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{{About|the former president of the Philippines|his grandson and current a member of Congress|Diosdado Macapagal–Arroyo}}
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{{Infobox president
|name              = Diosdado Macapagal
|image              = Diosdado Macapagal USS Oklahoma City 1962 cropped.jpg
|imagesize          =
|alt                = A black-and-white photograph of a middle-aged Filipino male, looking distantly toward the left of the image
|caption            = Diosdado Macapagal in 1962
|office            = [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|9th]] [[President of the Philippines]] <br/><small>[[Third Republic of the Philippines|5th President of the Third Republic]]</small>
|term_start        = December 30, 1961
|term_end          = December 30, 1965
|vicepresident      = [[Emmanuel Pelaez]]
|predecessor        = [[Carlos P. García]]
|successor          = [[Ferdinand Marcos]]
|office2            = 2nd [[Philippine Constitutional Convention election, 1970|President of the 1971 Philippine Constitutional Convention]]
|president2        = [[Ferdinand Marcos]]
|term_start2        = June 14, 1971
|term_end2          = January 17, 1973
|predecessor2      = [[Carlos P. García]]
|successor2        = '' Position abolished''
|order3            = [[List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines|6th]]
|office3            = Vice-President of the Philippines
|term_start3        = December 30, 1957
|term_end3          = December 30, 1961
|president3        = [[Carlos P. García]]
|predecessor3      = [[Carlos P. García]]
|successor3        = [[Emmanuel Pelaez]]
|office4            = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] from [[Pampanga]]'s [[Legislative districts of Pampanga#1st District|First District]]
|term_start4        = December 30, 1949
|term_end4          = December 30, 1957
|predecessor4      = [[Amado Yuzon]]
|successor4        = Francisco Nepomuceno
|birth_date        = {{birth date|mf=yes|1910|9|28}}
|birth_place        = [[Lubao, Pampanga]]
|death_date        = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1997|4|21|1910|9|28}}
|death_place        = [[Makati]], [[Metro Manila]]
|resting_place      = [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]], [[Taguig City]], Philippines
|restingplacecoordinates = {{coord|14|31|11|N|121|2|39|E|region:PH}}
|nationality        = [[Filipino people|Filipino]]
|party              = [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]
|spouse            = [[Purita Macapagal|Purita de la Rosa]]<br /><small>1938–1943, her death</small><br />[[Eva Macapagal|Eva Macapagal, M.D.]]<br /><small>1946–1997</small>
|children          = Arturo <br />Ma. Cielo Macapagal-Salgado<br />[[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo|Ma. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]]<br />Diosdado, Jr.
|alma_mater        = [[University of the Philippines]]<br />[[University of Santo Tomas]]
|profession        = [[Lawyer]]<br />[[Professor]]
|religion          = [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]]
|signature          = Diosdado Macapagal signature.png
}}


'''Diosdado Pangan Macapagal''' (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was the [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|ninth]] [[President of the Philippines]], serving from 1961 to 1965, and the [[List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines|sixth]] [[Vice-President of the Philippines|Vice-President]], serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]], and headed the [[Philippine Constitutional Convention election, 1970|Constitutional Convention of 1970]]. He is the father of [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]], who was the fourteenth President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
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A native of [[Lubao, Pampanga]], Macapagal graduated from the [[University of the Philippines]] and [[University of Santo Tomas]], after which he worked as a lawyer for the government. He first won election in 1949 to the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]], representing a district in his home province of [[Pampanga]]. In 1957, he became Vice-President under the rule of President [[Carlos P. García]], whom he defeated in the [[Philippine presidential election, 1961|1961 polls]].
 
As President, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first [[land reform]] law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Many of his reforms, however, were crippled by a Congress dominated by the rival [[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista Party]]. He is also known for shifting the country's observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, commemorating the day President [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] unilaterally declared the independence of the [[First Philippine Republic]] from the [[Spanish Empire]] in 1898. He stood for re-election in 1965, and was defeated by [[Ferdinand Marcos]], who subsequently [[History of the Philippines (1965-1986)|ruled for 21 years]].
 
Under Marcos, Macapagal was elected president of the [[Philippine Constitutional Convention election, 1970|Constitutional Convention]] which would later draft what became the [[Constitution of the Philippines|1973 Constitution]], though the manner in which the charter was ratified and modified led him to later question its legitimacy. He later died of heart failure, [[pneumonia]] and [[renal failure|renal]] complications at the age of 86.
 
==Early life==
Diosdado Macapagal was born on September 28, 1910, in [[Lubao, Pampanga]], the second of four children in a poor family.<ref name=bio>{{cite web |title=Diosdado Macapagal biography |url=http://www.macapagal.com/dm/biography/bio2.html |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080917210707/http://www.macapagal.com/dm/biography/bio2.html |archivedate=2008-09-17 |publisher=The Macapagals |accessdate=August 9, 2009}}</ref> His father, [[Urbano Macapagal]], was a poet who wrote in the local [[Pampangan language]], and his mother, [[Romana Pangan Macapagal]], was a schoolteacher who taught catechism.<ref name=time/> He is a distant descendant of [[Don Juan Macapagal]], a prince of Tondo, who was a great-grandson of the last reigning [[Rajah]] of [[Selurong]], [[Rajah Lakandula]].<ref>"The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Solayman (1571–1898): Genealogy and Group Identity". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18. 1990.</ref> The family earned extra income by raising pigs and accommodating boarders in their home.<ref name=time/> Due to his roots in poverty, Macapagal would later become affectionately known as the "Poor boy from Lubao".<ref name=Malaya/>
 
