De Casteljau's algorithm

Template:Starbox begin Template:Starbox image Template:Starbox observe We believe a mushy touchdown for the Singapore residential market is essentially priced in, as builders' stock costs have risen 15% up to now three months amid a 50% decline in volumes and worth cuts by some developers.

Oxley Holdings purchased property and invested in builders in Britain, Cambodia, China and Malaysia. Sim Lian Group Ltd added to its abroad portfolio by shopping for property in Australia. Tuesday's measures come after the Financial Authority of Singapore in June tightened rules on property loans, and closed loopholes that allowed some owners to bypass mortgage restrictions and avoid paying levies when shopping for extra property. may post real-estate associated questions in Singapore at PropertyChitChat.sg. Purchase, Sell and Lease your properties in the present day at www.PropertyChitChat.Sg Extremely uncommon Lodge-Mall growth in a energetic and lively location on the market that - very very highly sought after and DLV in Singapore and Twins at Damansara Heights in Malaysia.

Heeton has also shaped robust partnerships with different established property builders to develop properties locally and within the region. Such properties embrace Lincoln Suites off Newton Street, The Boutiq at Killiney Road, Sky Inexperienced at MacPherson Street, and Twins at Damansara Heights, Kuala Lumpur. In Half 2 of this sequence, I'll go further in explaining why buying an investment property at in the present day's stratospheric prices is both playing or just plain foolishness triggered by panic buying. Basic information of the Conveyancing and Regulation of Property Act (CLPA), the Land Title Strata Act (LTSA) and Building and Frequent Property (Upkeep and Administration) Act (BCPA) and contract law He has lined up 32 launches this 12 months. Personal shoebox residences

You will lead and encourage a workforce in providing professional property administration and leasing providers to the homeowners, tenants and buyers of the shopping mall. Reporting to the Normal Manager (Retail Properties), you'll assist in implementing methods to maximise rental and occupancy of the mall. You shall also be chargeable for the preparation and achievement of the annual budget and marketing strategy for the shopping center. Marina Bay Suites is developed by a three way partnership of three of Asia's main property developers – Cheung Kong (Holdings)/Hutchison Whampoa, Hong Kong Land and Keppel Land. Towering at 66 storeys, each of the 221 flats forming Marina Bay Suites comes with its personal personal elevate foyer and hanging bay views. Industrial Class

If you happen to're set to buy a property, all you need is to issue a check of 1% of the selling worth to make an offer to buy. Within a interval of three days, the owner can select to decline your supply or accept your provide. If the proprietor accepts your offer, your 1% $ buys you an Option to Purchase, which entitles you to purchase the property at the agreed price (bear in mind to all the time combat for discounts for the very best worth). This selection usually is valid for 14 days. Within this time interval, you'll be able to still change your thoughts on shopping for the property, and may choose not train the option. However you'll lose that 1% you gave them.

King Albert Park Residences (Previously Macdonald's Place at King Albert Park) is a brand new Freehold Combined Growth with Residential apartments and Business Retail Retailers in District 21. This development contains of both 142 house for sale in singapore items and 107 industrial retailers. Echelon Towering 43 storeys high on the sting of town centre, Echelon ascends as the height of luxurious in Alexandra property. Conveniently situated inside a minute stroll to Redhill MRT station, Echelon provides its residences the last word ease of accessibility to all components of Singapore. CCS also did not find that non-public players' acquisitions of JTC's property resulted in a substantial lessening of competition in the industrial property market. Liabilities of Business Banks Actual Property Services

Massive Bets on Polo Could Yield Billions Shah Gilani Contributor Repeat after me, "At the moment's extremely inflated actual estate market is like a gold-rush; the only folks making the cash are those who sell the pans." There is a widespread language especially within the banking trade when actual estate booms and euphoria stuffed the minds of fools, and led them to turn out to be senseless herds of cows being brought to the slaughtering homes even with out them understanding. Join our mailing record for new initiatives launches, be the primary few to be invited for personal preview Shutter bus service to MRT station District 14, Freehold B1 industrial District 26, Freehold B1 industrial Degree in Enterprise Studies/Administration/Administration/Advertising and marketing Centre Executive Constructing Government Buyer Service Officer

On prime of the BSD and ABSD, the government applied measures to restrict the financial institution loan you possibly can get hold of too. The banks will lend you a smaller amount now, and it's essential to come up with more upfront cash, thus typically making it tougher to finance for brand new properties) -spherical-of-cooling-measures-the-anvil-to-smash-the-camels-back/ and -academy.com/what-does-the-8th-cooling-measure-imply-technically-for-you-as-a-borrower/ Arrange in 1982, the Crescendas Group as we speak is engaged in a diversified range of companies in Actual Estate, Manufacturing, Distribution and Technology. The Ascott Group is a leading worldwide serviced residence firm with 13,800 serviced residence items in the important thing cities of Europe and Asia Pacific. Tuan Sing Holdings Limited LJ Vernus is an Mental Property firm specializing on trademark , offering expertise on trademark registration and prosecution providers in addition to built-in IPR options to businesses in Singapore, Malaysia, Asia and world wide.

