Edmonds–Karp algorithm: Difference between revisions

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en>Gareth Jones
wlink big O notation during first use in this article
→‎Pseudocode: replaced push/pop with offer/poll which is more commonly used for FIFO queues. (push/pop usually implies LIFO, which makes this a depth-first search)
 
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{{multiple issues|
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{{external links|date=February 2013}}
{{lead too short|date=February 2013}}
{{Manual|date=April 2009}}
}}
 
{{Infobox software
| name                  = BibTeX
| logo                  = [[File:BibTeX logo.svg|200px]]
| screenshot            = <!-- [[File: ]] -->
| caption                =
| collapsible            =
| author                = [[Oren Patashnik]], [[Leslie Lamport]]
| developer              = [[Oren Patashnik]]
| released              = <!-- {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| latest release version = 0.99d
| latest release date    = {{start date and age|2010|03}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date    = <!-- {{start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| frequently updated    =
| programming language  = [[WEB]]
| operating system      =
| platform              = [[Cross-platform]]
| size                  =
| language              = English
| status                = Maintained
| genre                  =
| license                =
| website                =
}}
'''BibTeX''' is [[reference management software]] for formatting [[bibliography|lists of references]].  The BibTeX tool is typically used together with the [[LaTeX]] document preparation system. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as <math>{\mathrm{B{\scriptstyle{IB}} \! T\!_{\displaystyle E} \! X}}</math>. The name is a concatenation of the abbreviations of "bibliography" and TeX.
 
BibTeX makes it easy to cite sources in a consistent manner, by separating bibliographic information from the presentation of this information, similarly to the separation of content and presentation/style supported by LaTeX itself.
 
==Basic structure==
 
In the words of the program’s author:
 
<blockquote>
Here’s how BibTeX works. It takes as input
 
{{ordered list|type=lower-alpha
        |1=an <code class="file">.aux</code> file produced by LaTeX on an earlier run;
        |2=a <code class="file">.bst</code> file (the style file), which specifies the general reference-list style and specifies how to format individual entries, and which is written by a style designer [..] in a special-purpose language [..], and
        |3=<code class="file">.bib</code> file(s) constituting a database of all reference-list entries the user might ever hope to use.
}}
 
BibTeX chooses from the <code class="file">.bib</code> file(s) only those entries specified by the <code class="file">.aux</code> file (that is, those given by LaTeX's <code>\cite</code> or <code>\nocite</code> commands), and creates as output a <code class="file">.bbl</code> file containing these entries together with the formatting commands specified by the <code class="file">.bst</code> file [..]. LaTeX will use the <code class="file">.bbl</code> file, perhaps edited by the user, to produce the reference list.<ref>http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/bibliography/bibtex/base/bibtex.web From the program's WEB source, version 0.99d, as of May 2011.</ref>
</blockquote>
 
==History==
 
BibTeX was created by [[Oren Patashnik]] and [[Leslie Lamport]] in 1985. It is written in WEB/Pascal.
 
Version 0.98f was released in March 1985.
 
With version 0.99c (released February 1988), a stationary state was reached for 22 years.
 
In March 2010, version 0.99d was released. Further releases were announced.<ref>http://www.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/bibliography/bibtex/base/bibtex.web source code as of May 2011.</ref>
 
==Reimplementations==
During Patashnik’s inactivity 1988–2010, several reimplementations were published:
 
;BibTeXu
:A reimplementation of bibtex (by Yannis Haralambous and his students) that supports the UTF-8 character set.  Taco Hoekwater has criticized it [http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.tex.live/26044].
;bibtex8
:A reimplementation of bibtex that supports 8-bit character sets.
;CL-BibTeX
:A completely compatible reimplementation of bibtex in [[Common Lisp]], capable of using bibtex .bst files directly or converting them into human-readable Lisp .lbst files.  CL-BibTeX supports [[Unicode]] in Unicode Lisp implementations, using any character set that Lisp knows about.
;MLBibTeX
:A reimplementation of BibTeX focusing on multilingual features, by Jean-Michel Hufflen. [http://river-valley.tv/mlbibtex-architecture]
;biblatex
:A complete reimplementation. "It redesigns the way in which LaTeX interacts with BibTeX at a fairly fundamental level. With biblatex, BibTeX is only used to sort the bibliography and to generate labels. Instead of being implemented in BibTeX's style files, the formatting of the bibliography is entirely controlled by TeX macros."<ref>Description of the package biblatex from Debian's wheezy distribution as of May 2011.</ref>
;Biber
:A bibliography processing program for biblatex with a superset of BibTeX functionality, including Unicode 6.0 support, locale-sensitive sorting and UTF-8 citekeys. [http://biblatex-biber.sourceforge.net/]
 
