Baryogenesis

United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are redistributed amongst the 50 states following each constitutionally mandated decennial census. Each state is apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states. However, every state is constitutionally guaranteed at least one seat.

Allocation of congressional districts in the House of Representatives after the 2010 census.

Allocation of congressional districts after the 2000 census.

Reapportionment

The 435 seats of the House grouped by state (post-2010 Census reapportionment).

Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and DC, ranked by population. Since DC (ranked 50) receives no seats in the House, its bar is absent.

The number of seats in the House of Representatives is currently set to 435, and has been since 1913, except for a temporary increase to 437 after the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii. Though the actual reapportionment will normally occur in respect of a decennial census, the law that governs the total number of representatives and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census.

The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state's representation in the U.S. Electoral College—that is, any state's number of electors equals the size of its total congressional delegation (i.e., House seat(s) plus Senate seats).

Federal law requires the Clerk of the House of Representatives to notify each state government of its entitled number of seats no later than January 25 of the year immediately following the census. After seats have been reapportioned, each state determines the boundaries of congressional districts—geographical areas within the state of approximately equal population—in a process called redistricting. Any citizen of the State can challenge the constitutionality of the redistricting in their US district court.

Because the deadline for the House Clerk to report the results does not occur until the following January, and the states need sufficient time to perform the redistricting, the decennial census does not affect the elections that are held during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment during 2000 presidential election was still based on the 1990 census results. Likewise, the congressional districts and the electoral college during the 2020 general elections will still be based on the 2010 census.

Constitutional text

The subject of representation is addressed twice in the U.S. Constitution. Originally, the apportionment of House seats was commanded by Article I, Section 2, clause 3, which states: 31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.

Following the end of the Civil War, the above provision was superseded by Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment, which states: 31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.

Article I additionally provides that: 31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.

The "Indians not taxed" clause has been irrelevant since the Revenue Act of 1924 and Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 were passed.

House size

Ratio of representation in the House, 1789–1913

Years	Source	Constituents per Rep.
1789	U.S. Const.	≥30,000
1793–1803	1790 Census	34,436
1803–1813	1800 Census	34,609
1813–1823	1810 Census	36,377
1823–1833	1820 Census	42,124
1833–1843	1830 Census	49,712
1843–1853	1840 Census	71,338
1853–1863	1850 Census	93,020
1863–1873	1860 Census	122,614
1873–1883	1870 Census	130,533
1883–1893	1880 Census	151,912
1893–1903	1890 Census	173,901
1903–1913	1900 Census	193,167
1913–1923	1910 Census	210,583
1923–1933	1920 Census	210,583
1933–1943	1930 Census	280,675
1943–1953	1940 Census	301,164
1953–1963	1950 Census	334,587
1963–1973	1960 Census	410,481
1973–1983	1970 Census	469,088
1983–1993	1980 Census	510,818

The size of the U.S. House of Representatives refers to total number of congressional districts (or seats) into which the land area of the United States proper has been divided. The number of voting representatives is currently set at 435. There are an additional five delegates to the House of Representatives. They represent the District of Columbia and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, which first elected a representative in 2008, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico also elects a resident commissioner every four years.

Controversy and history

During the period that the current U.S. Constitution has been in effect, the number of citizens per congressional district has risen from an average of 33,000 in 1790 to almost 700,000 Template:As of. Prior to the 20th century, the number of representatives increased every decade as more states joined the union, and the population increased. In 1911, Public Law 62-5 raised the membership of the U.S. House to 433 with a provision to add one permanent seat each upon the admissions of Arizona and New Mexico as states. As provided, membership increased to 435 in 1912.

But in 1921, Congress failed to reapportion the House membership as required by the United States Constitution. This failure to reapportion may have been politically motivated, as the newly elected Republican majority may have feared the effect such a reapportionment would have on their future electoral prospects. Then in 1929 Congress (Republican control of both houses of congress and the presidency) passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which capped the size of the House at 435 (the then current number), but allowed temporary increases upon the admission of new states which were to be reverted upon the implementation of the immediate subsequent census.

In truth, the rules prohibiting legislative entrenchment would allow any subsequent legislature (after 1929) to increase or decrease the membership of the House of Representatives if such legislature so desired.

The U.S. population has increased more rapidly than the membership of the House of Representatives.

The current size of 435 seats means one member represents on average about 709,760 people; but exact representation per member varies by state. Three states – Wyoming, Vermont, and North Dakota – have populations smaller than the average for a single district.

The "ideal" number of members has been a contentious issue since the country's founding. George Washington agreed that the original representation proposed during the Constitutional Convention (one representative for every 40,000) was inadequate and supported an alteration to reduce that number to 30,000. This was the only time that Washington pronounced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the entire convention. On the other hand, the researchers with RangeVoting.org contend the optimal legislature size should be somewhere between the cube root and the square root of the constituent population, which would yield a number between 700 and 17,000 for the current U.S. population.