Advertising and marketing Institute Of Singapore - 410 North Bridge Highway, Singapore 188726 WELCOME TO AFFIX OUR HUGE HOUSEHOLD OF BRAND NAME SINGAPORE & CTRS SINGAPORE BASIS With the Assist of PIC GRANTS SINGAPORE you can now personal High-end rental close to Orchard Highway Condominium For Sale – Paterson Residence (D09) Singapore property horror tales (and methods to avoid them) Singapore - $1,500-2,000 per 30 days Singapore - $1,300-1,700 per 30 days Need to purchase a home or apartment in singapore? You'll need recommendation in your property funding from a realtor. Discover skilled realtors in singapore in our directory under. Huttons Asia / Huttons Actual Estate / Huttons Group / Huttons singapore Hdb rental is a leading Singapore property agency / Singapore property agency / real estate company. Singapore - $7-eight per hour New Launches

After getting finalized the sale value of your dream house with the Vendor. You will want to arrange one (1%) per cent of sale value as Choice Cash payable to the Vendor to alternate for the Option to Buy (OTP) which is issued by the Seller. The choice period might be valid for a interval agreed by the Purchaser and the Vendor. It is usually two (02) weeks. The Vendor will be unable to sell this property to another patrons during this feature period.

CPD is launched to enhance the skilled customary of Real Property Business in Singapore. CPD hours (factors) is needed for current salesperson for the renewal of CEA registration. Minimal of 6 hours is required, of at which minimum three hours have to be from core topics. Historic Black and White Bungalows vary in dimension from 15,000 sq ft-270,000 sq ft. Minimal keep at this residence is 2 years. 10 minutes from Orchard Highway and 20 minutes from the Central Enterprise District. Mount Pleasant Highway, Singapore. It's FREE to you, if you're a purchaser of private property. HDB resale flat buyers sometimes pay 1% fee. Should sellers promote their property now or preserve holding on? Potential pitfalls of coming into right into a property sharing agreement Business Office Buildings

15.eight.7 The reason for this isn't tough to divine. The third social gathering could,for instance, have entered into the contract with the agent because of the existence of a right of set-off that the third social gathering had towards the agent. The third party could have purchased items from the agent understanding that fee wouldn't need to be made in full but could be deducted from what was owed to the third party by the agent - see Greer v Downs Supply Co 1927 2 KB 28. Allowing the third occasion to raise such defences towards the principal is important is to stop injustice to the third get together who has handled the agent because the agent already owes obligations to the third social gathering.

How do you choose a property company and how do you make sure that you may have made the suitable selection at the start? Is it true that the larger the real property agency, the better it's? Or can a smaller agency be higher for the development of an agent? There are execs and cons on the subject of size, and size does make a difference. Real estate generally is a lonely enterprise and it's straightforward to really feel demoralised, especially when there are not any enquiries despite your best effort in advertising and marketing your consumer's property. This is the place having the appropriate help from fellow associates is necessary. JLL has been named Best Performing Property Brand at the twelfth Annual MPF Awards for Administration Excellence. Whether or not new or resale properties are better investments Undertaking Gallery Manager

The opposite item you might need to think about or negotiate along with your employers is transportation. Vehicles and their operating prices are costly in Singapore. On common, anticipate to incur S$2500 to S$3000.00 a month to lease a 1600-2000 cc automotive with some petrol leftover for the automobile. Career improvement programmes, in-home valuation, auctions and administrative help, project advertising, skilled talks and traisning are always planned for the gross sales associates to help them achieve higher outcomes for his or her clients whereas at Knight Frank Singapore. Occasions have changed. We don't see these illegal hawkers anymore. As a substitute, well dressed property agents had been seen reaching out to individuals visiting the market within the morning. UE Sq. (D09) – Condo For Hire In response to the IRAS tax information printed on 11 January 2013, foreigners beneath Free Commerce Agreements (FTAs) who fall within the scope of the respective FTAs will be accorded with the same remedy as Singapore Residents (SC). These include Nationals and Permanent Residents of Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Iceland and Nationals of United States of America. Foreigners under FTAs are exempted from the 15% Extra Buyer's Stamp Responsibility (ABSD). Find out extra info on IRAS e-tax guide.