==Bibliographic information file==
 
BibTeX uses a style-independent text-based [[file format]] for lists of bibliography items, such as articles, books, and theses. BibTeX bibliography file names usually end in <code>.bib</code>.
 
Bibliography entries each contain some subset of standard data entries:
 
* <tt>address</tt>: Publisher's address (usually just the city, but can be the full address for lesser-known publishers)
* <tt>annote</tt>: An annotation for annotated bibliography styles (not typical)
* <tt>author</tt>: The name(s) of the author(s) (in the case of more than one author, separated by <tt>and</tt>)
* <tt>booktitle</tt>: The title of the book, if only part of it is being cited
* <tt>chapter</tt>: The chapter number
* <tt>crossref</tt>: The key of the cross-referenced entry
* <tt>edition</tt>: The edition of a book, long form (such as "First" or "Second")
* <tt>editor</tt>: The name(s) of the editor(s)
* <tt>eprint</tt>: A specification of an electronic publication, often a preprint or a technical report
* <tt>howpublished</tt>: How it was published, if the publishing method is nonstandard
* <tt>institution</tt>: The institution that was involved in the publishing, but not necessarily the publisher
* <tt>journal</tt>: The journal or magazine the work was published in
* <tt>key</tt>: A hidden field used for specifying or overriding the alphabetical order of entries (when the "author" and "editor" fields are missing). Note that this is very different from the key (mentioned just after this list) that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry.
* <tt>month</tt>: The month of publication (or, if unpublished, the month of creation)
* <tt>note</tt>: Miscellaneous extra information
* <tt>number</tt>: The "(issue) number" of a journal, magazine, or tech-report, if applicable. (Most publications have a "volume", but no "number" field.)
* <tt>organization</tt>: The conference sponsor
* <tt>pages</tt>: Page numbers, separated either by commas or double-hyphens.
* <tt>publisher</tt>: The publisher's name
* <tt>school</tt>: The school where the thesis was written
* <tt>series</tt>: The series of books the book was published in (e.g. "[[The Hardy Boys]]" or "[[Lecture Notes in Computer Science]]")
* <tt>title</tt>: The title of the work
* <tt>type</tt>: The field overriding the default type of publication (e.g. "Research Note" for techreport, "{PhD} dissertation" for phdthesis, "Section" for inbook/incollection)
* <tt>url</tt>: The WWW address
* <tt>volume</tt>: The volume of a journal or multi-volume book
* <tt>year</tt>: The year of publication (or, if unpublished, the year of creation)
 
In addition, each entry contains a key that is used to cite or cross-reference the entry. This key is the first item in a BibTeX entry, and is not part of any field.
 