===Early education{{anchor|Education}}===
Macapagal excelled in his studies at local public schools, graduating [[valedictorian]] at Lubao Elementary School, and [[salutatorian]] at [[Pampanga High School]].<ref name=op>{{cite web |title=Diosdado Macapagal |url=http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_macapagal.asp |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20080624083728/http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_macapagal.asp |archivedate=June 24, 2008 |work=Malacañang Museum |publisher=Office of the President of the Philippines |accessdate=August 6, 2009}}</ref> He finished his pre-law course at the [[University of the Philippines]], then enrolled at [[Philippine Law School]] in 1932, studying on a scholarship and supporting himself with a part-time job as an accountant.<ref name=time/><ref name=op/> While in law school, he gained prominence as an orator and debater.<ref name=op/> However, he was forced to quit schooling after two years due to poor health and a lack of money.<ref name=time/>
 
Returning to Pampanga, he joined boyhood friend [[Rogelio de la Rosa]] in producing and starring in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] [[operetta]]s patterned after classic Spanish [[zarzuela]]s.<ref name=time/> It was during this period that he married his friend's sister, Purita de la Rosa in 1938.<ref name=time/> He had two children with de la Rosa, Cielo and Arturo.<ref name=Malaya/>
 
Macapagal raised enough money to continue his studies at the [[University of Santo Tomas]].<ref name=time/> He also gained the assistance of philanthropist Honorio Ventura, the Secretary of the Interior at the time, who financed his education.<ref name=enc>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Diosdado Macapagal |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_762511589/diosdado_macapagal.html |work=Encarta Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=August 6, 2009|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwbNgZfa|archivedate=October 31, 2009|deadurl=yes}}</ref> After receiving his [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree in 1936, he was admitted to the [[Bar association|bar]], topping the 1936 bar examination with a score of 89.95%.<ref name=op/> He later returned to his alma mater to take up graduate studies and earn a [[Master of Laws]] degree in 1941, a [[Doctor of Civil Law]] degree in 1947, and a PhD in Economics in 1957.<ref name=op/>
 
===Early career===
After passing the bar examination, Macapagal was invited to join an American law firm as a practicing attorney, a particular honor for a Filipino at the time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=[[In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines]] |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Karnow |year=1989 |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |isbn=0-345-32816-7 |page=33|ref=harv}}</ref> He was assigned as a legal assistant to President [[Manuel L. Quezon]] in [[Malacañan Palace]].<ref name=op/> During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in World War II, Macapagal continued working in Malacañan Palace as an assistant to President [[José P. Laurel]], while secretly aiding the anti-Japanese resistance.<ref name=op/>
 
After the war,Macapagal worked as an assistant attorney with one of the largest law firms in the country, ''Ross, Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso''.<ref name=op/> With the establishment of the independent Republic of the Philippines in 1946, he rejoined government service when President [[Manuel Roxas]] appointed him to the [[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Department of Foreign Affairs]] as the head of its legal division.<ref name=Malaya/> In 1948, President [[Elpidio Quirino]] appointed Macapagal as chief negotiator in the successful transfer of the [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi|Turtle Islands]] in the [[Sulu Sea]] from the United Kingdom to the Philippines.<ref name=op/> That same year, he was assigned as second secretary to the Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C.<ref name=Malaya/> In 1949, he was elevated to the position of Counselor on Legal Affairs and Treaties, at the time the fourth highest post in the Philippine Foreign Office.:<ref name=pte>{{Cite book|title=The Philippines Turns East |last=Macapagal |first=Diosdado |year=1966 |publisher=Mac Publishing House |location=Quezon City |isbn= |chapter=About the Author}}</ref>)
 
===First marriage===
In 1938 he married [[Purita Macapagal|Purita dela Rosa]] and they had two children namely Arturo Macapagal and Cielo Macapagal-Salgado until Purita's death in 1943.
 
===Second marriage===
On May 5, 1946 he married [[Eva Macapagal|Dr. Evangelina Macaraeg]], with whom he had two children, [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] who became [[President of the Philippines]] and Diosdado Macapagal, Jr.
 
==House of Representatives==
On the urging of local political leaders of Pampanga province, President Quirino recalled Macapagal from his position in Washington to run for a seat in the [[House of Representatives (Philippines)|House of Representatives]] representing the [[Legislative districts of Pampanga#1st District|1st District of Pampanga]].<ref name=auto>{{cite web|title=Diosdado Macapagal autobiography |url=http://www.macapagal.com/dm/biography/bio2.html |publisher=The Macapagals |accessdate=August 9, 2009}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The district's incumbent Representative, [[Amado Yuzon]], was a friend of Macapagal, but was opposed by the administration due to his support by communist groups.<ref name=auto/> After a campaign which Macapagal described as cordial and free of personal attacks, he won a landslide victory in the [[Philippine general election, 1949|1949 election]].<ref name=auto/> He also won re-election in the [[Philippine general election, 1953|1953 election]], and served as Representative in the [[2nd Congress of the Philippines|2nd]] and [[3rd Congress of the Philippines|3rd Congress]].
 
At the start of legislative sessions in 1950, the members of the House of Representatives elected Macapagal as Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and he was given several important foreign assignments.<ref name=pte/> He was a Philippine delegate to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] multiple times, notably distinguishing himself in debates over Communist aggression with [[Andrei Vishinsky]] and [[Jacob Malik]] of the Soviet Union.<ref name=pte/> He took part in negotiations for the [[Mutual Defense Treaty (US-Philippines)|U.S.-R.P. Mutual Defense Treaty]], the [[Laurel–Langley Agreement]], and the [[Treaty of San Francisco|Japanese Peace Treaty]].<ref name=op/> He also authored the Foreign Service Act, which reorganized and strengthened the Philippine [[foreign service]].<ref name=Malaya/>
 