Asia's main suppliers of enterprise area options; deals in excessive-tech & industrial parks, e-infrastructure, business networking and so on; flagship initiatives include Singapore Science Parks (I, II & III), Worldwide Tech Park, Bangalore, and many others Worldwide property & lodge conglomerate concerned in real property growth & funding, hotel ownership & operations & provision of hospitality options; operates in 21 nations in Asia, Europe, Australasia, North America etc Builders of residential, industrial, industrial & mixed-use properties; has properties in London & Shangai too It might be that Singapore's lack of ability to sustain large economic sectors other than property and banking is because of the lack of a home market. Actual Estate Agency Charging GST

OCBC Property Providers Private Limited (OPS) was shaped in 1987 to centralise the property administration capabilities of the OCBC Group, which holds a large portfolio of property belongings in workplace, residential and retail for personal occupation and funding. Investing within the property market is like enjoying the monopoly board sport. You have to have the right strategies so as to be successful. What better approach to Assets">master the property investment methods than by studying from the consultants and real estate insiders. He was a doyen of the property sector. He was a proven authority with a deep understanding of actual estate and an innate expertise of looking on the property market differently.' Residential property in a building of less than 6 ranges

Most contracts for the sale and purchase of property in Singapore will incorporatestandard phrases known as the Singapore Legislation Society's Situations of Sale 1999. If theterms of the sale and buy agreement or of the option are silent on certainpoints, then the provisions of those situations will apply. These conditions mayalso be modified by specific terms within the contract - for example, it is not uncommon forthe sale to be topic to the property being unaffected by highway widening schemes. Purchase from an Unlicensed Housing Developer

For 999 years leasehold, you personal the property for 999 years. Since that could be a very lengthy period of time, folks typically regard 999 years leasehold as freehold. Residences have completely different sizes. Some are very small (models smaller than 500 sq. ft, or simply 5 car lot size) and some are huge (2000 square toes or even greater). A mean 5 room HDB flat is round 110 sq. metre, or round 1200 square toes. Wanting at the PSF permit us to match costs across completely different size apartments. Taking a look at Image B and Picture C. That elevated flat space in front of the window is the bay widow. It used to be the government do not consider bay windows as area. So in practise the developers can construct that space without spending a dime, and charge the customer for it. Singapore 188968

The Company is dedicated to develop its industrial portfolio in key Asian cities. Its portfolio of abroad industrial properties includes Seasons Metropolis within the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-Metropolis, a Grade A workplace improvement in Beijing, and a retail mall Life Hub @ Jinqiao in Shanghai, China, Saigon Centre in Ho Chi Minh Metropolis, Vietnam, in addition to Worldwide Monetary Centre Jakarta in Indonesia. The Company also plans to develop Park Avenue Central in Shanghai into a retail-cum-workplace complicated.

The Far East Organization established by the late Mr. Ng Teng Fong and now run by Philip and Robert Ng, the founder's sons, topped the Singapore part of the Forbes Record. Mr. Kwek Leng Beng's name was also on the Forbes record, his wealth derives from the listed City Developments Company and also from companies within the family's unlisted Hong Leong Group. There are different rich property households too. The Kwee brothers personal Pontiac Land, which owns 5 star motels, amongst them The Regent, Singapore and status workplace buildings such as the Millennia Tower.

Soilbuild is an built-in property developer with a improvement portfolio of mid to excessive-end residential properties and enterprise space properties for multi-nationwide companies and SMEs. The place you are buying new launching property which is under building, the Singapore Academyof Regulation will hold a portion of the acquisition monies as stakeholders until the expiryof the defects legal responsibility interval supplied within the Settlement/Contract. Test the indicative valuation for the property you plan to buy as valuation directly impacts the amount of mortgage you will get from the bank for the property. For a foreigner, major banks or financial establishments in Singapore can only mortgage as much as 70% of the valuation or buy price (whichever is lower) IP Global (Mental Property) Is a upcoming condominium located in the neighbourhood of Hillview The Singapore government has put in place a new subsidised pancreas transplant programme (Thinkstock photograph). In the latest effort to spur funding in blighted areas of one of many city's poorest neighborhoods, Chicago plans to promote a number of hundred properties for the value of a candy bar.