===Entry types===
Bibliography entries included in a <code>.bib</code> file are split by types. The following types are understood by virtually all BibTeX styles:
; <tt>article</tt>: An article from a journal or magazine.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, journal, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">volume, number, pages, month, note, key</span>
; <tt>book</tt>: A book with an explicit publisher.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author/editor, title, publisher, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">volume/number, series, address, edition, month, note, key</span>
; <tt>booklet</tt>: A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">title</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key</span>
; <tt>conference</tt>: The same as <tt>inproceedings</tt>, included for [[Scribe (markup language)|Scribe]] compatibility.
; <tt>inbook</tt>: A part of a book, usually untitled. May be a chapter (or section, etc.) and/or a range of pages.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author/editor, title, chapter/pages, publisher, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">volume/number, series, type, address, edition, month, note, key</span>
; <tt>incollection</tt>: A part of a book having its own title.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, booktitle, publisher, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">editor, volume/number, series, type, chapter, pages, address, edition, month, note, key</span>
; <tt>inproceedings</tt>: An article in a conference proceedings.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, booktitle, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">editor, volume/number, series, pages, address, month, organization, publisher, note, key</span>
; <tt>manual</tt>: Technical documentation.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">title</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note, key</span>
; <tt>mastersthesis</tt>: A [[Master's degree|Master's]] [[thesis]].<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, school, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">type, address, month, note, key</span>
; <tt>misc</tt>: For use when nothing else fits.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">none</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key</span>
; <tt>phdthesis</tt>: A [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] thesis.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, school, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">type, address, month, note, key</span>
; <tt>proceedings</tt>: The proceedings of a conference.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">title, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">editor, volume/number, series, address, month, publisher, organization, note, key</span>
; <tt>techreport</tt>: A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, institution, year</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">type, number, address, month, note, key</span>
; <tt>unpublished</tt>: A document having an author and title, but not formally published.<br />Required fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">author, title, note</span><br />Optional fields: <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">month, year, key</span>
 
==Style files==
 
BibTeX formats bibliographic items according to a style file, typically by generating TeX or LaTeX formatting commands.  However, style files for generating [[HTML]] output also exist. BibTeX style files, for which the suffix <code>.bst</code> is common, are written in a simple, stack-based programming language (dubbed "BibTeX Anonymous Forth-Like Language", or "BAFLL", by Drew McDermott) that describes how bibliography items should be formatted. There are some packages which can generate <code>.bst</code> files automatically (like custom-bib or Bib-it).
 
Most journals or publishers that support LaTeX have a customized bibliographic style file for the convenience of the authors. This ensures that the bibliographic style meets the guidelines of the publisher with minimal effort.
 
==Examples==
A <code>.bib</code> file might contain the following entry, which describes a mathematical handbook:
<source lang="bibtex">@Book{abramowitz+stegun,
author    = "Milton {Abramowitz} and Irene A. {Stegun}",
title    = "Handbook of Mathematical Functions with
              Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables",
publisher = "Dover",
year      =  1964,
address  = "New York",
edition  = "ninth Dover printing, tenth GPO printing"
}</source>
 
If a document references this handbook, the bibliographic information may be formatted in different ways depending on which citation style ([[APA style|APA]], [[The MLA style manual|MLA]], [[the Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago]] etc.) is employed.  The way LaTeX deals with this is by specifying <code>\cite</code> commands and the desired bibliography style in the LaTeX document. If the command <code>\cite{abramowitz+stegun}</code> appears inside a LaTeX document, the <code>bibtex</code> program will include this book in the list of references for the document and generate appropriate LaTeX formatting code. When viewing the formatted LaTeX document, the result might look like this:
 
: Abramowitz, Milton and Irene A. Stegun (1964), ''Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables.''  New York: Dover.
 
Depending on the style file, BibTeX may rearrange authors' last names, change the case of titles, omit fields present in the <code>.bib</code> file, format text in italics, add punctuation, etc.  Since the same style file is used for an entire list of references, these are all formatted consistently with minimal effort required from authors or editors.
 
===Author formatting===
Last name prefixes such as ''von'', ''van'' and ''der'' are handled automatically, provided they are in lower case to distinguish them from middle names.  Multiple word last names are distinguished from first and middle names by placing the last names first, then a comma, then the first and middle names.  Name suffixes such as Jr., Sr., and III are generally handled by using two comma separators as in the following example:
 
<source lang="bibtex">@Book{hicks2001,
author    = "von Hicks, III, Michael",
title    = "Design of a Carbon Fiber Composite Grid Structure for the GLAST
              Spacecraft Using a Novel Manufacturing Technique",
publisher = "Stanford Press",
year      =  2001,
address  = "Palo Alto",
edition  = "1st",
isbn      = "0-69-697269-4"
}</source>
 
If the author does not use a comma to separate the name suffix from the last name, then curly brackets {Hicks III} may be used instead.
 