As a Representative, Macapagal authored and sponsored several laws of socio-economic importance, particularly aimed at benefiting the rural areas and the poor. Among the pieces of legislation which Macapagal promoted were the Minimum Wage Law, Rural Health Law, Rural Bank Law, the Law on Barrio Councils, the Barrio Industrialization Law, and a law nationalizing the rice and corn industries.<ref name=op/> He was consistently selected by the Congressional Press Club as one of the Ten Outstanding Congressmen during his tenure.<ref name=op/> In his second term, he was named '''Most Outstanding lawmaker''' of the 3rd Congress .<ref name=op/>
 
==Vice presidency==
In the [[Philippine general election, 1957|1957 general election]], the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] drafted Representative Macapagal to run for Vice President as the running-mate of [[José Yulo]], a former [[Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]. Macapagal's nomination was particularly boosted by Liberal Party President [[Eugenio Pérez]], who insisted that the party's vice presidential nominee have a clean record of integrity and honesty.<ref name=auto/> While Yulo was defeated by Carlos P. Garcia of the [[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista Party]], Macapagal was elected Vice President in an upset victory, defeating the Nacionalista candidate, [[José Laurel, Jr.|José B. Laurel, Jr.]], by over 8 percentage points. A month after the election, he was also chosen as the head of the Liberal Party.<ref name=enc/>
 
As the first ever Philippine vice president to be elected from a rival party of the president, Macapagal served out his four-year vice presidential term as a leader of the [[opposition (government)|opposition]]. The ruling party refused to give him a [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet position]] in the Garcia administration, which was a break from tradition.<ref name=op/> He was offered a position in the Cabinet only on the condition that he switch allegiance to the ruling Nationalista Party, but he declined the offer and instead played the role of critic to the administration's policies and performance.<ref name=Malaya>{{Cite book|title=So Help Us God: The Presidents of the Philippines and Their Inaugural Addresses |last=Malaya |first=J. Eduardo |coauthors=Jonathan E. Malaya |year=2004 |publisher=Anvil |location=Manila |isbn=971-27-1486-1 |pages=200–214 }}</ref> This allowed him to capitalize on the increasing unpopularity of the Garcia administration. Assigned to performing only ceremonial duties as vice president, he spent his time making frequent trips to the countryside to acquaint himself with voters and to promote the image of the Liberal Party.<ref name=Malaya/>
 
==Presidency==
{{Infobox President styles
|name=Diosdado P. Macapagal
|dipstyle= His Excellency
|offstyle= Your Excellency
|altstyle= Mr. President
}}
In the [[Philippine general election, 1961|1961 presidential election]], Macapagal ran against Garcia's re-election bid, promising an end to corruption and appealing to the electorate as a common man from humble beginnings.<ref name=time>{{cite news|title=Common Man's President |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,828848,00.html |date=November 24, 1961 |work=Time |accessdate=August 6, 2009}}</ref> He defeated the incumbent president with a 55% to 45% margin.<ref name=Malaya/> His inauguration as the president of the Philippines took place on December 30, 1961.
 
===Cabinet===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-2}}
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="left"
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[President of the Philippines|President]] || '''Diosdado Macapagal''' || December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965
|-
|[[Vice-President of the Philippines|Vice-President]] || '''[[Emmanuel Pelaez]]''' || December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[Secretary of Agriculture (Philippines)|Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources]] ||'''Jose Locsin''' || 1961–1962
|-
|||'''Benjamin Gozon'''|| 1962–1963
|-
|||'''Jose Feliciano'''|| 1963–1965
|-
||[[Secretary of Budget and Management (Philippines)|Commissioner of Budget]] || '''Faustino Sy-Changco''' ||  February 15, 1960 – December 30, 1965
|-
||[[Secretary of Education (Philippines)|Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports]] || '''Jose Romero''' || December 30, 1961 – September 4, 1962
|-
||| '''Jose Tuason''' || September 5, 1962 – December 30, 1962
|-
||| '''Alejandro Roces''' || December 31, 1962 – September 7, 1965
|-
|[[Secretary of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]] || '''Fernando Sison''' || January 2, 1962 – July 31, 1962
|-
|||'''Rodrigo Perez'''|| August 1, 1962– January 7, 1964
|-
|||'''Rufino Hechanova'''|| January 8, 1964– December 13, 1965
|-
|[[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] || '''[[Emmanuel Pelaez]]'''  || December 1961 – July 1963
|-
|||'''[[Salvador P. Lopez]]'''||1963
|-
|||'''[[Carlos P. Romulo]]'''||1963 – 1964
|-
|||'''Mauro Mendez'''||May 1964 – December 30, 1965
|-
|[[Secretary of Health (Philippines)|Secretary of Health]] || '''Francisco Duque, Jr.''' ||  January 1962 – July 22, 1963
|-
||| '''Floro Dabu''' ||  July 23, 1963 – March 6, 1964
|-
||| '''Rodolfo Canos''' || May 1, 1964 – June 20, 1965
|-
||| '''Manuel Cuenco''' || December 13, 1964 – December 29, 1965
|-
|[[Secretary of Justice (Philippines)|Secretary of Justice]] || '''[[Jose W. Diokno]]''' ||  January 1962 – May 1962
|-
|||'''Juan Liwag'''||  May 1962 – July 1963
|-
|||'''Salvador Mariño'''||  July 1963 – December 1965
|-
|[[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] || '''Macario Peralta, Jr.'''|| December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965
|-
|[[Secretary of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Secretary of Commerce and Industry]] || '''Manuel Lim''' || 1961 – 1962
|-
|||'''Rufino Hechanova'''|| 1962 – 1963
|-
|||'''Cornelio Balmaceda'''||1963 – 1965
|-
|[[Secretary of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Works,<br/> Transportation and Communications]]||'''Marciano Bautista'''||1961 – 1962
|-
|||'''Paulino Cases'''||1962
|-
|||'''Brigido Valenica'''||1962 – 1963
|-
|||'''Jorge Abad'''||1963 – 1965
|-
|[[Secretary of Agrarian Reform (Philippines)|Secretary of Agrarian Reform]]||'''Sixto Roxas'''||1963
|-
|||'''Claudette Caliguiran'''||1963 – 1964
|-
|||'''Benjamin Gozon'''||1964 – 1965
|}
{{Col-end}}
 