About thirteen months ago, SpaceX began purchasing property within the space of Boca Chica Beach in Cameron County near Brownsville, Texas. SpaceX now reportedly owns eight parcels, in keeping with the local Valley Morning Star newspaper. Khrunichev, a state owned spacecraft company, has contracts to launch 5 industrial satellites this yr for overseas clients. Alexander Bobrenyov, Khrunichev Middle's spokesman, instructed Reuters that, "We are ready to hold out all the industrial launches we have now deliberate for this 12 months and we hope that would be the case. Now we have all the mandatory permits to that finish." Depending on the attain of U.S. sanctions, these permits could be revoked. WESTFIELD HOUSE freehold sizzling-now current-launch Waterwoods Punggol EC @ Punggol

FindSgNewLaunch is the leading Singapore Property website - the very best place to start your actual property search whether or not you might be an investor, shopping for for personal use, or looking for a spot to lease. With detailed information about each property, together with maps and photographs. We convey you the most comprehensive selection available in the market. No. condos for sale brand new Singapore property gross sales, you possibly can withdraw at any time before reserving the unit, with out penalty. At the preview, the agent will let you recognize the exact worth so that you can determine whether to proceed or not. Only once you determine to proceed will the agent ebook the unit for you. Pending for Sale Licence Approval All Pending for Sale Licence Approval New launch FREEHOLD apartment @ Braddell New launch condominium combined growth at Yishun MISSION NAME

This info came from the opposite aspect of the Atlantic when a source near the venture confided that Qatar is actively looking for commercial house in New York for a luxurious boutique. A number of actual property brokers have been retained by the Qatar Luxury Group, which is owned by the Qatar Foundation A business actual estate specialist in Paris confirmed the group's curiosity in New York area. The brand new entrant is also trying to find premises of at least 500 sq. meters in the French capital, with a choice for the trendy rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, which already hosts Dior, Louboutin, Hermes, Lazzaro, Prada and Dolce & Gabbana.

VIP Preview is a non-public preview where VIP company are invited for the sale of developer's venture prior the general public launch (or official launch). VIP preview besides open to the developer's partners, shareholders and administration workers of the developers or associated firms, it opens completely to only invited VIP guest who've registered their interests earlier. New Rental Launch in district sixteen instantly beside Tanah Merah MRT. Proximity to good institutions and procuring facilities. Total of 726 units, from 1BR to 4BR, together with twin keys and convertible apartments. Trying first hand info for above upcoming Project go away your contact CLICK ON RIGHT HERE New Condominium 2014 in February New launch apartment Guillemard Suites $6xxk ! $6xxk ! $6xxk ! Hottest Launch Commonwealth Towers

Contact us to get a duplicate of the bridge @ Cambodia ground plans and be one of the first to own a Oxley abroad property in Phnom Penh, a Cambodia new launch price taking a look at. Suggestions from our members (in Rehda Johor) exhibits that gross sales are actually slowing compared to final yr, and we additionally count on fewer property project launches this 12 months," he advised Bernama right here Wednesday. The Medini space in the southern state of Johor is the only section of the $30 billion Iskandar Growth Region to get an exemption from a 30 % property positive aspects tax announced in October to cool soaring property costs, government officials mentioned. What if register the form and notice the new Property has already launched officially ? New Condo SKY INEXPERIENCED ninety seven% Bought – Final 4Penthouse

apartments and penthouses. Modern interiors and high quality designer fittings. Wonderful recreational amenities. You can start by having a correct dialogue with folks near you about investing on a household. This can usually lead you to two essential questions; what are the benefits of investing on a brand new condominium and the way you'll discover the perfect particular person that will help you in investing. The Venue Residences to Live, Store and Dine, a luxurious mixeddevelopment by CDL in preparation for launch now. Seeking registrationof interest. TheMidtown is a combined improvement near Hougang MRT. It is ex-Hougang Plazaand will comprise of residences built above business retailers, duplexrestaurants and a supermarket. VVIP Preview Soon! Register Now. Late 2012, In all probability 2013 On an island the place land is scarce, one would think that the prices of landed housing in Singapore would conquer these of condominium and condo models. Nonetheless, this declare is true solely to a certain extent. However, the market activity shortly reversed with the onset of the Asian Financial Crisis.