Multiple authors should be separated with an '''and''', not with commas:
 
<source lang="bibtex">@Book{Torre2008,
author    = "Joe Torre and Tom Verducci",
publisher = "Doubleday",
title    = "The Yankee Years",
year      =  2008,
isbn      = "0385527403"
}</source>
 
===Cross-referencing===
BibTeX allows referring to other publications via the crossref field. In the following example the 'author:06' publication references to 'conference:06'.
<source lang="bibtex">@INPROCEEDINGS {author:06,
title    = {Some publication title},
author  = {First Author and Second Author},
crossref = {conference:06},
pages    = {330--331},
}
@PROCEEDINGS {conference:06,
editor    = {First Editor and Second Editor},
title    = {Proceedings of the Xth Conference on XYZ},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Xth Conference on XYZ},
year      = 2006,
month    = oct,
}</source>
 
The referred entry must stand below the referring one. Remember to add ''booktitle'' to the proceedings entry in order to avoid 'empty booktitle' BibTex warning.
The LaTeX output of this input might look like:
:Author, First and Author, Second (October 2006), Some publication title, in: Proceedings of the Xth Conference on XYZ, pp 330-331.
 
===Using more than one input file===
 
Having more than one input file, it is recommended to use the command <code>\bibliography</code> only once and insert the various files separated by commas (and no spaces) inside the curly brackets. Example:
 
<source lang="latex">
\bibliography{bibliography_1,bibliography_2,bibliography_3}
</source>
 
=== Non-reference sections ===
* @COMMENT {...} -  allows comments to be present in the file, but not to be interpreted by bibtex. similarly, the '%' operator can be used. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bibtex.org/Format/ | title=Bitbex Format}} </ref>
 
== Uses ==
* [[Astrophysics Data System|NASA Astrophysics Data System]] – The ADS is an online database of over eight million astronomy and physics papers and provides BibTeX format citations.
* [[ACL Anthology]] – A Digital Archive of Research Papers in Computational Linguistics.
* [[BibSonomy]] – A social bookmark and publication management system based on BibTeX.
* [[Citavi]] - Reference manager. Works with various TeX-Editors and supports BibTeX input and output.
* [[CiteSeer]] – An online database of research publications which can produce BibTeX format citations.
* [[CiteULike]] – A community based bibliography database with BibTeX input and output.
* [[The Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies]] – uses BibTeX as internal data format, search results and contributions primarily in BibTeX.
* [[Connotea]] – Open-source social bookmark style publication management system.
* [[Digital Bibliography & Library Project]] – A bibliography website that lists more than 910,000 articles in the computer science field.
* [[Google Books]] - The bibliographic information for each book is exportable in BibTeX format via the 'Export Citation' feature.
* [[Google Scholar]] – Google's system for searching scholarly literature provides BibTeX format citations if you enable the option in 'Scholar Preferences'.
* [[HubMed]] – A versatile [[PubMed]] interface including BibTeX output.
* [[MathSciNet]] – Database by the American Mathematical Society (subscription), choose BibTeX in the "Select alternative format" box
* [[Mendeley]] – Reference Manager, for collecting papers. It supports exporting collections into bib files and keep them synchronized with its own database. [http://www.mendeley.com/blog/tipstricks/howto-use-mendeley-to-create-citations-using-latex-and-bibtex/ Mendeley on creating and exporting bib]
* [[Qiqqa]] – Provides a fully featured BibTeX editor and validator, along with tools for automatically populating BibTeX records for your PDFs.
* [[refbase]] – Open source reference manager for institutional repositories and self archiving with BibTeX input and output.
* [[RefTeX]] – [[Emacs]] based reference manager
* [[INSPIRE-HEP]] – The INSPIRE High-Energy Physics literature database with BibTeX support.
* [[Wikindx]] – Open source Virtual Research Environment/enhanced bibliography manager including BibTeX input and output.
* [[Zentralblatt MATH]] – Database by the [[European Mathematical Society]], FIZ Karlsruhe and Heidelberg Academy (subscription, 3 free entries); choose BibTeX button or format.
* [[Zotero]] – [[Mozilla Firefox|Firefox]] plugin with advanced features such as synchronization between different computers, social bookmarking, searching inside saved [[Portable Document Format|PDFs]] and BibTeX output.
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Citation style language]]
* [[Comparison of reference management software]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
{{wikibooks|LaTeX|Bibliography Management}}
*[http://mirrors.ctan.org/biblio/bibtex/base/btxdoc.pdf BibTeXing]. The original manual (1988) by the co-author of BibTeX, Oren Patashnik.
*{{dmoz|Computers/Software/Typesetting/TeX/BibTeX|BibTeX tools}}
*[http://www.tug.org/pracjourn/2006-4/fenn/ Managing Citations and Your Bibliography with BibTeX] by Jürgen Fenn (The [[PracTeX Journal]] 2006, number 4).
*[http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial3.html BibTeX tutorial]. Section from ''Getting to Grips with LaTeX'' tutorials.
*[http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/bibliographies/jacobsen-bibtex.html The BibTeX Format]. Description of the BibTeX format.
*[http://www.math.jhu.edu/~jkramer/bibtex BibTeX in WinEdt]
*[http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/~markey/BibTeX/doc/ttb_en.pdf Tame the BeaST]. Detailed explanation of the BibTeX format and how to write bst files.
*[http://www.nongnu.org/cl-bibtex/ CL-BibTeX]. The CL-BibTeX web site.
*[http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/entries/biblatex.html biblatex -- The TeX Catalogue OnLine, Entry for biblatex, Ctan Edition].  A LaTeX package that is a complete reimplementation of the bibliographic facilities provided by LaTeX in conjunction with BibTeX.
*[http://verbosus.com/bibtex-style-examples.html BibTeX Style Examples]. A list of all possible BibTeX entries showing the LaTeX code and the generated result.
* [http://jstools.ucoz.com/bibtex2wiki/ BibTeX2Wiki converter]. It converts BibTeX citations into Wikipedia's [[Help:Citation_Style_1#Templates|citation style 1 templates]].
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bibtex}}
[[Category:BibTeX| ]]
[[Category:Bibliography file formats]]