===Major legislation signed===
* Republic Act No. 3512 – An Act Creating A Fisheries Commission Defining Its Powers, Duties and Functions, and Appropriating Funds Therefor.
* Republic Act No. 3518 – An Act Creating The Philippine Veterans' Bank, and For Other Purposes.
* Republic Act No. 3844 – An Act To Ordain The Agricultural Land Reform Code and To Institute Land Reforms In The Philippines, Including The Abolition of Tenancy and The Channeling of Capital Into Industry, Provide For The Necessary Implementing Agencies, Appropriate Funds Therefor and For Other Purposes.
* Republic Act No. 4166 – An Act Changing The Date Of Philippine Independence Day From July Four To June Twelve, And Declaring July Four As Philippine Republic Day, Further Amending For The Purpose Section Twenty-Nine Of The Revised Administrative Code.
* Republic Act No. 4180 – An Act Amending Republic Act Numbered Six Hundred Two, Otherwise Known As The Minimum Wage Law, By Raising The Minimum Wage For Certain Workers, And For Other Purposes.
 
===Domestic policies===
{{Infobox
|name        =
|bodystyle    =
|title        = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br/>President Diosdado Macapagal<br/><small>1961–1965</small>
|titlestyle   =
|above        =
|abovestyle  =
|imagestyle  =
|captionstyle =
|image        =
|caption      =
|image2      =
|caption2    =
|bodystyle = width:26em; padding: 0px;
|abovestyle = background: lightblue;
|headerstyle = background: lightblue;
|labelstyle = font-weight: normal;
|header1  = Population
|label2  = '''1962'''
|data2    = <math>\approx</math> 29.20&nbsp;million
|header3  = Gross Domestic Product
|label4  = '''1962'''
|data4    =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 234,828 million
|label5  = '''1965'''
|data5 =  {{increase}}[[Philippine peso|Php]] 273,769 million
|label6 = '''Growth rate, 1962-65'''
|data6 = 5.15 %
|header7 = Per capita income
|label8 = '''1962'''
|data8 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 8,042
|label9 = '''1965'''
|data9 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 8,617
|header10 = Total exports
|label11 = '''1962'''
|data11 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 46,177 million
|label12 = '''1965'''
|data12 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 66,216 million
|header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
|data14 = 1 US$ = [[Philippine peso|Php]] 3.80<br/> 1 [[Philippine peso|Php]] = US$ 0.26
|data15 = ''Sources'': [http://filipinopresidency.multiply.com/photos/album/26#photo=11 Philippine Presidency Project]<br/>{{cite book|last=Malaya|first=Jonathan|coauthors=Eduardo Malaya|title=So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.}}
}}
 
====Economics====
 
In his inaugural address, Macapagal promised a socio-economic program anchored on "a return to free and private enterprise", placing economic development in the hands of private entrepreneurs with minimal government interference.<ref name=Malaya/>
 
Twenty days after the inauguration, exchange controls were lifted and the [[Philippine peso]] was allowed to float on the free currency exchange market. The currency controls were initially adopted by the administration of [[Elpidio Quirino]] as a temporary measure, but continued to be adopted by succeeding administrations. The peso devalued from P2.64 to the U.S. dollar, and stabilized at P3.80 to the dollar, supported by a $300&nbsp;million stabilization fund from the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref name=Malaya/>
 
To achieve the national goal of [[economic]] and social progress with prosperity reaching down to the masses, there existed a choice of methods. First, there was the choice between the democratic and dictatorial systems, the latter prevailing in Communist countries. On this, the choice was easy as Filipinos had long been committed to the democratic method.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal">{{cite web|url=http://www.macapagal.com/dm2/biography/tributes.html |title=Diosdado Macapagal |publisher=Macapagal.com |date= |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref> With the democratic mechanism, however, the next choice was between free enterprise and the controls system. Macapagal stated the essence of free enterprise in layman parlance in declaring before Congress on January 22, 1962 that "the task of economic development belongs principally to private enterprise and not to the government.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/>
 
Before independence there was free enterprise in the Philippines under Presidents [[Manuel Quezon]], [[Sergio Osmeña]] and [[Manuel Roxas]]. In 1950 President [[Elpidio Quirino]] deviated from free enterprise launching as a temporary emergency measure the system of exchange and import controls. The controls system was carried on by President Magsaysay and Garcia.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/>
 
The first fundamental decision Macapagal had to make was whether to continue the system of exchange controls of Quirino, Magsaysay and Garcia or to return to the free enterprise of Quezon, Osmena and Roxas.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/> It had been his view since he was a Congressman for eight years that the suitable economic system for Filipinos was free enterprise. So on January 21, 1962 after working for 20 straight hours he signed a Central Bank decree abolishing exchange controls and returning the country to free enterprise.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/>
 
During the 20 days available to make a decision on choice between controls and free enterprise, between his inauguration as President and before the opening of [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]], Macapagal's main adviser was Governor Andres Castillo of the [[Central Bank of the Philippines|Central Bank]].
 