To provide you some perspective, the overall number of non-public properties in Singapore (including government condominiums) is 297,689 in 2013Q3. Based on the projection that there will likely be 19,302 items accomplished in 2014, the rise in residential items works out to be greater than 6%. With so much new ec launch singapore provide, buyers can be spoilt for alternative and this in flip will result in their reluctance to pay a premium for potential units. The full textual content of the Copyright Act (Cap 63) and other statutes regarding IPR can be discovered at the Singapore Statutes Online Web page The Group's income jumped forty.1 p.c to $324.5 million from $231.6 million in FY 2013, lifted by larger construction income and sales of development properties in Singapore and China. Actual Property Shopping for

A progressive property tax regime for residential properties was launched in Price range 2010 and enhanced in Finances 2013. Previous to that, property tax was levied at a flat charge for all residential properties. A extra progressive tax regime on property wealth is socially equitable since taxpayers with extra beneficial properties pay larger property tax. Such a tax structure will not hurt the competitiveness of our general tax regime or reduce the incentives for enterprise. Property Tax on Non-residential Properties

In Woodlands Avenue there are two 11-storey housing blocks with serviced flats for expatriates called Marsiling Apartments. Tenants are families from the US, Canada, Taiwan, Korea and Africa. To be a number one homegrown full service international property consultancy firm Mission We hope that you'd give a call or an appointment after you might have gone by our web site. It's also a sincere wash from out side that you'd douche honour and provides us your actual estate dealings. While you hire us, you will see that that we're top-of-the-line actual property companies. You may be sure to get wonderful providers when employ us. The rest of the inhabitants reside in personal housing, equivalent to apartments, condominiums and landed properties. 7xxpsf view this undertaking

The golden handcuffs will trigger more of these house owners to remain put; many might search out second mortgages or reverse mortgages to enhance their retirement with cash locked up in their properties. Many of those golden handcuff owners are in areas with very excessive-priced actual property like California, New York, and different areas in high demand. Others are all around the country in high-dollar actual estate neighborhoods. There will probably be fewer houses accessible, higher prices will result, and markets shall be completely happy.

Property Kind Any Condominium Studio Condo Soho Units TownHouse Cluster Houses Landed Properties Terrace House Bungalow Serviced Residences Conservation Dwelling Shop House Warehouse Factory Hotel Our secondary goal is to advertise additional examine into the traits of the Singapore property market cycle. We consider a better understanding of the property cycle by all market individuals (eg. policy makers, property builders, property traders, property patrons and sellers) will assist guarantee a stable and sustainable property market in the long term. Rent acquired from the letting of property in Singapore is topic to income tax. Discover out more on Lease & Web Annual Worth (NAV) June Yang is the Senior Analyst of Analysis for Jones Lang LaSalle in Singapore.

The purchaser ought to test the market valuation for the property they wish to purchase. Valuation directly affects the amount of financing that may be granted for the property. Banks usually do not require a situation survey on the state of restore of a property. Nonetheless, if there are critical identified risk issues, banks could also be reluctant to grant a mortgage. The condition of the property also impacts market value and therefore the actual loan quantity that may be obtained under a mortgage. Beta Pictoris (β Pic, β Pictoris) is the second brightest star in the constellation Pictor. It is located 63.4 light years from our solar system, and is 1.75 times as massive and 8.7 times as luminous as the Sun. The Beta Pictoris system is very young, only 8–20 million years old, although it is already in the main sequence stage of its evolution. Beta Pictoris is the title member of the Beta Pictoris moving group, an association of young stars which share the same motion through space and have the same age.

Beta Pictoris shows an excess of infrared emission compared to normal stars of its type, which is caused by large quantities of dust near the star. Detailed observations reveal a large disk of dust and gas orbiting the star, which was the first debris disk to be imaged around another star. In addition to the presence of several planetesimal belts and cometary activity, there are indications that planets have formed within this disk and that the processes of planet formation may still be ongoing. Material from the Beta Pictoris debris disk is thought to be the dominant source of interstellar meteoroids in our solar system.

The European Southern Observatory (ESO) has confirmed the presence of a planet, matching previous predictions, through the use of direct imagery, orbiting in the plane of the debris disk surrounding the star. This planet is currently the closest extrasolar planet to its star ever photographed: the observed separation is roughly the same as the distance between Saturn and the Sun.

Location and visibility

Beta Pictoris is a star in the southern constellation of Pictor, the Easel, and is located to the west of the bright star Canopus. It traditionally marked the sounding line of the ship Argo Navis, before the constellation was split. The distance to Beta Pictoris was found by measuring the star's trigonometric parallax. The star has an apparent visual magnitude of 3.861, so is visible to the naked eye under good conditions, though light pollution may result in stars dimmer than magnitude 3 being too dim to see. It is the second brightest in its constellation, exceeded only by Alpha Pictoris, which has an apparent magnitude of 3.30.

