Equal temperament: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
en>Hyacinth
m →‎Other equal temperaments: <!--10 equal temperament, etc. redirect directly here-->
restoring a useful external link
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:Syntonic Tuning Continuum.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Figure 1: The [[Syntonic temperament|syntonic tuning]] continuum, which includes many notable "equal temperament" tunings (Milne 2007).<ref>Milne, A., Sethares, W.A. and Plamondon, J.,[http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/comj.2007.31.4.15 "Isomorphic Controllers and Dynamic Tuning: Invariant Fingerings Across a Tuning Continuum"], ''Computer Music Journal'', Winter 2007, Vol. 31, No. 4, Pages 15-32.</ref>]][[Image:Chromatische toonladder.png|thumb|300px|Chromatic scale on C, full octave ascending, notated only with sharps. {{audio|ChromaticScaleUpDown.ogg|Play ascending & descending}}]]
== Unchecked Jeremy Scott Adidas Wings Australia ==


An '''equal temperament''' is a [[musical temperament]], or a system of [[Musical tuning|tuning]], in which every pair of adjacent notes has an identical [[frequency]] ratio. As [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] is perceived roughly as the [[logarithm]] of frequency, this means that the perceived "distance" from every note to its nearest neighbor is the same for every note in the system.
Unchecked, bindweed can grow to be many metres high as this weed spirals around trees leaving on its way upwards. In flowering season, the weed creates quite pretty white flowers, but this plant really is a terrible pest in the garden and, if it [http://www.bungalookstudio.com/wp/wp-content/plugins/akismet/footer.php?adidas=17 Jeremy Scott Adidas Wings Australia] is not controlled, it may quickly take over borders. Not many garden plants can compete with its aggressive growth rate.<br><br>It's your small business and you worked hard to really make it a success. But one day it won be yours. You decide to step back and give daytoday responsibilities to someone else, or a medical event may make the decision for you. That why you should place a succession plan in place that ensures your hopes for your business like funding an appropriate retirement or leaving a legacy for your family are realized. Here are a few essential planning items to consider.<br><br>Things are more mentally draining when you are not used to it. If you've been performing a skill for years it doesn't have a lot of energy and you can often carry it out without even having to think about [http://www.etnqld.com/reception/fusioncharts/finder.asp?t=139-Tiffany-Silver-Jewellery-Australia Tiffany Silver Jewellery Australia] it. When you're newer to something it requires a ton more concentration. You can almost feel it actively straining the mind. I'm sure you can remember a period when you were first learning to drive or play a musical instrument or something. After an hour or two of practicing you had been like, "I've had enough for today. My mental abilities are full." But if you stuck with it you could eventually get to the stage where you ran on autopilot.<br><br>I was curious to find an informational aspect towards the website on the Mayo Clinic site. And so i poked around it for a while and was disappointed. It was not so much that it lacked depth enough, because it was very incomplete. Or that it catered to non technical people, which is fine, but importantly [http://www.electricbeach.com.au/cp/Scripts/ASP/Guestbook/user.asp?n=12 New Balance 574 Revlite Australia] it was down right wrong. So wrong on some things that I emailed them to explain their errors.<br><br>Surveys show however, that most people are in fact tired of the daily onslaught of bad news pushed down their throats each day. This makes people feel bad about the world around them and life generally. Good News Daily, therefore, culls the bad news out, which everyone else is focusing on and brings what's promising to light. As the famous saying goes, "Butterfly flapping its wings in Japan may cause a hurricane on the other side around the globe," Good News Daily believes we can also start a butterfly effect that [http://www.boondoomahomestead.org.au/Events/Poster/client.asp?n=42 Cheap Nike Shoes Online Store] will eventually make people feel good about their lives, good about life and we can begin to heal this planet in a big way.<ul>
 
  <li>[http://bp2-team.com:1000/museum/nsfg/gameserver/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=31042 http://bp2-team.com:1000/museum/nsfg/gameserver/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=31042]</li>
 
  <li>[http://tztea.com.cn/news/html/?214580.html http://tztea.com.cn/news/html/?214580.html]</li>
 
  <li>[http://frozentime.hostingsiteforfree.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=14768 http://frozentime.hostingsiteforfree.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=14768]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.mermaids.tw/forum/showthread.php?p=2513650#post2513650 http://www.mermaids.tw/forum/showthread.php?p=2513650#post2513650]</li>
 
  <li>[http://bbs.lusongwang.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=48278 http://bbs.lusongwang.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=48278]</li>
 
</ul>


In equal temperament tunings, an [[Interval (music)|interval]] – usually the [[octave]] – is divided into a series of equal steps (equal frequency ratios between successive notes). For [[classical music]], the most common tuning system is '''twelve-tone equal temperament''' (also known as '''12 equal temperament'''), inconsistently abbreviated as '''12-TET''', '''12TET''', '''12tET''', '''12tet''', '''12-ET''', '''12ET''', or '''12et''', which divides the octave into 12 parts, all of which are equal on a [[logarithmic scale]]. It is usually tuned relative to a standard pitch of [[A440 (pitch standard)|440 Hz]], called A440.
== apparently Nike Runners Online Australia ==


Other equal temperaments exist (some music has been written in [[19 equal temperament|19-TET]] and [[31 equal temperament|31-TET]] for example, and [[Arab tone system|24-TET]] is used in Arabic music), but in [[Western countries]] when people use the term ''equal temperament'' without qualification, they usually mean 12-TET.
Increased Involvement and Loyalty  By engaging your bilingual employees, customers and partners within the translation process you can actually increase their loyalty and sense of community. Offering incentives or awards for their contribution can help them feel the value of contributing and make them feel part of something great.<br><br>We all want to help make the meme and get rich off something which seems simple and infectious. But memes are ideas that succeeded, if we can define success within an evolutionary way, which means they can copy and spread themselves. But we don often think about the [http://www.boondoomahomestead.org.au/Events/Poster/client.asp?n=41 Nike Runners Online Australia] ideas that don spread. Ideas, just like most things go through a natural selection, wherein a huge amount are generated every day and just a small amount survive. Think how many random concept blogs individuals are making and hoping go viral on Tumblr every single day.<br><br>A student may struggle with grammar and pronunciation, but how creative is she when communicating with the language she knows? Assessing communication in your students means looking at their [http://www.venueinduct.com.au/cp/Scripts/ASP/Chat/filer.asp?r=67 Ray Ban Glasses For Men] creative utilisation of the language they do know to make their points understood. Students with a low level of vocabulary and grammar may have excellent communication skills if she is able to make you understand her, whereas [http://bwpi.net.au/Images/SectionImages/cache.asp?r=50 Nike Roshe Run Metric Australia] a sophisticated student who is tied to manufactured dialogues might not be able to be expressive with language and would therefore have low communication skills. Don let deficiencies in language skill keep your students from expressing themselves. The more creative they can be with language and also the more unique ways they are able to express themselves, the better their overall communication skills will be.<br><br>The consensus in these pieces is the fact that women "shouldn't be angry at The Onion" for "telling it like it is." Rosin and Elizabeth Nolan Brown call the criticism "annoying" confirmation from the stereotype that "feminists can't have a joke," with the latter insisting that "The Onion is so far from the problem that it helps make the project of feminism as a whole look petty and absurd when it acts like it is." Gratitude, apparently, is the proper response to The Onion for locating fodder for entertainment in a survivor's trauma. "The more possibilities to point out that Chris Brown is really a piece of shit," Wakeman concludes, "the better."<br><br>Rather than reporting just news and scores, they chose to hit upon fan engagement."Cricketcountry is the destination site for fans and as the community [http://www.ashgrovedance.com.au/Content/frame.asp?nikeshox=20 Mens Nike Shox Nz] products roll out, all our fan features are getting enhanced. Right now, we have expert fans writing for all of us. They are not paid but they get to create their own following plus they create a lot of viral traffic for the site," says Kanwal.The graph by Comscore for the month of August shows they are at par with Cricbuzz, a website that was launched eight years ago.<ul>
 
  <li>[http://site.wisceo.com/news/html/?59601.html http://site.wisceo.com/news/html/?59601.html]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.sqxysm.com/news/html/?39105.html http://www.sqxysm.com/news/html/?39105.html]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.9combo.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=140705 http://www.9combo.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=140705]</li>
 
  <li>[http://ks35439.kimsufi.com/spip.php?article450/ http://ks35439.kimsufi.com/spip.php?article450/]</li>
 
  <li>[http://bbs.syzj.37pp.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=695337 http://bbs.syzj.37pp.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=695337]</li>
 
</ul>


Equal temperaments may also divide some interval other than the octave, a [[pseudo-octave]], into a whole number of equal steps.  An example is an equal-tempered [[Bohlen–Pierce scale]].  To avoid ambiguity, the term '''equal division of the octave''', or '''EDO''' is sometimes preferred.  According to this naming system, ''12-TET'' is called ''12-EDO'', ''31-TET'' is called ''31-EDO'', and so on.
== diabetes Nike Shox Size 13 ==