Further reform efforts by Macapagal were blocked by the Nacionalistas, who dominated the House of Representatives and the Senate at that time. Nonetheless, Macapagal was able to achieve steady economic progress, and annual GDP growth averaged at 5.15% for 1962–65.<ref name=Malaya/>
 
====Socio-economic program====
The removal of controls and the restoration of [[free enterprise]] was intended to provide only the fundamental setting in which Macapagal could work out economic and social progress.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/> A specific and periodic program for the guidance of both the private sector and the government was an essential instrument to attain the economic and social development that constituted the goal of his labors.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/>
 
Such a program for his administration was formulated under his authority and direction by a group of able and reputable economic and business leaders the most active and effective of which was Sixto Roxas III. From an examination of the planned targets and requirements of the Five-Year program – formally known as the Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program – it could be seen that it aimed at the following objectives.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/>
 
* immediate restoration of [[economic stability]];
 
* alleviating the plight of the common man; and
 
* establishing a dynamic basic for future growth.
 
Free enterprise was restored with decontrol. The Five-Year Economic Program had been prescribed. Land reform abolishing tenancy had been launched. These were essential foundations for economic and social progress for the greatest number.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/>
 
The essential foundations having been laid, attention must then be turned to the equally difficult task of building the main [[edifice]] by implementing the economic program. Although the success of Macapagal's Socio-Economic Program in free enterprise inherently depended on the private sector, it would be helpful and necessary for the government to render active assistance in its implementation by the citizens.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/>
 
Such role of the government in [[free enterprise]], in the view of Macapagal, required it (1) to provide the social overhead like roads, airfields and ports that directly or proximately promote economic growth, (2) to adopt fiscal and monetary policies salutary to investments, and most importantly (3) to serve as an entrepreneur or promote of basic and key private industries, particularly those that require capital too large for businessmen to put up by themselves. Among the enterprises he selected for active government promotion were [[steel mill#Integrated mill|integrated steel]], [[fertilizer]], [[pulp (paper)|pulp]], meat [[canning]] and tourism.<ref name="Diosdado Macapagal"/>
 
====Land reform====
{{See also|Land reform in the Philippines}}
Like [[Ramon Magsaysay]], President Diosdado Macapagal came from the masses. He savored to call himself the "Poor boy from Lubao".<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010">Manapat, Carlos, et al.'' Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform''. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010. Print.</ref> Ironically, he had little popularity among the masses.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> This could be attributed to an absence of charismatic appeal of his stiff personality.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> But despite this, Macapagal had certain achievements.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> Foremost of these was the ''[[Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963]]'' (Republic Act No. 3844) which provided for the purchase of private farmlands with the intention of distributing them in small lots to the landless tenants on easy term of payment.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> It is a major development in history of [[land reform in the Philippines]],
 
In comparison with the previous agrarian legislation, the law lowered the retention limit to 75 hectares, whether owned by individuals or corporations. It removed the term "contiguous" and established the [[leasehold]] system.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> The share-[[tenancy]] or the ''kasama'' system was prohibited.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> It formulated a [[bill of rights]] that assured agricultural workers the right to self-organization and to a [[minimum wage]]. It also created an office that acquired and distributed farmlands and a financing institution for this purpose.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> The major flaw of this law was, however, that it had several exemptions, such as ort (big capital [[plantations]] established during the [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish]] and [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American]] periods); fishponds, saltbeds, and lands primarily planted to [[citrus]], [[coconuts]], [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]], [[Coffee bean|coffee]], [[durian]], and other similar permanent trees; landholdings converted to [[Residential property|residential]], [[Commercial property|commercial]], [[industrial property|industrial]], or other similar non-agricultural purposes.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/>
 
It was viewed that the 75-hectare retention limit was just too high for the growing population density. Moreover, this law merely allowed the transfer of the [[landlord]]ism from one area to another.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> This was because [[landlords]] were paid in bonds, which he could use to purchase agricultural lands.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> Likewise, the farmer was free to choose to be excluded from the [[leasehold]] arrangements if he volunteered to give up the landholdings to the landlord.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/>
 
Within two years after the law was implemented, no<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> land was being purchased under its term and conditions caused by the [[peasant]]'s inability to purchase the land.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> Besides, the [[Philippine Government|government]] seemed lacking of strong political will, as shown by the [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]]' allotment of only one million pesos for the implementation of this code. At least Php200&nbsp;million was needed within a year from the enactment and implementation of the code, and Php300&nbsp;million in the next three years for the program to be successful. However, by 1972, the code had benefited only 4,500 peasants covering 68 estates, at the cost of Php57&nbsp;million to the government. Consequently, by the 1970s, the farmers ended up tilling less land, with their share in the farm also being less.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/> They incurred more debts, depending on the [[landlord]], [[creditor]]s, and [[rice|palay]] buyers. Indeed, during the administration of Macapagal, the productivity of the [[farmers]] further declined.<ref name="Manapat, Carlos 2010"/>
 
====Anti-corruption drive====
One of Macapagal's major campaign pledges had been to clean out the government corruption that had proliferated under former President Garcia.<ref name=stone>{{cite news|title=The Philippines: Smoke in Manila |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873686,00.html |date=August 10, 1962 |work=Time |accessdate=August 11, 2009}}</ref>
 
The administration also openly feuded with Filipino businessmen [[Fernando Lopez]] and [[Eugenio Lopez, Sr.|Eugenio Lopez]], brothers who had controlling interests in several large businesses.<ref name=Malaya/> The administration alluded to the brothers as "Filipino Stonehills who build and maintain business empires through political power, including the corruption of politicians and other officials".<ref name=strong>{{cite web|title=Building a Strong Republic |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/pubs/republic.pdf |year=2003 |publisher=Philippine Information Agency |accessdate=August 11, 2009}}</ref> In the [[Philippine general election, 1965|1965 election]], the Lopezes threw their support behind Macapagal's rival, [[Ferdinand Marcos]], with Fernando as Marcos' running mate.<ref name=strong/>
 
=====Stonehill controversy=====
The administration's campaign against corruption was tested by Harry Stonehill, an American expatriate with a $50-million business empire in the Philippines.<ref name=stone/> Macapagal's Secretary of Justice, [[Jose W. Diokno]] investigated Stonehill on charges of tax evasion, smuggling, misdeclaration of imports, and corruption of public officials.<ref name=stone/> Diokno's investigation revealed Stonehill's ties to corruption within the government. Macapagal, however, prevented Diokno from prosecuting Stonehill by deporting the American instead, then dismissing Diokno from the cabinet. Diokno questioned Macapagal's actions, saying, "How can the government now prosecute the corrupted when it has allowed the corrupter to go?"<ref name=stone/> Diokno later served as a [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator of the republic]].
 