The distance to Beta Pictoris and many other stars was measured by the Hipparcos satellite. This was done by measuring its trigonometric parallax: the slight displacement in its position observed as the Earth moves around the Sun. Beta Pictoris was found to exhibit a parallax of 51.87 milliarcseconds, a value which was later revised to 51.44 milliarcseconds when the data was reanalyzed taking systematic errors more carefully into account. The distance to Beta Pictoris is therefore 63.4 light years, with an uncertainty of 0.1 light years.

The Hipparcos satellite also measured the proper motion of Beta Pictoris: it is traveling eastwards at a rate of 4.65 milliarcseconds per year, and northwards at a rate of 83.10 milliarcseconds per year. Measurements of the Doppler shift of the star's spectrum reveals it is moving away from us at a rate of 20 km/s. Several other stars share the same motion through space as Beta Pictoris and likely formed from the same gas cloud at roughly the same time: these comprise the Beta Pictoris moving group.

Physical properties

Spectrum, luminosity and variability

According to measurements made as part of the Nearby Stars Project, Beta Pictoris has a spectral type of A6V and has an effective temperature of Template:Convert, which is hotter than our Sun's Template:Convert. Analysis of the spectrum reveals that the star contains a slightly higher ratio of heavy elements, which are termed metals in astronomy to hydrogen than our Sun. This value is expressed as the quantity [M/H], the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of the star's metal fraction to that of the Sun. In the case of Beta Pictoris, the value of [M/H] is 0.05, which means that the star's metal fraction is 12% greater than that of our Sun.

Analysis of the spectrum can also reveal the surface gravity of the star. This is usually expressed as log g, the base-10 logarithm of the gravitational acceleration given in CGS units, in this case, cm/s². Beta Pictoris has log g=4.15, implying a surface gravity of 140 m/s², which is about half of the gravitational acceleration at the surface of our Sun (274 m/s²).

As an A-type main sequence star, Beta Pictoris is more luminous than our Sun: combining the apparent magnitude of 3.861 with the distance of 19.44 parsecs gives an absolute magnitude of 2.42, as compared to our Sun which has an absolute magnitude of 4.83. This corresponds to a visual luminosity 9.2 times greater than that of the Sun. When the entire spectrum of radiation from Beta Pictoris and the Sun is taken into account, Beta Pictoris is found to be 8.7 times more luminous than the Sun.

Many main sequence stars of spectral type A fall into a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram called the instability strip, which is occupied by pulsating variable stars. In 2003, photometric monitoring of the star revealed variations in brightness of around 1–2 millimagnitudes on frequencies between about 30 and 40 minutes. Radial velocity studies of Beta Pictoris also reveal variability: there are pulsations at two frequencies, one at 30.4 minutes and one at 36.9 minutes. As a result, the star is classified as a Delta Scuti variable.

Mass, radius and rotation

The mass of Beta Pictoris has been determined by using models of stellar evolution and fitting them to the star's observed properties. This method yields a stellar mass between 1.7 and 1.8 solar masses. The star's angular diameter has been measured using interferometry with the Very Large Telescope and was found to be 0.84 milliarcseconds. Combining this value with the distance of 63.4 light years gives a radius 1.8 times that of our Sun.

The rotational velocity of Beta Pictoris has been measured to be at least 130 km/s. Since this value is derived by measuring radial velocities, this is a lower limit on the true rotational velocity: the quantity measured is actually v sin(i), where i represents the inclination of the star's axis of rotation to the line-of-sight. If it is assumed that Beta Pictoris is viewed from Earth in its equatorial plane, a reasonable assumption since the circumstellar disk is seen edge-on, the rotation period can be calculated as approximately 16 hours, which is significantly shorter than that of our Sun (609.12 hours).

Age and formation

The presence of significant amounts of dust around the star implies a young age of the system and led to debate about whether it had joined the main sequence or was still a pre–main sequence star However when the star's distance was measured by Hipparcos it was revealed that Beta Pictoris was located further away than previously thought and hence was more luminous than originally believed. Once the Hipparcos results were taken into account, it was found that Beta Pictoris was located close to the zero age main sequence and was not a pre–main sequence star after all. Analysis of Beta Pictoris and other stars within the Beta Pictoris moving group suggests that they are around 12 million years old. Allowing for uncertainties, the age may range between 8 and 20 million years.

Beta Pictoris may have been formed near the Scorpius-Centaurus Association. The collapse of the gas cloud which resulted in the formation of Beta Pictoris may have been triggered by the shock wave from a supernova explosion: the star which went supernova may have been a former companion of HIP 46950, which is now a runaway star. Tracing the path of HIP 46950 backwards suggests that it would have been in the vicinity of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association about 13 million years ago.