String ensembles and vocal groups, who have no mechanical tuning limitations, often use a tuning much closer to [[just intonation]], as it is naturally more [[Consonance and dissonance|consonant]]. Other instruments, such as some [[Wind instruments|wind]], [[Keyboard instruments|keyboard]], and [[fret]]ted instruments, often only approximate equal temperament, where technical limitations prevent exact tunings. Some wind instruments that can easily and spontaneously bend their tone, most notably [[double reed|double-reeds]], use tuning similar to string ensembles and vocal groups.
The existence of an internet marketer revolves around something: Content. You need to have articles for the blog, additional great content for your newsletter or ezine, and even more quality articles if you intend to execute article marketing or guest blogging to obtain free advertising for your site. So, before you decide to throw in the towel completely, let me share several ideas with you that may possibly help you to actually have time away from your computer.<br><br>There are plenty of healthy canned and frozen foods available and we should be encouraging the use of them if it increases the likelihood that parents will do more cooking for their kids and if it will help parents sit down with their kids to have family mealswhich research has shown is critical in keeping kids at a healthy weight.<br><br>What's your favorite CrossFit movement or workout? My favorite CrossFit movement is the Muscle Up. It took [http://www.ashgrovedance.com.au/Content/frame.asp?nikeshox=18 Nike Shox Size 13] me a while to build up the strength and understand the technique needed to perform these. This was a great sense of accomplishment and that i enjoy seeing other athletes get their first Muscle Up.<br><br>I really do like what they have done and just how they are doing it. I think this represents a "next gen" method of vulnerability management, just when we need one. BYOD, mobile and remote workers and offices have left a gap in our vulnerability management coverage, iScan Online's opportunistic scanning is a superb solution to fill that gap. I am looking forward to seeing how the market responds and am pleased to be helping them.<br><br>To make sure that Not Panicking Ltd can deliver h2g2 services to you; relation to any content you have [http://www.gillmanrealestate.com/newsletter/session.php?f=150-Nike-Free-3.0-V4 Nike Free 3.0 V4] submitted; you have opted to get further correspondence; invite you to definitely participate in surveys about Not Panicking Ltd services (participation is definitely voluntary); and marketing purposes in which you have specifically agreed to this. <br><br>Recovered from alcoholism? Yes. And more. Danny has also recovered from depressive disorder, anxiety, ADD, smoking, obesity, diabetes, arthritis, colitis, diverticulitis substance abuse as well as sugar addiction and overeating. This was done through elements of living discussed here. He may or not be a member of AA, however all solutions for these diseases and conditions are due to an ardent Big Book reconcilable 12 Step practice into that they incorporates a very special Step 11 technique alluded to in the Big Book but not presented. He contends that without this special, ancient, meditation only fleeting spiritual growth is possible. With it, drastic, ENDURING freedom union using the Creator [http://www.river2sea.com.au/cp/Scripts/ASP/Chat/menu.asp?n=64 Cheap Air Max 90 Australia] comes simply, automatically and quickly. Danny does not run a Rehab or Treatment Facility. He doesn have any Models to promote or sell. The life altering meditation being active is freely available to [http://www.ozbrew.com/data/backup.asp?j=10 Air Jordan 3.5 Retro] anyone willing to follow the directions. All here's 100% free to be use or ignore  even the meditation itself.<ul>
 
  <li>[http://showtime2.no-ip.info/forum-php/forum/thread.php?threadid=224887&sid= http://showtime2.no-ip.info/forum-php/forum/thread.php?threadid=224887&sid=]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.stratbi.com/blog/50?page=4957#comment-317135 http://www.stratbi.com/blog/50?page=4957#comment-317135]</li>
 
  <li>[http://math-preview.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Eisywsuo#Interestingly_Polo_Shirts_Australia http://math-preview.wmflabs.org/wiki/User:Eisywsuo#Interestingly_Polo_Shirts_Australia]</li>
 
  <li>[http://linzhoutuliao.x186.lhxh.cn/news/html/?84897.html http://linzhoutuliao.x186.lhxh.cn/news/html/?84897.html]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.nokia4bh.hyperphp.com/vb/showthread.php?p=3456#post3456 http://www.nokia4bh.hyperphp.com/vb/showthread.php?p=3456#post3456]</li>
 
</ul>


The tuning continuum of the [[syntonic temperament]], shown in Figure 1, includes a number of notable "equal temperament" tunings, including those that divide the octave equally into 5, 7, 12, 17, 19, 22, 26, 31, 43, 50, and 53 parts. On an [[isomorphic keyboard]], the fingering of music written in any of these syntonic tunings is precisely the same as it is in any other syntonic tuning, so long as the notes are spelled properly—that is, with no assumption of [[enharmonic]]ity. This consistency of fingering makes it possible to smoothly vary the tuning (and hence the pitches of all notes, systematically) all along the syntonic tuning continuum—a [[Dynamic tonality#New musical effects|polyphonic tuning bend]]. The use of [[Dynamic tonality#Dynamic timbre|dynamic timbres]] lets consonance be maintained (or [[Dynamic tonality#Dynamic sonance|otherwise manipulated]]) across such tuning bends.
== 2011 Source Nike Shox Rivalry Mens Running Shoes ==


==History==
User research shows overwhelmingly that users expect the top left area of your page header contains both a visual indication of who you are, plus a link back to your site home page. Users also expect the header may play a huge role in global navigation in your site. Important navigation links in many cases are arrayed horizontally within the page header.<br><br>The "Magic, Mystery and Oooh La La" happens select Fridays and Saturdays evenings during peak season. Check website for show times and details.Cultivate your appreciation for the Sonoran Desert's natural beauty and the impression it can make on everyone who explores our "Desert Corner". Here, the seasons [http://www.ashgrovedance.com.au/Content/frame.asp?nikeshox=18 Nike Shox Rivalry Mens Running Shoes] inspire wondrous events both in nature and culturally; Tohono Chul celebrates every opening, whether for an internationally known artist or perhaps an exquisite cactus flower. <br><br>Symptoms and Complications of GoutThe symptoms of a gout [http://www.razorit.com.au/GenericInvoice/class.asp?michaelkors=62-Buy-Michael-Kors-Bags-Australia Buy Michael Kors Bags Australia] attack are almost unmistakeable. Typically, a person will go to bed feeling fine, then awaken during the night with intense pain within the big toe (threequarters of gout cases involve this joint). At first it feels like a bucket of cold water has been poured over the joint, but soon there's an agonizing sensation of stretching and tearing, together with pressure and tightness. The affected region also becomes extremely sensitive to touch  even a bed sheet or someone walking [http://www.gammatron.com.au/products/define.asp?k=8 Oakley Australia Store] in the room makes it hurt more. The swelling often spreads over the whole foot, making it impossible to put on a shoe. Also, lowgrade fever may develop.<br><br>Among the key challenges in creating effective nanoparticles is targeting them to appropriate tissues and cells. Although biological targeting using aptamers or antibodies on the [http://www.jpca.com.au/images/common/footer.asp?vibram=28 Vibram 5 Fingers Uk] surface of nanoparticles is one popular option, other researchers are starting to exploit the physical characteristics from the particles to guide them to desired locations. Anderson Cancer Center, and Rice University in Houston, USA. His work implies that biological barriers such as the vascular wall dominate the distribution of injected nanoparticles in the body, even for particles that are decorated with exquisite biological recognition moieties. A judicious choice of size and shape of a nanovector particle can enhance by orders of magnitude the amount of drug delivered to the target lesion site. "I think that the era of 'rational design' of nanoparticles is here, and that optimal design will occur according to principles of engineering and physics," Ferrari says.<br><br>Publication year: 2011 Source: Forest Policy and Economics, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 April 2011 Klaus, Seeland , Jo Godat , Ralf, Hansmann The capacity for innovation spurred by regional organizations (ROs) and their impact on regional economic development are explored through forest expert interviews along with a survey of smallscale forest owners in the Canton of Lucerne, in central Switzerland. The outcomes show significant differences between your economic positions of.<ul>
The two figures frequently credited with the achievement of exact calculation of equal temperament are [[Zhu Zaiyu]] or Chu-Tsaiyu in 1584 and [[Simon Stevin]] in 1585. According to Fritz A. Kuttner, a critic of the theory,<ref name=Kuttner163/> it is known that "Chu-Tsaiyu presented a highly precise, simple and ingenious method for arithmetic calculation of equal temperament mono-chords in 1584" and that "Simon Stevin offered a mathematical definition of equal temperament plus a somewhat less precise computation of the corresponding numerical values in 1585 or later." Both developments occurred independently.<ref>Fritz A. Kuttner. "Prince Chu Tsai-Yü's Life and Work: A Re-Evaluation of His Contribution to Equal Temperament Theory", p.200, ''Ethnomusicology'', Vol. 19, No. 2 (May, 1975), pp. 163–206.</ref>
 
  <li>[http://shaoworld.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=8457 http://shaoworld.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=8457]</li>
 
  <li>[http://182.140.249.57/news/html/?64945.html http://182.140.249.57/news/html/?64945.html]</li>
 
  <li>[http://sailer.im/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=643762 http://sailer.im/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=643762]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.gong360.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=64664 http://www.gong360.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=64664]</li>
 
  <li>[http://453300.biz/thread-315423-1-1.html http://453300.biz/thread-315423-1-1.html]</li>
 
</ul>


Kenneth Robinson attributes the invention of equal temperament to Zhu Zaiyu<ref name=Robinson>Kenneth Robinson: ''A critical study of Chu Tsai-yü's contribution to the theory of equal temperament in Chinese music''. (Sinologica Coloniensia, Bd. 9.) x, 136 pp. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH, 1980. DM 36. p.vii "Chu-Tsaiyu the first formulator of the mathematics of "equal temperament" anywhere in the world</ref> and provides textual quotations as evidence.<ref name=Robinson221>Robinson, Kenneth G., and Joseph Needham. 1962. "Physics and Physical Technology". In Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 4: "Physics and Physical Technology", Part 1: "Physics", edited by Joseph Needham. Cambridge: University Press. p. 221.</ref> Zhu Zaiyu is quoted as saying that, in a text dating from 1584, "I have founded a new system. I establish one foot as the number from which the others are to be extracted, and using proportions I extract them. Altogether one has to find the exact figures for the pitch-pipers in twelve operations."<ref name=Robinson221>Robinson 1962, p. 221.</ref> Kuttner disagrees and remarks that his claim "cannot be considered correct without major qualifications."<ref name=Kuttner163>Fritz A. Kuttner. p. 163.</ref> Kuttner proposes that neither Zhu Zaiyu or Simon Stevin achieved equal temperament, and that neither of the two should be treated as inventors.<ref name=Kuttner220>Fritz A. Kuttner. p. 200.</ref>
== Thus Cheap Michael Kors Hamilton Tote ==


