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| | I'm Yoshiko Oquendo. The job he's been occupying for years is a messenger. One of the things I adore most is greeting card collecting but I don't have the time lately. He presently lives in Idaho and his mothers and fathers reside nearby.<br><br>Check out my weblog; [http://Grtfl.com/index.php?do=/profile-220/info/ Grtfl.com] |
| In [[mathematics]] '''normal convergence''' is a type of [[Convergent series|convergence]] for [[series (mathematics)|series]] of [[function (mathematics)|function]]s. Like [[absolute convergence|absolute-convergence]], it has the useful property that it is preserved when the order of summation is changed.
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| == History ==
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| The concept of normal convergence was first introduced by [[René Baire]] in 1908 in his book ''Leçons sur les théories générales de l'analyse''.
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| == Definition ==
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| Given a set ''S'' and functions <math>f_n : S \to \mathbb{C}</math> (or to any [[normed vector space]]), the series
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| :<math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} f_n(x)</math>
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| is called '''normally convergent''' if the series of [[uniform norm]]s of the terms of the series converges<sup>[http://eom.springer.de/N/n067430.htm]</sup>, i.e.,
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| :<math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \|f_n\| := \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \sup_S |f_n(x)| < \infty.</math>
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| == Distinctions ==
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| Normal convergence implies, but should not be confused with, [[uniform absolute convergence]], i.e. uniform convergence of the series of nonnegative functions <math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} |f_n(x)|</math>. To illustrate this, consider
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| : <math>f_n(x) = \begin{cases} 1/n, & x = n \\ 0, & x \ne n. \end{cases}</math>
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| Then the series <math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} |f_n(x)|</math> is uniformly convergent (for any ''ε'' take ''n'' ≥ 1/''ε''), but the series of uniform norms is the [[harmonic series (mathematics)|harmonic series]] and thus diverges. An example using continuous functions can be made by replacing these functions with bump functions of height 1/''n'' and width 1 centered at each natural number ''n''.
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| As well, normal convergence of a series is different from ''norm-topology convergence'', i.e. convergence of the partial sum sequence in the topology induced by the uniform norm. Normal convergence implies norm-topology convergence if and only iff the space of functions under consideration is [[Banach space|complete]] with respect to the uniform norm. (The converse does not hold even for complete function spaces: for example, consider the harmonic series as a sequence of constant functions).
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| == Generalizations ==
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| === Local normal convergence ===
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| A series can be called "locally normally convergent on ''X''" if each point ''x'' in ''X'' has a neighborhood ''U'' such that the series of functions ''f''<sub>n</sub> restricted to the domain ''U''
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| :<math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} f_n\mid_U</math> | |
| is normally convergent, i.e. such that
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| :<math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \| f_n\|_U < \infty</math>
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| where the norm <math>\|\cdot\|_U </math> is the supremum over the domain ''U''.
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| === Compact normal convergence ===
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| A series is said to be "normally convergent on compact subsets of ''X''" or "compactly normally convergent on ''X''" if for every compact subset ''K'' of ''X'', the series of functions ''f''<sub>n</sub> restricted to ''K''
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| :<math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} f_n\mid_K</math>
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| is normally convergent on ''K''.
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| '''Note''': if ''X'' is [[locally compact]] (even in the weakest sense), local normal convergence and compact normal convergence are equivalent.
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| == Properties == | |
| * Every normal convergent series is uniformly convergent, locally uniformly convergent, and compactly uniformly convergent. This is very important, since it assures that any re-arrangement of the series, any derivatives or integrals of the series, and sums and products with other convergent series will converge to the "correct" value.
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| * If <math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} f_n(x)</math> is normally convergent to <math>f</math>, then any re-arrangement of the sequence (''f''<sub>1</sub>, ''f''<sub>2</sub>, ''f''<sub>3</sub> ...) also converges normally to the same ''f''. That is, for every [[bijection (mathematics)|bijection]] <math>\tau: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}</math>, <math>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} f_{\tau(n)}(x)</math> is normally convergent to <math>f</math>.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Modes of convergence (annotated index)]]
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| [[Category:Mathematical analysis]]
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| [[Category:Convergence (mathematics)]]
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I'm Yoshiko Oquendo. The job he's been occupying for years is a messenger. One of the things I adore most is greeting card collecting but I don't have the time lately. He presently lives in Idaho and his mothers and fathers reside nearby.
Check out my weblog; Grtfl.com