Circumstellar environment

Debris disks

Hubble Space Telescope image of the main and secondary debris disks

Excess infrared radiation from Beta Pictoris was detected by the IRAS spacecraft in 1983. Along with Vega, Fomalhaut and Epsilon Eridani, it was one of the first four stars from which such an excess was detected: these stars are called "Vega-like" after the first such star discovered. Since A-type stars like Beta Pictoris tend to radiate most of their energy at the blue end of the spectrum, this implied the presence of cool matter in orbit around the star, which would radiate at infrared wavelengths and produce the excess. This hypothesis was verified in 1984 when Beta Pictoris became the first star to have its circumstellar disk imaged optically.

The debris disk around Beta Pictoris is seen edge-on by observers on Earth, and is orientated in a northeast-southwest direction. The disk is asymmetric: in the northeast direction it has been observed out to 1835 astronomical units from the star, while the southwest direction the extent is 1450 AU. The disk is rotating: the part to the northeast of the star is moving away from us, while the part to the southwest of the disc is moving towards us.

Several elliptical rings of material have been observed in the outer regions of the debris disk between 500 and 800 AU: these may have formed as a result of the system being disrupted by a passing star. Astrometric data from the Hipparcos mission reveal that the red giant star Beta Columbae passed within 2 light years of Beta Pictoris about 110,000 years ago, but a larger perturbation would have been caused by Zeta Doradus, which passed at a distance of 3 light years about 350,000 years ago. However computer simulations favor a lower encounter velocity than either of these two candidates, which suggest that the star responsible for the rings may have been a companion star of Beta Pictoris on an unstable orbit. The simulations suggest a perturbing star with a mass of 0.5 solar masses is likely to blame for the structures. Such a star would be a red dwarf of spectral type M0V.

Various planet formation processes, including exocomets and other planetesimals, around Beta Pictoris, a very young type A V star (NASA artist's conception).

In 2006, imaging of the system with the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys revealed the presence of a secondary dust disk inclined at an angle of about 5° to the main disk and extending at least 130 AU from the star. The secondary disk is asymmetrical: the southwest extension is more curved and less inclined than the northeast. The imaging was not good enough to distinguish between the main and secondary disks within 80 AU of Beta Pictoris, however the northeast extension of the dust disk is predicted to intersect with the main disk at about 30 AU from the star. The secondary disk may be produced by a massive planet in an inclined orbit removing matter from the primary disk and causing it to move in an orbit aligned with the planet.

Studies made with the NASA Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer have discovered that the disk around Beta Pictoris contains an extreme overabundance of carbon-rich gas. This helps stabilize the disk against radiation pressure which would otherwise blow the material away into interstellar space. Currently, there are two suggested explanations for the origin of the carbon overabundance. Beta Pictoris might be in the process of forming exotic carbon-rich planets, in contrast to the terrestrial planets in our solar system, which are rich in oxygen instead of carbon. Alternatively it may be passing through an unknown phase that might also have occurred early in the development of our solar system: in our solar system there are carbon-rich meteorites known as enstatite chondrites, which may have formed in a carbon-rich environment. It has also been proposed that Jupiter may have formed around a carbon-rich core.

In 2011 the disk around Beta Pictoris became the first other planetary system to be photographed by an amateur astronomer. Rolf Olsen of New Zealand captured the disk with a 10 inch Newtonian reflector and a modified webcam.

Planetesimal belts

The dust around Beta Pictoris may be produced by the collisions of large planetesimals.

In 2003, imaging of the inner region of the Beta Pictoris system with the Keck II telescope revealed the presence of several features which are interpreted as being belts or rings of material. Belts at approximately 14, 28, 52 and 82 astronomical units from the star were detected, which alternate in inclination with respect to the main disk.

Observations in 2004 revealed the presence of an inner belt containing silicate material at a distance of 6.4 AU from the star. Silicate material was also detected at 16 and 30 AU from the star, with a lack of dust between 6.4 and 16 AU providing evidence that a massive planet may be orbiting in this region. Magnesium-rich olivine has also been detected, strikingly similar to that found in the Solar system comets and different from the olivine found in Solar system asteroids. Olivine crystals can only form closer than 10 AU from the star; therefore they have been transported to the belt after formation, probably by radial mixing

Modeling of the dust disk at 100 AU from the star suggests the dust in this region may have been produced by a series of collisions initiated by the destruction of planetesimals with radii of about 180 kilometers. After the initial collision, the debris undergoes further collisions in a process called a collisional cascade. Similar processes have been inferred in the debris disks around Fomalhaut and AU Microscopii.