====Independence Day====
Macapagal appealed to nationalist sentiments by shifting the commemoration of Philippine independence day. On May 12, 1962, he signed a proclamation which declared Tuesday, June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday in commemoration of the declaration of independence from Spain on that date in 1898.<ref name=bibingka-jun12>{{Citation
|url=http://www.bibingka.com/phg/documents/jun12.htm
|title=Proclamation No. 28 Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day
|author=Diosdado Macapagal
|publisher=Philippine History Group of Los Angeles
|accessdate=November 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ops.gov.ph/kalayaan2000/insights.htm Proclamation no. 28: June 12 as Philippine Independence Day] in ''Insights on the Philippine Independence'', [http://www.ops.gov.ph/kalayaan2000/ Kalayaan 2000], June 12, 2000, [http://www.news.ops.gov.ph/ Presidential Communications Operations Office].{{dead link|date=February 2011|url=http://www.ops.gov.ph/kalayaan2000/insights.htm}}{{dead link|date=February 2011|url=http://www.ops.gov.ph/kalayaan2000/}}</ref> The change became permanent in 1964 with the signing of Republic Act No. 4166.<ref>{{cite web|title=Republic Act No. 4166 |url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1964/ra_4166_1964.html |date=August 4, 1964 |accessdate=August 5, 2009}}</ref> For having issued his 1962 proclamation, Macapagal is generally credited with having moved the celebration date of the Independence Day holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=20100928-294839|title=Looking Back : Macapagal at 100|author=Ambeth Ocampo|authorlink=Ambeth Ocampo|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=September 28, 2010|accessdate=February 8, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citation
|url=http://www.positivenewsmedia.net/am2/publish/Article_Features_22/President_Diosdado_Macapagal_set_RP_Independence_D_5939.shtml
|title=President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12
|author=Manuel S. Satorre, Jr.
|publisher=.positivenewsmedia.net
|accessdate=2008-12-10}}</ref> Years later, Macapagal told journalist [[Stanley Karnow]] the real reason for the change: "When I was in the diplomatic corps, I noticed that nobody came to our receptions on the [[Fourth of July]], but went to the American Embassy instead. So, to compete, I decided we needed a different holiday."<ref>{{Harvnb|Karnow|1989|p=365}}.</ref>
 
===Foreign policies===
 
====North Borneo claim====
[[File:Diosdado Macapagal USS Oklahoma City 1962.jpg|thumb|right|280px|President Diosdado Macapagal on the bridge of the USS Oklahoma City in 1962]]
{{wikisource|Diosdado Macapagal's Second State of the Nation Address#North Borneo Claim|North Borneo Claim - Diosdado Macapagal's Second State of the Nation Address on 28 January 1963}}
On September 12, 1962, during President Diosdado Macapagal's administration, the territory of eastern [[North Borneo]] (now [[Sabah]]), and the full sovereignty,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unyearbook.un.org/1960YUN/1960_P1_SEC3_CH4.pdf |title=UN General Assembly 15th Session – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories (pages:509–510) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unyearbook.un.org/1963YUN/1963_P1_SEC1_CH3.pdf |title=UN General Assembly 18th Session – the Question of Malaysia (pages:41–44) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref> title and dominion over the territory were ceded by the then reigning Sultan of Sulu, HM Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the [[Republic of the Philippines]].<ref>[http://www.royalsulu.com/transfer.html ''Sabah Transfer of Sovereignty From the Sultanate of Sulu to the Republic of the Philippines'']. Accessed March 1, 2008.</ref>{{verify credibility|date=July 2013}} The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority to pursue their claim in international courts. The [[Philippines]] broke diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation had included Sabah in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/16/16/00030780.pdf |title=United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 JULY 1963) |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/18/5/00034224.pdf |title=United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement relating to the implementation of the Manila Accord |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref> It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding Philippine administrations have placed the claim in the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial economic and security relations with [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref>[http://www.asianjournal.com/cgi-bin/view_info.cgi?code=5867 ''Come clean on Sabah, Sulu sultan urge gov't'']. Accessed March 1, 2008.{{dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref> To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject Philippine calls to resolve the matter of Sabah's jurisdiction to the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref>[http://www.epilipinas.com/SabahClaim.htm ''Philippines' Claim To Sabah'']. Accessed February 28, 2008.</ref>{{verify credibility|date=July 2013}} Sabah sees the claim made by the Philippines' Moro leader Nur Misuari to take Sabah to International Court of Justice (ICJ) as a non-issue and thus dismissed the claim.<ref>The Star (May 29, 2008). [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/29/nation/21389432&sec=nation ''Call for ICJ arbitration dismissed''].</ref>
 
====Maphilindo====
{{wikisource|Manila Accord (31 July 1963)|Manila Accorrd}}
{{wikisource|Manila Declaration (3 August 1963)|Manila Declaration}}
{{wikisource|Joint Statement by the Philippines, the Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (5 August 1963)|Joint Statement by the governments of Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia}}
In July 1963, President Diosdado Macapagal convened a summit meeting in Manila in which a nonpolitical confederation for Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, [[Maphilindo]], was proposed as a realization of [[José Rizal]]'s dream of bringing together the Malay peoples, seen as artificially divided by colonial frontiers.<ref name="macapagal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.macapagal.com/dm2/ |title=Diosdado Macapagal |publisher=Macapagal.com |date= |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref>
 
