = 900 K<br>
''pK'' = 8.8583 at T = 1100 K<br>
''pK'' = 6.7989 at T = 1300 K<br>
''pK'' = 5.2943 at T = 1500 K
|}
 
==Solubility in water at various temperatures==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border: 1px solid #C0C090; background-color: #F8EABA"
|- bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center"
| colspan="3" | '''Aqueous Solubility of CO<sub>2</sub> at 101.3 kPa (1 [[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]]) [[partial pressure]]'''<ref name="lange1100">''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed., p 1100</ref>
|-
|
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style=" background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|- {{chembox header}}
| '''Temperature'''|| <sup>‡</sup>'''Dissolved<br>CO<sub>2</sub> volume<br>per volume H<sub>2</sub>O''' || '''grams CO<sub>2</sub> per<br>100 ml H<sub>2</sub>O'''
|-
| 0 °C || 1.713 || 0.3346
|-
| 1 °C || 1.646 || 0.3213
|-
| 2 °C || 1.584 || 0.3091
|-
| 3 °C || 1.527 || 0.2978
|-
| 4 °C || 1.473 || 0.2871
|-
| 5 °C || 1.424 || 0.2774
|-
| 6 °C || 1.377 || 0.2681
|-
| 7 °C || 1.331 || 0.2589
|-
| 8 °C || 1.282 || 0.2492
|-
| 9 °C || 1.237 || 0.2403
|-
| 10 °C || 1.194 || 0.2318
|-
| 11 °C || 1.154 || 0.2239
|-
| 12 °C || 1.117 || 0.2165
|-
| 13 °C || 1.083 || 0.2098
|-
| 14 °C || 1.050 || 0.2032
|-
| 15 °C || 1.019 || 0.1970
|-
| 16 °C || 0.985 || 0.1903
|-
| 17 °C || 0.956 || 0.1845
|}
|  bgcolor="#F8EABA"| &nbsp; &nbsp;
|
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|- {{chembox header}}
| '''Temperature'''|| <sup>‡</sup>'''Dissolved<br>CO<sub>2</sub> volume<br>per volume H<sub>2</sub>O''' || '''grams CO<sub>2</sub> per<br>100 ml H<sub>2</sub>O'''
|-
| 18 °C || 0.928 || 0.1789
|-
| 19 °C || 0.902 || 0.1737
|-
| 20 °C || 0.878 || 0.1688
|-
| 21 °C || 0.854 || 0.1640
|-
| 22 °C || 0.829 || 0.1590
|-
| 23 °C || 0.804 || 0.1540
|-
| 24 °C || 0.781 || 0.1493
|-
| 25 °C || 0.759 || 0.1449
|-
| 26 °C || 0.738 || 0.1406
|-
| 27 °C || 0.718 || 0.1366
|-
| 28 °C || 0.699 || 0.1327
|-
| 29 °C || 0.682 || 0.1292
|-
| 30 °C || 0.655 || 0.1257
|-
| 35 °C || 0.592 || 0.1105
|-
| 40 °C || 0.530 || 0.0973
|-
| 45 °C || 0.479 || 0.0860
|-
| 50 °C || 0.436 || 0.0761
|-
| 60 °C || 0.359 || 0.0576
|}
|-
|}
* <small><sup>‡</sup>Second column of table indicates solubility at each given temperature in volume of CO<sub>2</sub> as it would be measured at 101.3 kPa and 0 °C per volume of water. </small>
* The solubility is given for "pure water", i.e., water which contain only CO<sub>2</sub>.  This water is going to be acidic. For example, at 25 °C the [[pH]] of 3.9 is expected (see [[carbonic acid]]). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the [[pH]]-dependent speciation of CO<sub>2</sub>.
 