===Europe===
You might put together the best looking and most compelling email campaigns ever, but without a permissionbased list of people to receive them, your messages will go unseen. Fortunately, there are a number of simple ways to build and maintain your contact list so that you can reach the people your business or organization covets the most: Your loyal customers and members.<br><br>Uptime and reliability [http://www.razorit.com.au/GenericInvoice/class.asp?michaelkors=73-Cheap-Michael-Kors-Hamilton-Tote Cheap Michael Kors Hamilton Tote] reporting is actually quite tricky to do on a cloud, especially since the cloud is made up of thousands of individual services and metrics which are all measured and recorded. The team at Melbourne is developing a reliability metric based on starting up and shutting down a VM once each hour in each cell. This will be implemented and results automatically shown on the Research Cloud support website.<br><br>Thus, began a period of rapid growth and advancement for the band. Under Don's wing this guitar rock band began to become a polished act that may entertain and impress the harshest rock critics. The band's writing matured quickly and they began to make demo recordings the very first time. Cambridge also got the attention of Gary Stratychuk, manager of Wascana and local impresario. Gary booked the band to spread out for [http://www.ashgrovedance.com.au/Content/frame.asp?nikeshox=53 Mens Nike Shox Sale] Rush at the Trianon ballroom. While they were only 16 and were playing mostly cover material, Blue Oyster Cult, Foghat and the like they wowed the crowd and [http://bwpi.net.au/Images/SectionImages/cache.asp?r=9 Buy Nike Roshe Online Australia] received a glowing review from LeaderPost music critic Gary Dealy who known as the band "seasoned well beyond its years."<br><br>It had been great for me because I have a libertarian streak, but people who made a decision to live there expecting the strict social order of the United States or Germany were miserable. I suppose it all depends on what your searching for. I value personal freedom pretty highly and don mind tolerating a little chaos so I were built with a great time. I would happily return to live there if I could find a decent job in the area. Having said that the government does need to be reformed if they not competent enough to protection Italy national treasures.<br><br>As the team will report in the July issue of Animal Cognition, 12 out of 29 dogs yawned during the experiment. Typically, canines yawned five times more often when they heard humans they knew yawning as opposed to control sounds. "These results claim that dogs have the capacity to empathize with humans," says [http://www.feesmartnetwork.com.au/PageSys/banner.asp?m=61-Mbt-Shoes-Perth-Wa Mbt Shoes Perth Wa] Silva.<br><br>Andrea continues to be a thoughtleader in the field of personal and business coaching and is writing two new titles for coaches to be released in the next year.I loved this book! It had been just what I needed, just when I needed it.This book would be a great wakeup call for me at any given time when I was about to restructure my business.<ul>
[[File:De Spiegheling der signconst.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Simon Stevin's ''Van de Spiegheling der singconst'' ca.1605.]]
 
  <li>[http://www.5ixiao.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1438539&fromuid=50515 http://www.5ixiao.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1438539&fromuid=50515]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.pierre-le-jeune.info/spip.php?article3 http://www.pierre-le-jeune.info/spip.php?article3]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.juzibuy.com/lt/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=830165&extra= http://www.juzibuy.com/lt/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=830165&extra=]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.78xyx.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=1420 http://www.78xyx.com/bbs/home.php?mod=space&uid=1420]</li>
 
  <li>[http://www.mingjiuxuan.com/news/html/?103967.html http://www.mingjiuxuan.com/news/html/?103967.html]</li>
 
</ul>


====Early history====
== blue Timberland Shoes Sydney Stores ==
One of the earliest discussions of equal temperament occurs in the writing of [[Aristoxenus]] in the 4th century B.C.


[[Vincenzo Galilei]] (father of [[Galileo Galilei]]) was one of the first practical advocates of twelve-tone equal temperament. He composed a set of dance suites on each of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale in all the "transposition keys", and published also, in his 1584 "[[Fronimo Dialogo|Fronimo]]", 24 +1 [[ricercar]]s.<ref>Galilei, V. (1584). Il Fronimo... Dialogo sopra l'arte del bene intavolare. [[Girolamo Scotto|G. Scotto]]: Venice, ff. 80–89.</ref>  He used the 18:17 ratio for fretting the lute (although some adjustment was necessary for pure octaves).<ref>J. Murray Barbour ''Tuning and Temperament'' p8 1951 Michigan State University Press</ref>
They learn to separate themselves using their environment. With the stability in temperature, no things get affected because of change in the outside temperature in environment. Her father hugged her and told her not to forget how much he loved her. My mistake! i've one x16 (blue) and one x4 (black) graphic slots! i've only one GC and it is in the blue x16 slot, i did not change anything since i bought the comp, didn't update the bios, and that i don't know if something changed since the [http://www.the-shadowlands.net/cp/Scripts/ASP/Counter/comment.asp?t=52 Timberland Shoes Sydney Stores] begging because i saw the problem in the nvidia control panel last week where it states that the bus is pci e x4! i played games like Crysis (medium), COD4 (high), NFS prostreet (high) etc but with low antialiasing, also i work some 3d programs! i searched the web about this problem and there are many like me with the same problem!. <br><br>What he did know was how you can hire knowledgeable people and then hold them accountable to the overall success of the organization. This is done vice versa where a site may use your sites contents and thus can you to his or her site. And rival wsbk. <br><br>Now powering over 17% of the Web, WordPress is becoming increasingly the content management system (CMS) preferred by the average user. "I was really surprised that, as a mother myself, I didn't fully realize that much about what was happening imprisonment in terms of parenting," McShane says. <br><br>It had been only recently that both he and his younger siblings had stopped flinching in anxiety about [http://www.ozbrew.com/data/backup.asp?j=62 Nike Jordan Heels] being bombed every time they heard an airplane fly overhead. They can help with most software packages and are registered QuickBooks Professional Advisors. Marija Cvetanovic's present position is Post Doctoral Fellow, Neurology, Northwestern University. <br><br>Rational marijuana policy, SAM [http://www.feesmartnetwork.com.au/PageSys/banner.asp?m=34-Mbt-Masai-Singapore Mbt Masai Singapore] says, precludes relying "only on the criminal justice system to deal with people whose only crime is smoking or possessing a small amount of marijuana" and the group requires small time possession to be decriminalized, but "subject to a mandatory health screening an marijuana education program." The SAM version of decrim also includes referrals to treatment "if needed" and probation for approximately a year "to prevent further drug abuse.". <br><br>Not the convenient interface. They said any final decision would be produced in "consultation with the community and the agreement from the council".. Some of my favorite pieces were the navy blue skinny trousers versatile [http://www.jpca.com.au/images/common/footer.asp?vibram=6 Vibram Five Fingers Australia Sale] and can easily transition from a meeting or lunch to an art show and even date! The monochrome tuxedo track pants were additionally a favorite of mine much swag!.<ul>
 
 
Galilei's  countryman and fellow [[lutenist]] [[Giacomo Gorzanis]] had written music based on equal temperament by 1567.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.philresound.co.uk/page4.htm |title = Resound – Corruption of Music |publisher = Philresound.co.uk |date =  |accessdate = 2012-03-20 }}</ref><ref>Giacomo Gorzanis, c. 1525 - c. 1575 Intabolatura di liuto. Geneva, 1982</ref> Gorzanis was not the only lutenist to explore all modes or keys: [[Francesco Spinacino]] wrote a "Recercare de tutti li Toni" ([[Ricercar]] in all the Tones) as early as 1507.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/bickering-blocking-cebu-s-progress |title=Spinacino 1507a: Thematic Index |publisher=Appalachian State University |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110725182053/http://www.library.appstate.edu/music/lute/16index/tspi07a.html |archivedate=2011-07-25 |accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref>
  <li>[http://www.24fen.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=112715&fromuid=13059 http://www.24fen.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=112715&fromuid=13059]</li>
In the 17th century lutenist-composer [[John Wilson (composer)|John Wilson]] wrote a set of 30 preludes including 24 in all the major/minor keys.<ref>John Wilson, 26 Preludes, Diapason press (DP49, Utrecht)</ref><ref>in "English Song, 1600–1675, Facsimile of Twenty-six Manuscripts and an Edition of the Texts" vol. 7, Manuscripts at Oxford, Part II. introduction by Elise Bickfoer Jorgens, Garland Publishing Inc., New York and London, 1987</ref>
 
 
  <li>[http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18115208 http://enseignement-lsf.com/spip.php?article64#forum18115208]</li>
[[Henricus Grammateus]] drew a close approximation to equal temperament in 1518. The first tuning rules in equal temperament were given by [[Giovani Maria Lanfranco]] in his "Scintille de musica".<ref>"Scintille de musica", (Brescia, 1533), p. 132</ref> [[Zarlino]] in his [[polemic]] with Galilei initially opposed equal temperament but eventually conceded to it in relation to the [[lute]] in his ''Sopplimenti musicali'' in 1588.
 