Maphilindo was described as a regional association that would approach issues of common concern in the spirit of consensus. However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the parts of [[Jakarta]] and [[Manila]] to delay, or even prevent, the formation of the [[Federation of Malaysia]]. Manila had its own claim to [[Sabah]] (formerly [[British North Borneo]]),<ref name="macapagal.com"/> and Jakarta protested the formation of Malaysia as a British imperialist plot. The plan failed when [[Sukarno]] adopted his plan of [[konfrontasi]] with Malaysia. The Konfrontasi, or Confrontation basically aims at preventing Malaysia to attain independence. The idea was inspired onto President Sukarno by the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), or literally the Indonesian Communist Party. The party convinced President Sukarno that the Formation of Malaysia is a form of neo-colonization and will later affect tranquility in Indonesia. The subsequent development of [[ASEAN]] almost certainly excludes any possibility of the project ever being revived.<ref name="macapagal.com"/>
 
====Vietnam War====
Before the end of his term in 1965, President Diosdado Macapagal persuaded [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] to send troops to [[South Vietnam]]. However this proposal was blocked by the opposition led by [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]] who deserted Macapagal's [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] and defected to the [[Nacionalista Party]].<ref name="historynet.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-philippines-allies-during-the-vietnam-war.htm |title=The Philippines: Allies During the Vietnam War |publisher=HistoryNet |date= |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref>
 
The [[U.S. government]]'s active interest in bringing other nations into the war had been part of U.S. policy discussions as early as 1961. President [[Lyndon Johnson]] first publicly appealed for other countries to come to the aid of South Vietnam on April 23, 1964–in what was called the "More Flags" program.<ref name="historynet.com"/> Chester Cooper, former director of Asian affairs for the White House, explained why the impetus came from the United States instead of from the Republic of South Vietnam: "The 'More Flags' campaign&nbsp;... required the application of considerable pressure for Washington to elicit any meaningful commitments. One of the more exasperating aspects of the search…was the lassitude&nbsp;…... of the Saigon government. In part&nbsp;... the South Vietnam leaders were preoccupied with political jockeying.&nbsp;... In addition, Saigon appeared to believe that the program was a public relations campaign directed at the American people."<ref name="historynet.com"/>
 
===1963 midterm election===
{{main|Philippine Senate election, 1963}}
The senatorial election was held on November 12, 1963. Macapagal's [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] (LP) won four out of the eight seats up for grabs during the election – thereby increasing the LP's senate seats from eight to ten.
 
===1965 presidential campaign===
{{main|Philippine presidential election, 1965}}
Towards the end of his term, Macapagal decided to seek re-election to continue seeking reforms which he claimed were stifled by a "dominant and uncooperative opposition" in Congress.<ref name=Malaya/> With Senate President Ferdinand Marcos, a fellow member of the Liberal Party, unable to win his party's nomination due to Macapagal's re-election bid, Marcos switched allegiance to the rival Nacionalista Party to oppose Macapagal.<ref name=Malaya/>
 
Among the issues raised against the incumbent administration were graft and corruption, rise in consumer goods, and persisting peace and order issues.<ref name=Malaya/> Macapagal was defeated by Marcos in the [[Philippine general election, 1965|November 1965 polls]].
 
==Post-presidency and death==
[[File:Diosdado macapagal grave.jpg|thumb|Grave of Diosdado Macapagal at the ''Libingan ng mga Bayani''.]]
Macapagal announced his retirement from politics following his 1965 loss to Marcos. In 1971, he was elected president of the [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] that drafted what became the 1973 constitution. The manner in which the charter was ratified and later modified led him to later question its legitimacy. In 1979, he formed the National Union for Liberation as a political party to oppose the Marcos regime.
 
Following the restoration of democracy in 1986, Macapagal took on the role of elder [[Politician|statesman]], and was a member of the [[Philippine Council of State]].<ref name=op/> He also served as honorary chairman of the National Centennial Commission, and chairman of the board of CAP Life, among others.
 
In his retirement, Macapagal devoted much of his time to reading and writing.<ref name=op/> He published his presidential memoir, authored several books about government and economics, and wrote a weekly column for the ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'' newspaper.
 
Diosdado Macapagal died of heart failure, [[pneumonia]] and [[renal failure|renal]] complications at the [[Makati Medical Center]] on April 21, 1997. He is buried at the [[Libingan ng mga Bayani]].
 
==Legacy==
 
On September 28, 2009, Macapagal's daughter, President [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]], inaugurated the President Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library, located at his home town of [[Lubao, Pampanga]].<ref>{{cite web|author=  |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKADbWnQ0bE |title=Youtube – Inauguration and Blessing of Pres Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library Lubao, Pampanga |publisher=Youtube.com |date=September 28, 2009 |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-211769085.html |title=PGMA leads the inauguration of Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library. – Philippines News Agency |publisher=Highbeam.com |date= |accessdate=September 23, 2011}}</ref>
 
President [[Benigno S. Aquino III]] declared September 28, 2010 as a special non-working holiday in Macapagal's home province of Pampanga to commemorate the centennial of his birth.<ref>[http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20100928-294839/Macapagal-at-100 Macapagal at 100], Ambeth Ocampo, ''Philippine Daily Inquirer''.</ref>
 
===Birthplace (Ancestral House and Lot)===
The landmarks are located in front of Lubao Institute at San Nicolas 1, Lubao, Pampanga.
 
<gallery>
File:Diosdado Macapagaljf.JPG|The "Bahay Kubo" of Macapagal
File:AbcDiosdado Macapagaljf.JPG|Mural
File:Diosdadojf.JPG|Interior
File:Adiosdadojf.JPG|Inside the small house
File:Bdiosdadojf.JPG|Prologue
File:AbDiosdado Macapagal.JPG|Marker
</gallery>
 
===Museum and Library===
These house the personal books and memorabilia of Macapagal.
 