Latest revision as of 03:11, 23 October 2014

Are we constantly having issues with the PC? Are you usually shopping for methods to heighten PC performance? Then this might be the article you have been shopping for. Here we are going to discuss a few of the many asked questions whenever it comes to having we PC serve you well; how may I create my computer faster for free? How to create my computer run quicker?

We have to understand several simple plus inexpensive methods that may solve the problem of the computer plus speed it up. The earlier we fix it, the less damage a computer gets. I might tell regarding certain practical techniques which may help we to accelerate we computer.

With the Internet, the risk to a registry is more and windows XP error messages would appear frequently. Why? The malicious wares like viruses, Trojans, spy-wares, ad wares, and the like gets recorded too. Cookies are perfect examples. We reach conserve passwords, plus stuff, proper? That is a easy example of the register working.

It is normal that the imm32.dll error is caused because of a mis-deletion activity. If you cannot find the imm32.dll anywhere on a computer, there is not any question that it need to be mis-deleted when uninstalling programs or different unneeded files. Hence, you are able to straight cope it from different programs or download it from a secure internet and then place it on your computer.

These are the results that the tuneup utilities found: 622 incorrect registry entries, 45,810 junk files, 15,643 unprotected privacy files, 8,462 bad Active X products that have been not blocked, 16 performance attributes that have been not optimized, plus 4 updates that the computer needed.

Software errors or hardware errors which happen when running Windows plus intermittent mistakes are the general factors for a blue screen bodily memory dump. New software or motorists that have been installed or changes in the registry settings are the typical s/w causes. Intermittent mistakes refer to failed system memory/ difficult disk or over heated processor and these too can result the blue screen bodily memory dump error.

Why this is significant, is because countless of the 'dumb' registry products really delete these files without even knowing. They simply browse through the registry and try plus find the many difficulties possible. They then delete any files they see fit, plus considering they are 'dumb', they don't really care. This means which if they delete a few of these vital program files, they are actually going to result a LOT more damage than superior.

All of these difficulties can be conveniently solved by the clean registry. Installing our registry cleaner usually allow we to utilize a PC without worries behind. You might capable to utilize we system without being afraid which it's going to crash inside the center. Our registry cleaner will fix a host of mistakes on a PC, identifying missing, invalid or corrupt settings in your registry.