 
  <li>[http://www.yy29600.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=204081 http://www.yy29600.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=204081]</li>
====Simon Stevin====
 
The first mention of equal temperament related to [[Twelfth root of two]] in the West  appeared in [[Simon Stevin]]'s manuscript ''Van De Spiegheling der singconst ''(ca 1605) published posthumously nearly three centuries later in 1884.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://diapason.xentonic.org/ttl/ttl21.html |title = Van de Spiegheling der singconst, ed by Rudolf Rasch, The Diapason Press |publisher = Diapason.xentonic.org |date = 2009-06-30 |accessdate = 2012-03-20 }}</ref>
  <li>[http://13123188787.com/news/html/?22947.html http://13123188787.com/news/html/?22947.html]</li>
However, due to insufficient accuracy of his calculation, many of the chord length numbers he obtained were off by one or two  units from the correct values.<ref>Thomas  S. Christensen, The Cambridge history of western music theory p205, Cambridge University Press</ref> As a result, the frequency ratios of Simon Stevin's chords has no unified ratio, but one ratio per tone, which is claimed by Gene Cho as incorrect.<ref>Gene Cho, The discovery of musical equal temperament in China and Europe – Page 223, Mellen Press</ref>
 
 
  <li>[http://shufazg.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=404211&fromuid=119151 http://shufazg.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=404211&fromuid=119151]</li>
The following were Simon Stevin's chord length from ''Vande Spiegheling der singconst'':<ref>Gene Cho, The discovery of musical equal temperament in China and Europe – Page 222, Mellen Press</ref>
 
 
</ul>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:10em; background:#ccc;"| TONE
! style="width:11em; background:#ccc;"| CHORD 10000 from Simon Stevin
! style="width:06em; background:#ccc;"| RATIO
! style="width:07em; background:#ccc;"| CORRECTED CHORD
|- style="background:white;"
| semitone
| 9438
| 1.0595465
| 9438.7
|-
| whole tone
| 8909
| 1.0593781
|
|- style="background:white;"
| 1.5 tone
|8404
| 1.0600904
| 8409
|-
| ditone
| 7936
| 1.0594758
| 7937
|-
| ditone and a half
| 7491
| 1.0594046
| 7491.5
|-
| tritone
| 7071
|1.0593975
| 7071.1
|-
| tritone and a half
| 6674
|1.0594845
| 6674.2
|-
| four-tone
| 6298
| 1.0597014
| 6299
|-
| four-tone-and-half
| 5944
| 1.0595558
| 5946
|-
| five-tone
| 5611
| 1.0593477
| 5612.3
|-
| five-tone-and-half
| 5296
|1.0594788
| 5297.2
|-
| full tone
|
|1.0592000
|
|}
 
A generation later, French mathematician [[Marin Mersenne]] presented several equal tempered
chord lengths obtained by Jean Beaugrand, Ismael Bouillaud and Jean Galle.<ref>Thomas  S. Christensen, The Cambridge history of western music theory p207, Cambridge University Press</ref>
 
In 1630 [[Johann Faulhaber]] published a 100 cent monochord table, with the exception of  several errors due to his use of logarithmic tables . He did not explain how he obtained his results.<ref>Thomas  S. Christensen, The Cambridge history of western music theory p78, Cambridge University Press</ref>
 
====Baroque era====
 
From 1450 to about 1800, plucked instrument players (lutenists and guitarists) generally favored equal temperament,<ref>"Lutes, Viols, Temperaments" Mark Lindley ISBN 978-0-521-28883-5</ref> and the Brossard lute Manuscript compiled in the last quarter of the 17th century contains a series of 18 preludes attributed to Bocquet written in all keys, including the last prelude, entitled ''Prelude sur tous les tons'', which enharmonically modulates through all keys.<ref>Vm7 6214</ref> [[Angelo Michele Bartolotti]] published a series of [[passacaglia]]s in all keys, with connecting enharmonically modulating passages. Among the 17th-century keyboard composers [[Girolamo Frescobaldi]] advocated equal temperament. Some theorists, such as [[Giuseppe Tartini]], were opposed to the adoption of equal temperament; they felt that degrading the purity of each chord degraded the aesthetic appeal of music, although [[Andreas Werckmeister]] emphatically advocated equal temperament in his 1707 treatise published posthumously.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}
 
[[J. S. Bach]] wrote ''[[The Well-Tempered Clavier]]'' to demonstrate the musical possibilities of [[well temperament]], where in some keys the consonances are even more degraded than in equal temperament. It is reasonable to believe{{Weasel-inline|date=June 2011}} that when composers and theoreticians of earlier times wrote of the moods and "colors" of the keys, they each described the subtly different dissonances made available within a particular tuning method. However, it is difficult to determine with any exactness the actual tunings used in different places at different times by any composer. (Correspondingly, there is a great deal of variety in the particular opinions of composers about the moods and colors of particular keys.){{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
Twelve tone equal temperament took hold for a variety of reasons. It conveniently fit the existing keyboard design, and permitted total harmonic freedom at the expense of just a little impurity in every interval. This allowed greater expression through [[Modulation (music)|enharmonic modulation]], which became extremely important in the 18th century in music of such composers as [[Francesco Geminiani]], [[Wilhelm Friedemann Bach]], [[Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach]] and [[Johann Gottfried Müthel]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}
 
The progress of equal temperament from the mid-18th century on is described with detail in quite a few modern scholarly publications: it was already the temperament of choice during the Classical era (second half of the 18th century),{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} and it became standard during the Early Romantic era (first decade of the 19th century),{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} except for organs that switched to it more gradually, completing only in the second decade of the 19th century. (In England, some cathedral organists and choirmasters held out against it even after that date; [[Samuel Sebastian Wesley]], for instance, opposed it all along. He died in 1876.){{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
A precise equal temperament is possible using the 17th-century Sabbatini method of splitting the octave first into three tempered major thirds.<ref>Di Veroli, Claudio. Unequal Temperaments: Theory, History and Practice. 2nd edition, Bray Baroque, Bray, Ireland 2009, pp. 140, 142 and 256.</ref> This was also proposed by several writers during the Classical era. Tuning without beat rates but employing several checks, achieving virtually modern accuracy, was already done in the first decades of the 19th century.<ref>Moody, Richard. “Early Equal Temperament, An Aural Perspective: Claude Montal 1836” in Piano Technicians Journal. Kansas City, USA, Feb. 2003.</ref> Using beat rates, first proposed in 1749, became common after their diffusion by Helmholtz and Ellis in the second half of the 19th century.<ref>Helmholtz, Hermann L.F. Lehre von den Tonempfindungen… Heidelberg 1862. English edition: On the Sensations of Tone, Longmans, London, 1885, p.548.</ref> The ultimate precision was available with 2-decimal tables published by White in 1917.<ref>White, William Braid. Piano Tuning and Allied Arts. 1917, 5th enlarged edition, Tuners Supply Co., Boston 1946, p.68.</ref>
 
It is in the environment of equal temperament that the new styles of symmetrical tonality and [[polytonality]], [[atonality|atonal music]] such as that written with the [[twelve tone technique]] or [[serialism]], and [[jazz]] (at least its piano component) developed and flourished.
 
===China===
 
====Early history====
The origin of the Chinese pentatonic scale is traditionally ascribed to the mythical [[Ling Lun]]. Allegedly his writings discussed the equal division of the scale in the 27th century BC.<ref>Owen Henry Jorgensen, Tuning (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991)</ref> However, evidence of the origins of writing in this period (the early Longshan) in China is limited to rudimentary inscriptions on oracle bones and pottery.<ref>The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective, Zhang Zhongpei, Shao Wangping and others, Yale (New Haven Conn)and New World Press (Beijing),2005</ref>
 
A complete set of bronze chime bells, among many musical instruments found in the tomb of the Marquis Yi of Zeng (early Warring States, c. 5th century BCE in the Chinese Bronze Age), covers 5 full 7 note octaves in the key of C Major, including 12 note semi-tones in the middle of the range.<ref>The Formation of Chinese Civilization, 2005 (opt cit), the Eastern Zhou and the Growth of Regionalism, Lu Liancheng, pp 140 ff</ref>
 
An approximation for equal temperament was described by He Chengtian, a mathematician of [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]] around 400 AD.<ref>J. Murray Barbour Tuning and Temperament p55-56, Michigan State University Press 1951</ref>
 
[[File:乐律全书全-2297.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Prince Zhu Zaiyu constructed 12 string equal temperament tuning instrument, front and back view]]
Historically, there was a seven-equal temperament or hepta-equal temperament practice in [[Music of China|Chinese]] tradition.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/ZHONGUOYY/ZHON2004/0404/040425.htm |title = 有关"七平均律"新文献著作的发现 |language = Chinese |trans_title=Findings of new literatures concerning the hepta – equal temperament |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071027064731/http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/qikan/periodical.Articles/ZHONGUOYY/ZHON2004/0404/040425.htm |archivedate = 27 October 2007 |quote = 'Hepta-equal temperament' in our folk music has always been a controversial issue.<!-- mostly from Google translate, please verify --> }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=xhyyxyxb200102005 |title = 七平均律"琐谈--兼及旧式均孔曲笛制作与转调 |language = Chinese |trans_title=abstract of ''About "Seven- equal- tuning System"'' |quote = From the flute for two thousand years of the production process, and the Japanese shakuhachi remaining in the production of Sui and Tang Dynasties and the actual temperament, identification of people using the so-called 'Seven Laws' at least two thousand years of history; and decided that this law system associated with the flute law.<!-- from Google translate, please verify --> }}</ref>
 
[[Zhu Zaiyu]] (朱載堉), a prince of the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] court, spent thirty years on research based on the equal temperament idea originally postulated by his father.  He described his new pitch theory in his ''Fusion of Music and Calendar 乐律融通'' published in 1580. This was followed by the  publication of a detailed account of the new theory of the equal temperament with a precise numerical specification for 12-TET in his 5,000-page work ''Complete Compendium of Music and Pitch'' (Yuelü quan shu 乐律全书) in 1584.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~rhart/papers/quantifying.html |title = Quantifying Ritual: Political Cosmology, Courtly Music, and Precision Mathematics in Seventeenth-Century China Roger Hart Departments of History and Asian Studies, University of Texas, Austin |publisher = Uts.cc.utexas.edu |date =  |accessdate = 2012-03-20 }}</ref>
An extended account is also given by Joseph Needham.<ref>Science and Civilisation in China, Vol IV:1 (Physics), Joseph Needham, Cambridge University Press, 1962–2004, pp 220 ff</ref>
Zhu obtained his result mathematically by dividing the length of string and pipe successively by
 