Falling evaporating bodies

The spectrum of Beta Pictoris shows strong short-term variability that was first noticed in the red-shifted part of various absorption lines, which was interpreted as being caused by material falling onto the star. The source of this material was suggested to be small comet-like objects on orbits which take them close to the star where they begin to evaporate, termed the "falling evaporating bodies" model. Transient blue-shifted absorption events were also detected, though less frequently: these may represent a second group of objects on a different set of orbits. Detailed modeling indicates the falling evaporating bodies are unlikely to be mainly icy like comets, but instead are probably composed of a mixed dust and ice core with a crust of refractory material. These objects may have been perturbed onto their star-grazing orbits by the gravitational influence of a planet in a mildly eccentric orbit around Beta Pictoris at a distance of roughly 10 AU from the star. Falling evaporating bodies may also be responsible for the presence of gas located high above the plane of the main debris disk.

Planetary system

ESO image of a planet near Beta Pictoris.

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On November 21, 2008, it was announced that infrared observations made in 2003 with the Very Large Telescope had revealed a candidate planetary companion to the star. In the autumn of 2009 the planet was successfully observed on the other side of the parent star, confirming the existence of the planet itself and earlier observations. It is believed that in 15 years it will be possible to record the whole orbit of the planet.

The radial velocity method used to discover the majority of currently-known extrasolar planets is not well suited to studying A-type stars like Beta Pictoris, and its very young age makes the noise even worse. Current limits derived from this method are enough to rule out hot Jupiter-type planets more massive than 2 Jupiter masses at a distance of less than 0.05 AU from the star. For planets orbiting at 1 AU, planets with less than 9 Jupiter masses would have evaded detection. Therefore to find planets in the Beta Pictoris system, astronomers look for the effects that the planet has on the circumstellar environment.

Multiple lines of evidence suggested the existence of a massive planet orbiting in the region around 10 AU from the star: the dust-free gap between the planetesimal belts at 6.4 AU and 16 AU suggest this region is being cleared out; a planet at this distance would explain the origin of the falling evaporating bodies, and the warps and inclined rings in the inner disk suggest a massive planet on an inclined orbit is disrupting the disk.

Beta Pictoris b in both elongations.

The observed planet by itself cannot explain the structure of the planetesimal belts at 30 AU and 52 AU from the star. These belts might be associated with smaller planets at 25 and 44 AU, with around 0.5 and 0.1 Jupiter masses respectively. Such a system of planets, if it exists, would be close to a 1:3:7 orbital resonance. It may also be that the rings in the outer disc at 500–800 AU are indirectly caused by the influence of these planets.

The object was observed at an angular distance of 411 milliarcseconds from Beta Pictoris, which corresponds to a distance in the plane of the sky of 8 AU. For comparison, the orbital radii of the planets Jupiter and Saturn are 5.2 AU and 9.5 AU respectively. The separation in the radial direction is unknown, so this is a lower limit on the true separation. Estimates of its mass depend on theoretical models of planetary evolution, and predict the object has about 8 Jupiter masses and is still cooling, with a temperature ranging from 1400–1600 K. These figures come with the caveat that the models have not yet been tested against real data in the likely ranges of mass and age for the planet.

The semimajor axis is 8-9 AU and its orbital period is 17–21 years. A "transit-like event" was observed in November 1981; this is consistent with those estimates. If this is confirmed as a true transit, the inferred radius of the transiting object is 2–4 Jupiter radii, which is larger than predicted by theoretical models. This may indicate that, as may also be the case for the planet Fomalhaut b, it is surrounded by a large ring system or a moon-forming disc.

Dust stream

In 2000, observations made with the Advanced Meteor Orbit Radar facility in New Zealand revealed the presence of a stream of particles coming from the direction of Beta Pictoris, which may be a dominant source of interstellar meteoroids in our solar system. The particles in the Beta Pictoris dust stream are relatively large, with radii exceeding 20 micrometers, and their velocities suggest that they must have left the Beta Pictoris system at roughly 25 km/s. These particles may have been ejected from the Beta Pictoris debris disk as a result of the migration of gas giant planets within the disk and may be an indication that the Beta Pictoris system is forming an Oort cloud. Numerical modeling of dust ejection indicates radiation pressure may also be responsible and suggests that planets further than about 1 AU from the star cannot directly cause the dust stream.

See also

• 51 Ophiuchi

Notes

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References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

• The Circumstellar Disk Learning Site
• Beta Pictoris
• Dr. David Jewitt's page on Beta Pic
• Beta Pictoris at SolStation.
• ARICNS
• SEDS entry
• Notes for star Beta Pictoris