==Vapor pressure of solid and liquid==
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''P in mm Hg''' || 1 || 10 || 40 || 100 || 400 || 760 || 1520 || 3800 || 7600 || 15200 || 30400 || 45600
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''P in atm (2sf, derived from mm Hg)''' || 0.0013 || 0.013 || 0.053 || 0.13 || 0.53 || 1.0 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 10 || 20 || 40 || 60
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''P in kPa (derived from mm Hg / atm)''' || 0.13 || 1.3 || 5.3 || 13 || 53 || 101.325 || 202.65 || 506.625 || 1013.25 || 2026.5 || 4053 || 6079.5
|-
| {{chembox header}} | '''T in °C''' || –134.3<sub>(s)</sub> || –119.5<sub>(s)</sub> || –108.6<sub>(s)</sub> || –100.2<sub>(s)</sub> || –85.7<sub>(s)</sub> || –78.2<sub>(s)</sub> || –69.1<sub>(s)</sub> || –56.7 || –39.5 || –18.9 || 5.9 || 22.4
|}
Table data obtained from ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'' 44th ed. Annotation "(s)" indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. For kPa values, where datum is whole numbers of atmospheres exact kPa values are given, elsewhere 2 significant figures derived from mm Hg data. <br>
[[Image:LogCO2VaporPressure.png|thumb|587px|left|'''log of Carbon Dioxide vapor pressure.''' Uses formula: <math>\scriptstyle \log_e P_{mmHg} = </math><math>\scriptstyle \log_e (\frac {760} {101.325}) - 24.03761 \log_e(T+273.15) - \frac {7062.404} {T+273.15} + 166.3861 + 3.368548 \times 10^{-5} (T+273.15)^2
</math> obtained from CHERIC<ref name="cheric_p">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcprop/cmpsrch.php|title=Pure Component Properties|publisher=Chemical Engineering Research Information Center|format=Queriable database|accessdate=8 May 2007}}</ref>]]{{Clear}}
 
==Phase diagram==
[[Image:Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature phase diagram.svg|350px]]
 
==Liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data==
The table below gives thermodynamic data of liquid CO<sub>2</sub> in equilibrium with its vapor at various temperatures. Heat content data, heat of vaporization, and entropy values are relative to the liquid state at 0°C temperature and 3483 kPa pressure. To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095&nbsp;grams/mole. To convert densities to moles/liter, multiply by 22.678&nbsp;cm<sup>3</sup>-mole/liter-gram. Data obtained from ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 44th ed. pages 2560-2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1°C) and temperatures –30°C and below, which are taken from ''Lange's Handbook of Chemistry'', 10th ed. page 1463.
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|- bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center"
| colspan="9" | '''Carbon dioxide liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data'''
|- {{chembox header}}
! Temp.<br>°C !! ''P<sub>vap</sub>''<br>Vapor<br>pressure<br>[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] !! ''H<sub>liq</sub>''<br>Heat<br>content<br>liquid<br>[[joule|J]]/g !! ''H<sub>vap</sub>''<br>Heat<br>content<br>vapor<br>[[joule|J]]/g !! Δ<sub>vap</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup><br>Heat of<br>vapor-<br>ization<br>[[joule|J]]/g !! ''ρ<sub>vap</sub>''<br>Density<br>of vapor<br>g/cm<sup>3</sup> !! ''ρ<sub>liq</sub>''<br>Density<br>of liquid<br>g/cm<sup>3</sup> !! ''S<sub>liq</sub>''<br>Entropy<br>liquid<br>[[joule|J]]/[[mole (unit)|mol]]-°C !! ''S<sub>vap</sub>''<br>Entropy<br>vapor<br>[[joule|J]]/[[mole (unit)|mol]]-°C
|-
| –56.6 || 518.3 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.179  ||      ||
|-
| –56.0 || 531.8 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.177  ||      ||
|-
| –54.0 || 579.1 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.169  ||      ||
|-
| –52.0 || 629.6 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.162  ||      ||
|-
| –50.0 || 683.4 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.155  ||      ||
|-
| –48.0 || 740.6 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.147  ||      ||
|-
| –46.0 || 801.3 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.139  ||      ||
|-
| –44.0 || 865.6 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.131  ||      ||
|-
| –42.0 || 933.8 ||        ||      ||      ||        || 1.124  ||      ||
|-
| –40.0 || 1005.7 ||      ||      ||      ||        || 1.116  ||      ||
|-
| –38.0 || 1081.6 ||      ||      ||      ||        || 1.108  ||      ||
|-
| –36.0 || 1161.8 ||      ||      ||      ||        || 1.100  ||      ||
|-
| –34.0 || 1246.2 ||      ||      ||      ||        || 1.092  ||      ||
|-
| –32.0 || 1335.1 ||      ||      ||      ||        || 1.084  ||      ||
|-
| -30.0 || 1428.6 ||      ||      ||      ||        || 1.075  ||      ||
|-
| –28.89 || 1521 || –55.69 || 237.1 || 292.9 || 0.03846 || 1.0306 || –9.48 || 43.41
|-
| –27.78 || 1575 || –53.76 || 237.3 || 291.0 || 0.03987 || 1.0276 || –9.13 || 43.21
|-
| –26.67 || 1630 || –51.84 || 237.6 || 289.4 || 0.04133 || 1.0242 || –8.78 || 43.01
|-
| –25.56 || 1686 || –49.87 || 237.6 || 287.5 || 0.04283 || 1.0209 || –8.45 || 42.78
|-
| –24.44 || 1744 || –47.91 || 237.8 || 285.7 || 0.04440 || 1.0170 || –8.10 || 42.56
|-
| –23.33 || 1804 || –45.94 || 237.8 || 283.6 || 0.04600 || 1.0132 || –7.75 || 42.36
|-
| –22.22 || 1866 || –43.93 || 237.8 || 281.7 || 0.04767 || 1.0093 || –7.40 || 42.14
|-
| –21.11 || 1928 || –41.92 || 237.8 || 279.6 || 0.04938 || 1.0053 || –7.05 || 41.94
|-
| –20.00 || 1993 || –39.91 || 237.8 || 277.8 || 0.05116 || 1.0011 || –6.68 || 41.71
|-
| –18.89 || 2059 || –37.86 || 237.8 || 275.7 || 0.05300 || 0.9968 || –6.31 || 41.49
|-
| –17.78 || 2114 || –35.82 || 237.6 || 273.6 || 0.05489 || 0.9923 || –5.98 || 41.27
|-
| –16.67 || 2197 || –33.73 || 237.6 || 271.2 || 0.05686 || 0.9875 || –5.61 || 41.05
|-
| –15.56 || 2269 || –31.64 || 237.3 || 269.2 || 0.05888 || 0.9829 || –5.26 || 40.83
|-
| –14.44 || 2343 || –29.54 || 237.3 || 266.9 || 0.06098 || 0.9782 || –4.91 || 40.61
|-
| –13.33 || 2418 || –27.41 || 237.1 || 264.5 || 0.06314 || 0.9734 || –4.54 || 40.39
|-