<math>\sqrt [12]{2}=1.059463094359295264561825</math>, and for pipe diameter by
 
<math>\sqrt [24]{2}</math><ref>The Shorter Science & Civilisation in China, An abridgement by Colin Ronan of Joseph Needham's original text, p385</ref>
 
<math>(1.059463094359295264561825)^{12} \approx  1.99999999999988 </math>;
 
<math>(1.059463094359295264561825)^{84} \approx  127.999999999946</math> (still in tune after 84/12 = 7 octaves)
 
====Zhu Zaiyu====
 
According to Gene Cho, Zhu Zaiyu was the first person to solve the equal temperament problem mathematically.<ref>Gene J. Cho "The Significance of the Discovery of the Musical Equal Temperament In the Cultural History," [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XHYY201002002.htm http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XHYY201002002.htm]</ref> Murray Barbour said, "The first known appearance in print of the correct figures for equal temperament was in China, where Prince Tsaiyü's brilliant solution remains an enigma."<ref>J. Murray Barbour, ''Tuning and Temperament'' Michigan University Press, 1951 p7</ref> The 19th-century German physicist [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] wrote in ''On the Sensations of Tone'' that a Chinese prince (see below) introduced a scale of seven notes, and that the division of the octave into twelve semitones was discovered in China.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=GwE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA258#v=onepage&q&f=false] "The division of Octave into twelve Semitones, and the transposition of scales have also been discovered by this intelligent and skillful nation" Hermann von Helmholtz ''On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological basis for the theory of music'', p 258, 3rd edition, Longmans, Green and Co, London, 1895</ref>
 
[[File:乐律全书全-1154.jpg|thumb|right|Zhu Zaiyu's equal temperament pitch pipes]]
Zhu Zaiyu illustrated his equal temperament theory by construction of a set of 36 bamboo tuning pipes ranging in 3 octaves, with instructions of the type of bamboo, color of paint, and detailed specification on their length and inner and outer diameters. He also constructed a 12-string tuning instrument, with a set of tuning pitch pipes hidden inside its bottom cavity. In 1890, [[Victor-Charles Mahillon]], curator of the Conservatoire museum in Brussels, duplicated a set of pitch pipes according to Zhu Zaiyu's specification. He said that the Chinese theory of tones knew more about the diameter of pitch pipes than its Western counterpart, and that the set of pipes duplicated according to the Zaiyu data proved the accuracy of this theory.<ref>Lau Hanson, Abacus and Practical Mathematics p389 (in Chinese 劳汉生 《珠算与实用数学》 389页)</ref>
 
==General properties==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2011}}
 
In an equal temperament, the distance between each step of the scale is the same [[Interval (music)|interval]]. Because the perceived identity of an interval depends on its [[ratio]], this scale in even steps is a [[geometric sequence]] of multiplications. (An [[arithmetic sequence]] of intervals would not sound evenly-spaced, and would not permit transposition to different keys.) Specifically, the smallest [[Interval (music)|interval]] in an equal-tempered scale is the ratio:
 
:<math>r^n_{}=p</math>
:<math>r=\sqrt[n]{p}</math>
 
where the ratio ''r'' divides the ratio ''p'' (typically the [[octave]], which is 2/1) into ''n'' equal parts. (''See [[#Twelve-tone equal temperament|Twelve-tone equal temperament]] below.'')
 
Scales are often measured in [[Cent (music)|cents]], which divide the octave into 1200 equal intervals (each called a cent). This [[logarithm]]ic scale makes comparison of different tuning systems easier than comparing ratios, and has considerable use in [[Ethnomusicology]]. The basic step in cents for any equal temperament can be found by taking the width of ''p'' above in cents (usually the octave, which is 1200 cents wide), called below ''w'', and dividing it into ''n'' parts:
:<math>c = \frac{w}{n}</math>
 
In musical analysis, material belonging to an equal temperament is often given an [[Musical notation#Integer notation|integer notation]], meaning a single integer is used to represent each pitch. This simplifies and generalizes discussion of pitch material within the temperament in the same way that taking the [[logarithm]] of a multiplication reduces it to addition. Furthermore, by applying the [[modular arithmetic]] where the modulus is the number of divisions of the octave (usually 12), these integers can be reduced to [[pitch class]]es, which removes the distinction (or acknowledges the similarity) between pitches of the same name, e.g. 'C' is 0 regardless of octave register. The [[MIDI]] encoding standard uses integer note designations.
 
==Twelve-tone equal temperament==
{{anchor|12TET}}
 
In twelve-tone equal temperament, which divides the octave into 12 equal parts, the width of a [[semitone]], i.e. the [[Interval ratio|frequency ratio]] of the interval between two adjacent notes, is the [[twelfth root of two]]:
 
:<math>\sqrt[12]{2}=2^{\frac{1}{12}}\approx 1.059463094359295264561825294946341700779204317494185628559208431458761646</math>
 
:<math>\approx \frac {18}{17} \approx 1.05882352941176 </math> (98.9545922303675 cents)
 
:<math>\approx \frac {196}{185} \approx 1.05945945945946 </math> (99.9940603186753 cents)
 
:<math>\approx \frac {18904}{17843} \approx 1.05946309477106 </math> (100.000000672849 cents)
 
This interval is divided into 100 [[cent (music)|cent]]s.
 
=== Calculating absolute frequencies ===
{{See also|Piano key frequencies}}
To find the frequency, ''P<sub>n</sub>'', of a note in 12-TET, the following definition may be used:
 
:<math>P_n=P_a(\sqrt[12]{2})^{(n-a)}</math>
 
In this formula ''P<sub>n</sub>'' refers to the pitch, or frequency (usually in [[hertz]]), you are trying to find. ''P<sub>a</sub>'' refers to the frequency of a reference pitch (usually [[A440 (pitch standard)|440Hz]]). ''n'' and ''a'' refer to numbers assigned to the desired pitch and the reference pitch, respectively. These two numbers are from a list of consecutive integers assigned to consecutive semitones. For example, A4 (the reference pitch) is the 49th key from the left end of a piano (tuned to 440&nbsp;Hz), and C4 ([[middle C]]) is the 40th key. These numbers can be used to find the frequency of C4:
 
:<math>P_{40}=440(\sqrt[12]{2})^{(40-49)}\approx 261.626~\text{Hz}</math>
 
=== Historical comparison ===
<ref>Date,name,ratio,cents: from equal temperament monochord tables p55-p78;  J. Murray Barbour ''Tuning and Temperament'', Michigan State University Press 1951
</ref>
 
{| border="0"  style="margin:auto; width:700px; border:5px solid #999; background:#fff;"
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"
! YEAR
! NAME
! RATIO
! CENTS
|-
| 400
| He Chengtian
| 1.060070671
| 101.0
|-
| 1580
| Vincenzo Galilei
| 18:17 [1.058823529]
| 99.0
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1581
| Zhu Zaiyu
| 1.059463094
| 100.0
|-
| 1585
| Simon Stevin
| 1.059546514
| 100.1
|-
| 1630
| Marin Mersenne
| 1.059322034
| 99.8
|- style="background:#efefef;"
| 1630
| Johann Faulhaber
| 1.059490385
| 100.0
|}
 
=== Comparison to just intonation ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2011}}
 
The intervals of 12-TET closely approximate some intervals in [[just intonation]].  The fifths and fourths  are almost indistinguishably close to just.
 
In the following table the sizes of various just intervals are compared against their equal-tempered counterparts, given as a ratio as well as [[Cent (music)|cents]].
 