<gallery>
File:Genealogymacapagaljf.JPG|Macapagal Clan
File:FDiosdado Macapagaljf.JPG|Façade of the House
File:Macapagalmuseumjf.JPG|Bust (sculpture) of Macapagal in museum-library
File:Macapagalmuseum2jf.JPG|Museum and Library
File:Macapagallibraryjf.JPG|Oil Portrait of Macapagal
File:Amacapagallibraryjf.JPG|Second floor of the Museum
</gallery>
 
==Electoral history==
'''[[Philippine general election, 1957|Vice Presidential election, 1957]]''':<ref name=Malaya/>
* '''Diosdado Macapagal''' ([[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]) – 2,189,197 (46.55%)
* [[José Laurel, Jr.]] ([[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista Party]]) – 1,783,012 (37.91%)
* Vicente Araneta ([[Progressive Party (Philippines)|Progressive Party]]) – 375,090 (7.97%)
* [[Lorenzo Tañada]] ([[Nationalist Citizens' Party]]) – 344,685 (7.32%)
* Restituto Fresto ([[Lapiang Malaya]]) – 10,494 (0.22%)
 
'''[[Philippine general election, 1961|Presidential election, 1961]]''':<ref name=Malaya/>
* '''Diosdado Macapagal''' ([[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]) – 3,554,840 (55%)
* [[Carlos P. Garcia]] ([[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista Party]]) – 2,902,996 (45%)
 
'''[[Philippine general election, 1965|Presidential election, 1965]]''':<ref name=Malaya/>
* [[Ferdinand Marcos]] ([[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista Party]]) – 3,861,324 (51.94%)
* '''Diosdado Macapagal''' ([[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]) – 3,187,752 (42.88%)
* [[Raul Manglapus]] ([[Progressive Party (Philippines)|Progressive Party]]) – 384,564 (5.17%)
 
==Publications==
<!-- #################### -->
<!-- REFERENCES for this section: Library of Congress, Open Library, Amazon.com -->
<!-- #################### -->
* ''Speeches of President Diosdado Macapagal''. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1961.
* ''New Hope for the Common Man: Speeches and Statements of President Diosdado Macapagal''. Manila: Malacañang Press Office, 1962.
* ''Five Year Integrated Socio-economic Program for the Philippines''. Manila: [s.n.], 1963.
* ''Fullness of Freedom: Speeches and Statements of President Diosdado Macapagal''. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1965.
* ''An Asian looks at South America''. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1966.
* ''The Philippines Turns East''. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1966.
* ''A Stone for the Edifice: Memoirs of a President''. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1968.
* ''A New Constitution for the Philippines''. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1970.
* ''Democracy in the Philippines''. Manila: [s.n.], 1976.
* ''Constitutional Democracy in the World''. Manila: Santo Tomas University Press, 1993.
* ''From Nipa Hut to Presidential Palace: Autobiography of President Diosdado P. Macapagal''. Quezon City: Philippine Academy for Continuing Education and Research, 2002.
 
==See also==
* [[History of the Philippines (1946–1965)]]
* [[History of the Philippines]]
* [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]]
* [[Agricultural Land Reform Code]]
* [[MAPHILINDO]]
 
'''Named after Diosdado Macapagal:'''
* [[Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}
 
==External links==
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.macapagal.com/dm2/ Macapagal.com – Diosdado Macapagal]
* [http://www.op.gov.ph/ Office of the President of the Philippines]
* [http://www.op.gov.ph/ Office of the Vice President of the Philippines]
* [http://www.congress.gov.ph/ House of Representatives of the Philippines]
 
{{S-start}}
{{S-par|ph-lwr}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Amado Yuzon]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] from [[Pampanga]]'s [[Legislative districts of Pampanga#1st District|1st]] district|years=1947–1957}}
{{S-aft|after=Francisco Nepomuceno}}
|-
{{S-off}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Carlos P. Garcia]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Vice President of the Philippines]]|years=December 30, 1957 – December 30, 1961}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Emmanuel Pelaez]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Carlos P. Garcia]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[President of the Philippines]]|years=December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Ferdinand Marcos]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Carlos P. Garcia]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Philippine Constitutional Convention election, 1970|President of the 1971 Philippine Constitutional Convention]]|years=1971–1973}}
{{s-non|reason=Position abolished}}
|-
{{S-ppo}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Eugenio Pérez]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=President of the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]|years=1957–1961}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Ferdinand Marcos]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Diosdado Macapagal
|list1=
{{Gloria Arroyo}}
{{Philippine presidents}}
{{Philippine Vice Presidents}}
{{Philippine Vice Presidents Succeeding Presidents}}
{{Presidential election in the Philippines, 1957}}
{{GM Recipients}}
{{Macapagal cabinet}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=45546531}}
 
{{Persondata        <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
|NAME              = Macapagal, Diosdado
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = 9th President of the Philippines
|DATE OF BIRTH    = September 28, 1910
|PLACE OF BIRTH    = Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines
|DATE OF DEATH    = April 21, 1997
|PLACE OF DEATH    = Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Macapagal, Diosdado}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from heart failure]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Deaths from renal failure]]
[[Category:Filipino anti-communists]]
[[Category:Filipino economists]]
[[Category:Filipino lawyers]]
[[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Kapampangan people]]
[[Category:Macapagal family|Diosdado]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Paramilitary Filipinos]]
[[Category:People from Pampanga]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Philippines]]
[[Category:University of Santo Tomas alumni]]
[[Category:University of the Philippines alumni]]
[[Category:Vice Presidents of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of Gawad Mabini]]
[[Category:TOFIL Awardees]]

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