| –12.22 || 2495 || –25.27 || 236.9 || 262.2 || 0.06539 || 0.9665 || –4.17 || 40.15
|-
| –11.11 || 2574 || –23.09 || 236.7 || 259.7 || 0.06771 || 0.9639 || –3.80 || 39.92
|-
| –10.00 || 2654 || –20.90 || 236.4 || 257.3 || 0.07011 || 0.9592 || –3.43 || 39.68
|-
|  –8.89 || 2738 || –18.69 || 235.9 || 254.8 || 0.07259 || 0.9543 || –3.06 || 39.46
|-
|  –7.78 || 2823 || –16.45 || 235.7 || 252.2 || 0.07516 || 0.9494 || –2.69 || 39.22
|-
|  –6.67 || 2910 || –14.18 || 235.2 || 249.4 || 0.07783 || 0.9443 || –2.32 || 38.98
|-
|  –5.56 || 2999 || –11.90 || 234.8 || 246.6 || 0.08059 || 0.9393 || –1.94 || 38.74
|-
|  –4.44 || 3090 || –9.977 || 234.3 || 243.8 || 0.08347 || 0.9340 || –1.57 || 38.50
|-
|  –3.89 || 3136 || –8.410 || 234.1 || 242.4 || 0.08494 || 0.9313 || –1.37 || 38.37
|-
|  –2.78 || 3230 || –6.046 || 233.6 || 239.7 || 0.08797 || 0.9260 || –0.98 || 38.12
|-
|  –1.67 || 3327 || –3.648 || 232.9 || 236.6 || 0.09111 || 0.9206 || –0.59 || 37.88
|-
|  –0.56 || 3425 || –1.222 || 232.4 || 233.6 || 0.09438 || 0.9150 || –0.20 || 37.62
|-
|  0.56 || 3526 ||  1.234 || 231.7 || 230.5 || 0.09776 || 0.9094 ||  0.20 || 37.36
|-
|  1.67 || 3629 ||  3.728 || 231.0 || 227.3 || 0.1013 || 0.9036 ||  0.61 || 37.08
|-
|  2.78 || 3735 ||  6.268 || 230.4 || 224.0 || 0.1050 || 0.8975 ||  1.01 || 36.83
|-
|  3.89 || 3843 ||  8.445 || 229.4 || 220.5 || 0.1088 || 0.8914 ||  1.42 || 36.55
|-
|  5.00 || 3953 ||  11.46 || 228.5 || 217.0 || 0.1128 || 0.8850 ||  1.83 || 36.25
|-
|  6.11 || 4067 ||  14.13 || 227.6 || 213.4 || 0.1169 || 0.8784 ||  2.25 || 35.98
|-
|  7.22 || 4182 ||  16.85 || 226.5 || 209.7 || 0.1213 || 0.8716 ||  2.69 || 35.68
|-
|  8.33 || 4300 ||  19.63 || 225.4 || 205.8 || 0.1258 || 0.8645 ||  3.12 || 35.39
|-
|  9.44 || 4420 ||  22.46 || 224.3 || 201.8 || 0.1306 || 0.8571 ||  3.56 || 35.07
|-
|  10.56 || 4544 ||  25.36 || 223.1 || 197.7 || 0.1355 || 0.8496 ||  4.02 || 34.76
|-
|  11.67 || 4670 ||  28.33 || 221.8 || 193.4 || 0.1408 || 0.8418 ||  4.48 || 34.45
|-
|  12.78 || 4798 ||  31.35 || 220.3 || 188.9 || 0.1463 || 0.8338 ||  4.94 || 34.11
|-
|  13.89 || 4929 ||  34.49 || 218.8 || 184.3 || 0.1521 || 0.8254 ||  5.42 || 33.76
|-
|  15.00 || 5063 ||  37.30 || 217.2 || 179.5 || 0.1583 || 0.8168 ||  5.92 || 33.41
|-
|  16.11 || 5200 ||  41.03 || 215.1 || 174.4 || 0.1648 || 0.8076 ||  6.42 || 33.02
|-
|  17.22 || 5340 || 44.48  || 213.6 || 169.1 || 0.1717 || 0.7977 ||  6.96 || 32.66
|-
|  18.33 || 5482 || 48.03  || 211.5 || 163.5 || 0.1791 || 0.7871 ||  7.49 || 32.25
|-
|  19.44 || 5628 || 51.71  || 209.4 || 157.6 || 0.1869 || 0.7759 ||  8.04 || 31.83
|-
|  20.56 || 5776 || 55.61 ||  207.0 || 151.4 || 0.1956 || 0.7639 ||  8.63 || 31.38
|-
|  21.67 || 5928 || 59.66 ||  204.3 || 144.7 || 0.2054 || 0.7508 ||  9.24 || 30.90
|-
|  22.78 || 6083 || 63.97 ||  201.5 || 137.5 || 0.2151 || 0.7367 ||  9.89 || 30.39
|-
|  23.89 || 6240 || 68.58 ||  198.4 || 129.8 || 0.2263 || 0.7216 ||  10.57 || 29.85
|-
|  25.00 || 6401 || 73.51 ||  194.8 || 121.3 || 0.2387 || 0.7058 ||  11.31 || 29.24
|-
|  26.11 || 6565 || 78.91 ||  190.7 || 111.8 || 0.2532 || 0.6894 ||  12.10 || 28.60
|-
|  27.22 || 6733 || 84.94 ||  186.0 || 101.1 || 0.2707 || 0.6720 ||  12.99 || 27.84
|-
|  28.33 || 6902 || 91.88 || 180.4 || 88.49 || 0.2923 || 0.6507 ||  14.00 || 26.95
|-
|  29.44 || 7081 || 100.4 || 173.1 || 72.72 || 0.3204 || 0.6209 ||  15.24 || 25.85
|-
|  30.00 || 7164 || 105.6 || 168.4 || 62.76 || 0.3378 || 0.5992 ||  16.01 || 25.15
|-
|  30.56 || 7253 || 112.3 || 162.3 || 50.04 || 0.3581 || 0.5661 ||  16.99 || 24.24
|-
|  31.1 || 7391 ||  ||  || 0.00 || 0.4641 || 0.4641 ||  ||
|- {{chembox header}}
! Temp.<br>°C !! ''P<sub>vap</sub>''<br>Vapor<br>pressure<br>[[Pascal (unit)|kPa]] !! ''H<sub>liq</sub>''<br>Heat<br>content<br>liquid<br>[[joule|J]]/g !! ''H<sub>vap</sub>''<br>Heat<br>content<br>vapor<br>[[joule|J]]/g !! Δ<sub>vap</sub>''H''<sup><s>o</s></sup><br>Heat of<br>vapor-<br>ization<br>[[joule|J]]/g !! ''ρ<sub>vap</sub>''<br>Density<br>of vapor<br>g/cm<sup>3</sup> !! ''ρ<sub>liq</sub>''<br>Density<br>of liquid<br>g/cm<sup>3</sup> !! ''S<sub>liq</sub>''<br>Entropy<br>liquid<br>[[joule|J]]/[[mole (unit)|mol]]-°C !! ''S<sub>vap</sub>''<br>Entropy<br>vapor<br>[[joule|J]]/[[mole (unit)|mol]]-°C
|}
 