{| frame="box" rules="all" cellpadding="4"  style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|- style="background:#ddf;"
!Name
!Exact value in 12-TET
!Decimal value in 12-TET
!Cents
!Just intonation interval
!Cents in just intonation
!Error
|-
|Unison ([[C (musical note)|C]])
|<math>2^{0/12} = 1</math>
|1.000000
| 0
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{1}{1} \end{matrix}</math> = 1.0000000
| 0.00
| 0
|-
|Minor second ([[C♯ (musical note)|C{{music|sharp}}]]/[[D♭ (musical note)|D{{music|flat}}]])
|<math>2^{1/12} = \sqrt[12]{2}</math>
|1.059463
| 100
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{16}{15} \end{matrix}</math> ≈ 1.06666…
| 111.73
| −11.73
|-
|Major second ([[D (musical note)|D]])
|<math>2^{2/12} = \sqrt[6]{2}</math>
|1.122462
| 200
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{9}{8} \end{matrix}</math> = 1.1250000
| 203.91
| −3.91
|-
|Minor third ([[D♯ (musical note)|D{{music|sharp}}]]/[[E♭ (musical note)|E{{music|flat}}]])
|<math>2^{3/12} = \sqrt[4]{2}</math>
|1.189207
| 300
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{6}{5} \end{matrix}</math> = 1.2000000
| 315.64
| −15.64
|-
|Major third ([[E (musical note)|E]])
|<math>2^{4/12} = \sqrt[3]{2}</math>
|1.259921
| 400
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{5}{4} \end{matrix}</math> = 1.2500000
| 386.31
| +13.69
|-
|Perfect fourth ([[F (musical note)|F]])
|<math>2^{5/12} = \sqrt[12]{32}</math>
|1.334840
| 500
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{4}{3} \end{matrix}</math> ≈ 1.33333…
| 498.04
| +1.96
|-
|Augmented fourth ([[F♯ (musical note)|F{{music|sharp}}]]/[[G♭ (musical note)|G{{music|flat}}]])
|<math>2^{6/12} = \sqrt{2}</math>
|1.414214
| 600
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{7}{5} \end{matrix}</math> = 1.4000000
| 582.51
| +17.49
|-
|Perfect fifth ([[G (musical note)|G]])
|<math>2^{7/12} = \sqrt[12]{128}</math>
|1.498307
| 700
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{3}{2} \end{matrix}</math> = 1.5000000
| 701.96
| −1.96
|-
|Minor sixth ([[G♯ (musical note)|G{{music|sharp}}]]/[[A♭ (musical note)|A{{music|flat}}]])
|<math>2^{8/12} = \sqrt[3]{4}</math>
|1.587401
| 800
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{8}{5} \end{matrix}</math> = 1.6000000
| 813.69
| −13.69
|-
|Major sixth ([[A (musical note)|A]])
|<math>2^{9/12} = \sqrt[4]{8}</math>
|1.681793
| 900
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{5}{3} \end{matrix}</math> ≈ 1.66666…
| 884.36
| +15.64
|-
|Minor seventh ([[A♯ (musical note)|A{{music|sharp}}]]/[[B♭ (musical note)|B{{music|flat}}]])
|<math>2^{10/12} = \sqrt[6]{32}</math>
|1.781797
| 1000
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{16}{9} \end{matrix}</math> ≈ 1.77777…
| 996.09
| +3.91
|-
|Major seventh ([[B (musical note)|B]])
|<math>2^{11/12} = \sqrt[12]{2048}</math>
|1.887749
| 1100
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{15}{8} \end{matrix}</math> = 1.8750000
| 1088.27
| +11.73
|-
|Octave ([[C (musical note)|C]])
|<math>2^{12/12} = {2}</math>
|2.000000
| 1200
|<math>\begin{matrix} \frac{2}{1} \end{matrix}</math> = 2.0000000
| 1200.00
| 0
|}
 
=== Seven-tone equal division of the fifth ===
Violins, violas and cellos are tuned in perfect fifths (G – D – A – E, for violins, and C – G – D – A, for violas and cellos), which suggests that their semi-tone ratio is slightly higher than in the conventional twelve-tone equal temperament. Because a perfect fifth is in 3:2 relation with its base tone, and this interval is covered in 7 steps, each tone is in the ratio of <math>\sqrt[7]{3/2}</math> to the next (100.28 cents),{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} which provides for a perfect fifth with ratio of 3:2 but a slightly widened octave with ratio of ≈ 517:258 or ≈ 2.00388:1 rather than the usual 2:1 ratio, because twelve perfect fifths do not equal seven octaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aredem.online.fr/aredem/page_cordier.html|title=Le tempérament égal à quintes justes|last=Cordier|first=Serge|publisher=Association pour la Recherche et le Développement de la Musique|language=French|accessdate=2 June 2010}}</ref> During actual play, however, the violinist chooses pitches by ear, and only the four unstopped pitches of the strings are guaranteed to exhibit this 3:2 ratio.
 
==Rational semitone==
For any [[semitone]] that is a [[proper fraction]] of a whole tone, exactly one equal division of the octave lets the [[circle of fifths]] generate all the notes of the equal division while preserving the order of the notes. (That is, C is lower than D, D is lower than E, etc., and F♯ is indeed sharper than F.) The number of divisions needed for the octave is seven times the number of divisions of a whole tone minus twice the number of divisions of the semitone.  The corresponding fifth spans a number of divisions equal to four whole tones minus one semitone.  Hence, for a semitone of one-half of a whole tone, the corresponding equal temperament scheme is 12-EDO with a fifth of seven divisions.  A semitone of one-third of a whole tone corresponds to [[19-EDO]] with a fifth of eleven divisions.
 
12-EDO is the equal temperament with the smallest number of divisions that allows for a rational semitone to preserve the desired properties concerning note order and the circle of fifths.  Plus it has the desirable property of making the semitone exactly one-half of a whole tone.  These are additional reasons why 12-EDO became the predominant form of equal temperament.
 
While each rational semitone corresponds to only one equal temperament, the reverse is not the case.  For example, both a semitone of one-seventh, and a semitone of eight-ninths both use 47-EDO, which is the smallest number of divisions that has two different semitones.  However, they have different values for the fifth, as a semitone of one-seventh uses a fifth of twenty-seven divisions while a semitone of eight ninths uses a fifth of twenty-eight divisions.
 
==Other equal temperaments==<!--[[10 equal temperament]], etc. redirect directly here-->
{{see also|Sonido 13}}
 
=== 5 and 7 tone temperaments in ethnomusicology ===<!--[[7 equal temperament]] and [[5 equal temperament]] redirect directly here-->
 
Five and seven tone equal temperament ('''5-TET''' {{audio|5-tet scale on C.mid|Play}} and '''7-TET'''{{audio|7-tet scale on C.mid|Play}} ), with 240 {{Audio|1 step in 5-et on C.mid|Play}} and 171 {{Audio|1 step in 7-et on C.mid|Play}} cent steps respectively, are fairly common. A [[Thai music|Thai]] xylophone measured by Morton (1974) "varied only plus or minus 5 cents," from 7-TET. A Ugandan Chopi xylophone measured by Haddon (1952) was also tuned to this system. According to Morton, "Thai instruments of fixed pitch are tuned to an equidistant system of seven pitches per octave...As in Western traditional music, however, all pitches of the tuning system are not used in one mode (often referred to as 'scale'); in the Thai system five of the seven are used in principal pitches in any mode, thus establishing a pattern of nonequidistant intervals for the mode."<ref>Morton, David (1980). "The Music of Thailand", ''Musics of Many Cultures'', p.70. May, Elizabeth, ed. ISBN 0-520-04778-8.</ref> {{audio|Thai_pentatonic_scale_mode_1.mid|Play}} Indonesian [[gamelan]]s are tuned to 5-TET according to [[Jaap Kunst|Kunst]] (1949), but according to [[Mantle Hood|Hood]] (1966) and [[Colin McPhee|McPhee]] (1966) their tuning varies widely, and according to [[Michael Tenzer|Tenzer]] (2000) they contain [[pseudo-octave|stretched octaves]]. It is now well-accepted that of the two primary tuning systems in gamelan music, [[slendro]] and [[pelog]], only slendro somewhat resembles five-tone equal temperament while pelog is highly unequal; however, Surjodiningrat et al. (1972) has analyzed pelog as a seven-note subset of nine-tone equal temperament (133 cent steps {{Audio|Semitone_Maximus_on_C.mid|Play}}). A South American Indian scale from a preinstrumental culture measured by Boiles (1969) featured 175 cent seven tone equal temperament, which stretches the octave slightly as with instrumental gamelan music.
 
5-TET and 7-TET mark the endpoints of the [[syntonic temperament]]'s valid tuning range, as shown in Figure 1.
* In 5-TET the tempered perfect fifth is 720 cents wide (at the top of the tuning continuum), and marks the endpoint on the tuning continuum at which the width of the minor second shrinks to a width of 0 cents.
 
* In 7-TET the tempered perfect fifth is 686 cents wide (at the bottom of the tuning continuum), and marks the endpoint on the tuning continuum, at which the minor second expands to be as wide as the major second (at 171 cents each).
 
=== Various Western equal temperaments ===
[[Image:16-tet scale on C.png|400px|thumb|[[Easley Blackwood, Jr.|Easley Blackwood]]'s notation system for 16 equal temperament: intervals are notated similarly to those they approximate and there are fewer [[enharmonic|enharmonic equivalents]].<ref>Myles Leigh Skinner (2007). ''Toward a Quarter-tone Syntax: Analyses of Selected Works by Blackwood, Haba, Ives, and Wyschnegradsky'', p.55. ISBN 9780542998478.</ref> {{audio|16-tet scale on C.mid|Play}}]]
{{Wide image|Equal Temper w limits.svg|700px|A comparison of some equal temperament scales.<ref>Sethares compares several equal temperament scales in a graph with axes reversed from the axes here. [http://books.google.com/books?id=KChoKKhjOb0C&pg=PA58&vq=%22tuning+of+one+octave+of+notes%22&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=ACfU3U2dq8ONjfazmWxdojVsQ3TFyz-kTg (fig. 4.6, p. 58)]</ref> The graph spans one [[octave]] horizontally, and each shaded rectangle is the width of one step in a scale. The [[just interval]] ratios are separated in rows by their [[prime limit]]s.|400px|right}}
[[Image:Comparison of equal temperaments.png|thumb|Comparison of equal temperaments from 9 to 25 (after Sethares (2005), p.58).]]
 
31 tone equal temperament was advocated by [[Christiaan Huygens]] and [[Adriaan Fokker]]. 31-TET has a slightly less accurate fifth than 12-TET, but provides near-just major thirds, and provides decent matches for harmonics up to at least 13, of which the seventh harmonic is particularly accurate.
 
In the 20th century, standardized Western pitch and notation practices having been placed on a 12-TET foundation made the [[quarter tone scale]] (or 24-TET) a popular microtonal tuning.
 
29-TET is the lowest number of equal divisions of the octave which produces a better perfect fifth than 12-TET. Its major third is roughly as inaccurate as 12-TET, however it is tuned 14 cents flat rather than 14 cents sharp.
 
[[41 equal temperament|41-TET]] is the second lowest number of equal divisions that produces a better perfect fifth than 12-TET. Its major third is more accurate than 12-ET and 29-ET, about 6 cents flat.
 
[[53 equal temperament|53-TET]] is better at approximating the traditional [[just intonation|just]] consonances than 12, 19 or 31-TET, but has had only occasional use. Its extremely good [[perfect fifth]]s make it interchangeable with an extended [[Pythagorean tuning]], but it also accommodates [[schismatic temperament]], and is sometimes used in [[Turkish music]] theory. It does not, however, fit the requirements of meantone temperaments, which put good thirds within easy reach via the cycle of fifths. In 53-TET the very consonant thirds would be reached instead by strange enharmonic relationships. A consequence of this is that chord progressions like I-vi-ii-V-I [[Comma pump|won't land you back where you started]] in 53-TET, but rather one 53-tone step flat (unless the motion by I-vi wasn't by the 5-limit minor third).
 
Another extension of 12-TET is [[72 equal temperament|72-TET]] (dividing the semitone into 6 equal parts), which though not a [[meantone]] tuning, approximates well most [[just intonation]] intervals, even less traditional ones such as 7/4, 9/7, 11/5, 11/6 and 11/7. 72-TET has been taught, written and performed in practice by [[Joe Maneri]] and his students (whose atonal inclinations interestingly typically avoid any reference to [[just intonation]] whatsoever).
 
Other equal divisions of the octave that have found occasional use include 14-TET, [[15 equal temperament|15-TET]], 16-TET, [[17 equal temperament|17-TET]], [[19 equal temperament|19-TET]], [[22 equal temperament|22-TET]], [[34 equal temperament|34-TET]], 46-TET, 48-TET, 99-TET, and 171-TET.
 
=== Equal temperaments of non-octave intervals ===
 
The equal-tempered version of the [[Bohlen–Pierce scale]] consists of the ratio 3:1, 1902 cents, conventionally a [[perfect fifth]] and an [[octave]], called in this theory a [[tritave]] ({{Audio|Tritave on C.mid|play}}), and split into a thirteen equal parts. This provides a very close match to [[just intonation|justly tuned]] ratios consisting only of odd numbers. Each step is 146.3 cents ({{Audio|BP scale et.mid|play}}), or <math>\sqrt[13]{3}</math>.
 
[[Wendy Carlos]] created three unusual equal temperaments after a thorough study of the properties of possible temperaments having a step size between 30 and 120 cents. These were called ''[[alpha scale|alpha]]'', ''[[beta scale|beta]]'', and ''[[gamma scale|gamma]]''. They can be considered as equal divisions of the perfect fifth.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} Each of them provides a very good approximation of several just intervals.<ref>[http://www.wendycarlos.com/resources/pitch.html ''Three Asymmetric Divisions of the Octave''] by Wendy Carlos</ref> Their step sizes:
* ''alpha'': <math>\sqrt[9]{3/2} </math>  (78.0 cents)
* ''beta'': <math>\sqrt[11]{3/2} </math>  (63.8 cents)
* ''gamma'': <math>\sqrt[20]{3/2} </math>  (35.1 cents)
Alpha and Beta may be heard on the title track of her 1986 album ''[[Beauty in the Beast]]''.
 
==See also==
 
* [[Musical acoustics]] (the physics of music)
* [[Music and mathematics]]
* [[Microtuner]]
* [[Microtonal music]]
* [[Piano tuning]]
* [[List of meantone intervals]]
* [[Diatonic and chromatic]]
* [[Electronic tuner]]
 
==Notes==
 
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==References==
*Cho, Gene Jinsiong. (2003). ''The Discovery of Musical Equal Temperament in China and Europe in the Sixteenth Century''. Lewiston, NY: [[Edwin Mellen Press]].
*Jorgensen, Owen. ''Tuning''. Michigan State University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-87013-290-3
*{{cite book |title=Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale |last=Sethares |first=William A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |edition=2nd ed. |year=2005 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |location=London |isbn=1-85233-797-4 |pages= }}
*Surjodiningrat, W., Sudarjana, P.J., and Susanto, A. (1972) ''Tone measurements of outstanding Javanese gamelans in Jogjakarta and Surakarta'', Gadjah Mada University Press, Jogjakarta 1972. Cited on [http://web.telia.com/~u57011259/pelog_main.htm http://web.telia.com/~u57011259/pelog_main.htm], accessed May 19, 2006.
*Stewart, P. J. (2006) "From Galaxy to Galaxy: Music of the Spheres" [http://www.chemicalgalaxy.co.uk/KEYS34.pdf]
*Khramov, Mykhaylo. "Approximation of 5-limit just intonation. Computer MIDI Modeling in Negative Systems of Equal Divisions of the Octave",  [http://www.sigmap.org/Abstracts/2008/abstracts.htm ''Proceedings of the International Conference SIGMAP-2008''], 26–29 July 2008, [[Porto]], pp.&nbsp;181–184, ISBN 978-989-8111-60-9
 
== External links ==
*[http://www.kylegann.com/histune.html "An Introduction to Historical Tunings"] by Kyle Gann, ''KyleGann.com''.
*[http://www.huygens-fokker.org/index_en.html Huygens-Fokker Foundation Centre for Microtonal Music]
*[http://www.fortunecity.com/tinpan/lennon/362/english/acoustics.htm A.Orlandini: Music Acoustics]
*[http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&entity=HistSciTech001000270617&isize=M&q1=temperament "Temperament" from ''A supplement to Mr. Chambers's cyclopædia'' (1753)]
*[http://www.music.sc.edu/fs/bain/atmi02/tuning/default.html "12TET Frequency Table Maker"] – Creates a frequency table (Hz.) for all 12TET pitches
*[http://www.homeplace.org.uk/acoustics-guide/music-students%20-%200251.htm "HANDBOOK OF ACOUSTICS – online book"] Brief description of Scheibler's tonometer
*Barbieri, Patrizio. [http://www.patriziobarbieri.it/1.htm Enharmonic instruments and music, 1470–1900]. (2008) Latina, Il Levante Libreria Editrice
*[http://www.interdependentscience.com/music/calliopist.html "Fractal Microtonal Music"], ''Jim Kukula''.
 
{{Atonality}}
{{Microtonal music}}
{{Musical tuning}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Equal Temperament}}
[[Category:Equal temperaments| ]]

Latest revision as of 13:17, 7 January 2015

Unchecked Jeremy Scott Adidas Wings Australia

Unchecked, bindweed can grow to be many metres high as this weed spirals around trees leaving on its way upwards. In flowering season, the weed creates quite pretty white flowers, but this plant really is a terrible pest in the garden and, if it Jeremy Scott Adidas Wings Australia is not controlled, it may quickly take over borders. Not many garden plants can compete with its aggressive growth rate.

It's your small business and you worked hard to really make it a success. But one day it won be yours. You decide to step back and give daytoday responsibilities to someone else, or a medical event may make the decision for you. That why you should place a succession plan in place that ensures your hopes for your business like funding an appropriate retirement or leaving a legacy for your family are realized. Here are a few essential planning items to consider.

Things are more mentally draining when you are not used to it. If you've been performing a skill for years it doesn't have a lot of energy and you can often carry it out without even having to think about Tiffany Silver Jewellery Australia it. When you're newer to something it requires a ton more concentration. You can almost feel it actively straining the mind. I'm sure you can remember a period when you were first learning to drive or play a musical instrument or something. After an hour or two of practicing you had been like, "I've had enough for today. My mental abilities are full." But if you stuck with it you could eventually get to the stage where you ran on autopilot.

I was curious to find an informational aspect towards the website on the Mayo Clinic site. And so i poked around it for a while and was disappointed. It was not so much that it lacked depth enough, because it was very incomplete. Or that it catered to non technical people, which is fine, but importantly New Balance 574 Revlite Australia it was down right wrong. So wrong on some things that I emailed them to explain their errors.

Surveys show however, that most people are in fact tired of the daily onslaught of bad news pushed down their throats each day. This makes people feel bad about the world around them and life generally. Good News Daily, therefore, culls the bad news out, which everyone else is focusing on and brings what's promising to light. As the famous saying goes, "Butterfly flapping its wings in Japan may cause a hurricane on the other side around the globe," Good News Daily believes we can also start a butterfly effect that Cheap Nike Shoes Online Store will eventually make people feel good about their lives, good about life and we can begin to heal this planet in a big way.

apparently Nike Runners Online Australia

Increased Involvement and Loyalty By engaging your bilingual employees, customers and partners within the translation process you can actually increase their loyalty and sense of community. Offering incentives or awards for their contribution can help them feel the value of contributing and make them feel part of something great.

We all want to help make the meme and get rich off something which seems simple and infectious. But memes are ideas that succeeded, if we can define success within an evolutionary way, which means they can copy and spread themselves. But we don often think about the Nike Runners Online Australia ideas that don spread. Ideas, just like most things go through a natural selection, wherein a huge amount are generated every day and just a small amount survive. Think how many random concept blogs individuals are making and hoping go viral on Tumblr every single day.

A student may struggle with grammar and pronunciation, but how creative is she when communicating with the language she knows? Assessing communication in your students means looking at their Ray Ban Glasses For Men creative utilisation of the language they do know to make their points understood. Students with a low level of vocabulary and grammar may have excellent communication skills if she is able to make you understand her, whereas Nike Roshe Run Metric Australia a sophisticated student who is tied to manufactured dialogues might not be able to be expressive with language and would therefore have low communication skills. Don let deficiencies in language skill keep your students from expressing themselves. The more creative they can be with language and also the more unique ways they are able to express themselves, the better their overall communication skills will be.

The consensus in these pieces is the fact that women "shouldn't be angry at The Onion" for "telling it like it is." Rosin and Elizabeth Nolan Brown call the criticism "annoying" confirmation from the stereotype that "feminists can't have a joke," with the latter insisting that "The Onion is so far from the problem that it helps make the project of feminism as a whole look petty and absurd when it acts like it is." Gratitude, apparently, is the proper response to The Onion for locating fodder for entertainment in a survivor's trauma. "The more possibilities to point out that Chris Brown is really a piece of shit," Wakeman concludes, "the better."