== Spectral data == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! {{chembox header}} | [[UV/VIS spectroscopy|UV-Vis]]
|-
| [[Lambda-max|λ<sub>max</sub>]]
| ? [[Nanometre|nm]]
|-
| [[molar absorptivity|Extinction coefficient]], ε
| ?
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[Infrared|IR]]
|-
| Major absorption bands{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
| 2350 and 667&nbsp;cm<sup>&minus;1</sup>
(4.25 and 14.99&nbsp;um)
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[NMR Spectroscopy|NMR]]
|-
| [[Proton NMR]] <!-- Link to image of spectrum -->
| N/A
|-
| [[Carbon-13 NMR]] <!-- Link to image of spectrum -->
| &nbsp;
|-
| Other NMR data <!-- Insert special data e.g. <sup>19</sup>F chem. shifts, omit if not used -->
| &nbsp;
|-
! {{chembox header}} | [[Mass Spectrometry|MS]]
|-
| Masses of <br>main fragments
| &nbsp; <!-- Give list of major fragments -->
|-
|}
 
==References==
<references/>
*{{nist}}
 
Except where noted otherwise, data relate to [[standard ambient temperature and pressure]].
 
[[wikipedia:Chemical infobox|Disclaimer]] applies.
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carbon Dioxide (Data Page)}}
[[Category:Carbon dioxide]]
[[Category:Chemical data pages]]

Latest revision as of 03:04, 5 December 2014



It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.

Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.

At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.

Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.

Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.

Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.

Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.

In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.

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