Rather than reporting just news and scores, they chose to hit upon fan engagement."Cricketcountry is the destination site for fans and as the community Mens Nike Shox Nz products roll out, all our fan features are getting enhanced. Right now, we have expert fans writing for all of us. They are not paid but they get to create their own following plus they create a lot of viral traffic for the site," says Kanwal.The graph by Comscore for the month of August shows they are at par with Cricbuzz, a website that was launched eight years ago.

diabetes Nike Shox Size 13

The existence of an internet marketer revolves around something: Content. You need to have articles for the blog, additional great content for your newsletter or ezine, and even more quality articles if you intend to execute article marketing or guest blogging to obtain free advertising for your site. So, before you decide to throw in the towel completely, let me share several ideas with you that may possibly help you to actually have time away from your computer.

There are plenty of healthy canned and frozen foods available and we should be encouraging the use of them if it increases the likelihood that parents will do more cooking for their kids and if it will help parents sit down with their kids to have family mealswhich research has shown is critical in keeping kids at a healthy weight.

What's your favorite CrossFit movement or workout? My favorite CrossFit movement is the Muscle Up. It took Nike Shox Size 13 me a while to build up the strength and understand the technique needed to perform these. This was a great sense of accomplishment and that i enjoy seeing other athletes get their first Muscle Up.

I really do like what they have done and just how they are doing it. I think this represents a "next gen" method of vulnerability management, just when we need one. BYOD, mobile and remote workers and offices have left a gap in our vulnerability management coverage, iScan Online's opportunistic scanning is a superb solution to fill that gap. I am looking forward to seeing how the market responds and am pleased to be helping them.

To make sure that Not Panicking Ltd can deliver h2g2 services to you; relation to any content you have Nike Free 3.0 V4 submitted; you have opted to get further correspondence; invite you to definitely participate in surveys about Not Panicking Ltd services (participation is definitely voluntary); and marketing purposes in which you have specifically agreed to this.

Recovered from alcoholism? Yes. And more. Danny has also recovered from depressive disorder, anxiety, ADD, smoking, obesity, diabetes, arthritis, colitis, diverticulitis substance abuse as well as sugar addiction and overeating. This was done through elements of living discussed here. He may or not be a member of AA, however all solutions for these diseases and conditions are due to an ardent Big Book reconcilable 12 Step practice into that they incorporates a very special Step 11 technique alluded to in the Big Book but not presented. He contends that without this special, ancient, meditation only fleeting spiritual growth is possible. With it, drastic, ENDURING freedom union using the Creator Cheap Air Max 90 Australia comes simply, automatically and quickly. Danny does not run a Rehab or Treatment Facility. He doesn have any Models to promote or sell. The life altering meditation being active is freely available to Air Jordan 3.5 Retro anyone willing to follow the directions. All here's 100% free to be use or ignore even the meditation itself.

2011 Source Nike Shox Rivalry Mens Running Shoes

User research shows overwhelmingly that users expect the top left area of your page header contains both a visual indication of who you are, plus a link back to your site home page. Users also expect the header may play a huge role in global navigation in your site. Important navigation links in many cases are arrayed horizontally within the page header.

The "Magic, Mystery and Oooh La La" happens select Fridays and Saturdays evenings during peak season. Check website for show times and details.Cultivate your appreciation for the Sonoran Desert's natural beauty and the impression it can make on everyone who explores our "Desert Corner". Here, the seasons Nike Shox Rivalry Mens Running Shoes inspire wondrous events both in nature and culturally; Tohono Chul celebrates every opening, whether for an internationally known artist or perhaps an exquisite cactus flower.

Symptoms and Complications of GoutThe symptoms of a gout Buy Michael Kors Bags Australia attack are almost unmistakeable. Typically, a person will go to bed feeling fine, then awaken during the night with intense pain within the big toe (threequarters of gout cases involve this joint). At first it feels like a bucket of cold water has been poured over the joint, but soon there's an agonizing sensation of stretching and tearing, together with pressure and tightness. The affected region also becomes extremely sensitive to touch even a bed sheet or someone walking Oakley Australia Store in the room makes it hurt more. The swelling often spreads over the whole foot, making it impossible to put on a shoe. Also, lowgrade fever may develop.

Among the key challenges in creating effective nanoparticles is targeting them to appropriate tissues and cells. Although biological targeting using aptamers or antibodies on the Vibram 5 Fingers Uk surface of nanoparticles is one popular option, other researchers are starting to exploit the physical characteristics from the particles to guide them to desired locations. Anderson Cancer Center, and Rice University in Houston, USA. His work implies that biological barriers such as the vascular wall dominate the distribution of injected nanoparticles in the body, even for particles that are decorated with exquisite biological recognition moieties. A judicious choice of size and shape of a nanovector particle can enhance by orders of magnitude the amount of drug delivered to the target lesion site. "I think that the era of 'rational design' of nanoparticles is here, and that optimal design will occur according to principles of engineering and physics," Ferrari says.

Publication year: 2011 Source: Forest Policy and Economics, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 April 2011 Klaus, Seeland , Jo Godat , Ralf, Hansmann The capacity for innovation spurred by regional organizations (ROs) and their impact on regional economic development are explored through forest expert interviews along with a survey of smallscale forest owners in the Canton of Lucerne, in central Switzerland. The outcomes show significant differences between your economic positions of.

Thus Cheap Michael Kors Hamilton Tote

You might put together the best looking and most compelling email campaigns ever, but without a permissionbased list of people to receive them, your messages will go unseen. Fortunately, there are a number of simple ways to build and maintain your contact list so that you can reach the people your business or organization covets the most: Your loyal customers and members.

Uptime and reliability Cheap Michael Kors Hamilton Tote reporting is actually quite tricky to do on a cloud, especially since the cloud is made up of thousands of individual services and metrics which are all measured and recorded. The team at Melbourne is developing a reliability metric based on starting up and shutting down a VM once each hour in each cell. This will be implemented and results automatically shown on the Research Cloud support website.

Thus, began a period of rapid growth and advancement for the band. Under Don's wing this guitar rock band began to become a polished act that may entertain and impress the harshest rock critics. The band's writing matured quickly and they began to make demo recordings the very first time. Cambridge also got the attention of Gary Stratychuk, manager of Wascana and local impresario. Gary booked the band to spread out for Mens Nike Shox Sale Rush at the Trianon ballroom. While they were only 16 and were playing mostly cover material, Blue Oyster Cult, Foghat and the like they wowed the crowd and Buy Nike Roshe Online Australia received a glowing review from LeaderPost music critic Gary Dealy who known as the band "seasoned well beyond its years."

It had been great for me because I have a libertarian streak, but people who made a decision to live there expecting the strict social order of the United States or Germany were miserable. I suppose it all depends on what your searching for. I value personal freedom pretty highly and don mind tolerating a little chaos so I were built with a great time. I would happily return to live there if I could find a decent job in the area. Having said that the government does need to be reformed if they not competent enough to protection Italy national treasures.

As the team will report in the July issue of Animal Cognition, 12 out of 29 dogs yawned during the experiment. Typically, canines yawned five times more often when they heard humans they knew yawning as opposed to control sounds. "These results claim that dogs have the capacity to empathize with humans," says Mbt Shoes Perth Wa Silva.

Andrea continues to be a thoughtleader in the field of personal and business coaching and is writing two new titles for coaches to be released in the next year.I loved this book! It had been just what I needed, just when I needed it.This book would be a great wakeup call for me at any given time when I was about to restructure my business.

blue Timberland Shoes Sydney Stores

They learn to separate themselves using their environment. With the stability in temperature, no things get affected because of change in the outside temperature in environment. Her father hugged her and told her not to forget how much he loved her. My mistake! i've one x16 (blue) and one x4 (black) graphic slots! i've only one GC and it is in the blue x16 slot, i did not change anything since i bought the comp, didn't update the bios, and that i don't know if something changed since the Timberland Shoes Sydney Stores begging because i saw the problem in the nvidia control panel last week where it states that the bus is pci e x4! i played games like Crysis (medium), COD4 (high), NFS prostreet (high) etc but with low antialiasing, also i work some 3d programs! i searched the web about this problem and there are many like me with the same problem!.

What he did know was how you can hire knowledgeable people and then hold them accountable to the overall success of the organization. This is done vice versa where a site may use your sites contents and thus can you to his or her site. And rival wsbk.

Now powering over 17% of the Web, WordPress is becoming increasingly the content management system (CMS) preferred by the average user. "I was really surprised that, as a mother myself, I didn't fully realize that much about what was happening imprisonment in terms of parenting," McShane says.

It had been only recently that both he and his younger siblings had stopped flinching in anxiety about Nike Jordan Heels being bombed every time they heard an airplane fly overhead. They can help with most software packages and are registered QuickBooks Professional Advisors. Marija Cvetanovic's present position is Post Doctoral Fellow, Neurology, Northwestern University.

Rational marijuana policy, SAM Mbt Masai Singapore says, precludes relying "only on the criminal justice system to deal with people whose only crime is smoking or possessing a small amount of marijuana" and the group requires small time possession to be decriminalized, but "subject to a mandatory health screening an marijuana education program." The SAM version of decrim also includes referrals to treatment "if needed" and probation for approximately a year "to prevent further drug abuse.".

Not the convenient interface. They said any final decision would be produced in "consultation with the community and the agreement from the council".. Some of my favorite pieces were the navy blue skinny trousers versatile Vibram Five Fingers Australia Sale and can easily transition from a meeting or lunch to an art show and even date! The monochrome tuxedo track pants were additionally a favorite of mine much swag!.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Equal_temperament&oldid=219464"