In Federalist No. 55, James Madison argued that the size of the House of Representatives has to balance the ability of the body to legislate with the need for legislators to have a relationship close enough to the people to understand their local circumstances, that such representatives' social class be low enough to sympathize with the feelings of the mass of the people, and that their power be diluted enough to limit their abuse of the public trust and interests. 31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.

Madison also addressed Anti-Federalist claims that the representation would be inadequate, arguing that the major inadequacies are of minimal inconvenience since these will be cured rather quickly by virtue of decennial reapportionment. He noted, however, 31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape. Madison argued against the assumption that more is better: 31 year-old Systems Analyst Bud from Deep River, spends time with pursuits for instance r/c cars, property developers new condo in singapore singapore and books. Last month just traveled to Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape.

Clemons v. Department of Commerce

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. A 2009 lawsuit, Clemons v. Department of Commerce, sought a court order for Congress to increase the size of the House's voting membership and then reapportion the seats in accordance with the population figures of the 2010 Census. The intent of the plaintiff was to rectify the disparity of congressional district population sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon reaching the U.S. Supreme Court in December 2010, the holdings of the lower district and appellate courts were vacated and the case remanded to the U.S. District Court from which the case originated with instructions that the district court dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.

Proposed expansion

The first proposed amendment to the Constitution within the Bill of Rights attempted to set a pattern for growth of the House along with the population, but has not been ratified.

The proposed Wyoming Rule calls for expanding the House until the standard Representative-to-population ratio equals that of the smallest entitled unit (currently the state of Wyoming). This proposal is primarily designed to address the fact that some House districts are currently nearly twice the size of others; for instance, there are nearly 1 million residents in Montana's single district, compared to about 570,000 in Wyoming's. See List of U.S. states by population. It should be noted that, while a larger House size will generally result in the smallest and largest districts being proportionally closer in size, this is not always the case. Therefore in some cases, the Wyoming Rule may actually result in an increase in the ratio of the sizes of the largest and smallest districts. For instance, after the 1990 Census and with a House size of 435, the largest district (Montana's At-large district) had 799,065 residents, 76% larger than the smallest district (Wyoming's At-large district with 453,588 residents). The Wyoming Rule would have given a House size of 547 in 1990. Using that size, the largest district (North Dakota's At-large district) would have had 638,800 residents, 92% larger than the smallest districts (Delaware's two districts at approximately 333,084 residents each), which is larger than the 76% figure mentioned above.

On May 21, 2001, Rep. Alcee Hastings sent a dear colleague letter pointing out that U.S. expansion of its legislature had not kept pace with other countries.

In 2007, during the 110th Congress, Representative Tom Davis introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that would add two seats to the House, one for Utah and one for the District of Columbia. It was passed by the House, but was tripped up by procedural hurdles in Senate and withdrawn from consideration. An identical bill was reintroduced during the 111th Congress. In February 2009 the Senate adopted the measure 61-37. In April 2010, however, House leaders decided to shelve the proposal.

Apportionment methods

Apart from the requirement that the number of delegates for each state is at least one, a state's number of representatives is in principle proportional to population, thus assuring reasonably consistent representation to the people regardless of the state boundaries and populations. No method of calculating a fair distribution of voting power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment methods have been used since the adoption of the Constitution, none of them producing fully proportional distribution of power among the states.

The current method, known as the method of equal proportions, has been used since the 1940 Census. The Vinton or Hamilton method, used from 1850 to 1900, was susceptible to what is known as the apportionment paradox or Alabama paradox.

In 2008, a so-called One-Person-One-Vote model was introduced by J. Toplak in Temple Law Review, which distributes the states' power in the House of Representatives exactly 'according to their Numbers'. Under this system, however, members of the House of Representatives do not have equal voting power. The method would be constitutional since the U.S. Constitution does not require Congressmen to have equal voting powers but does require the voters to have votes of equal weight.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

The Method of Equal Proportions

The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions, so called because it guarantees that no additional transfer of a seat (from one state to another) will reduce the ratio between the numbers of persons per representative in any two states. According to NationalAtlas.gov, the method of equal proportions minimizes the percentage differences in the populations of the congressional districts.

In this method, as a first step, each of the 50 states is given its one guaranteed seat in the House of Representatives, leaving 385 seats to assign.

The remaining seats are allocated one at a time, to the state with the highest priority number. Thus, the 51st seat would go to the most populous state (currently California). The priority number is determined by a formula that is mathematically computed to be the ratio of the state population to the geometric mean of the number of seats it currently holds in the assignment process, n (initially 1), and the number of seats it would hold if the seat were assigned to it, n+1.

The formula for determining the priority of a state to be apportioned the next available seat defined by the method of equal proportions is

$A_{n}={\frac {P}{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}}$

where P is the population of the state, and n is the number of seats it currently holds before the possible allocation of the next seat. An equivalent, recursive definition is

$A_{n+1}={\sqrt {\frac {n}{n+2}}}\ A_{n}$

where n is still the number of seats the state has before allocation of the next, and for n = 1, the initial A₁ is explicitly defined as

$A_{1}={\frac {P}{\sqrt {2}}}$

Consider the reapportionment following the 2010 U.S. Census: beginning with all states initially being allocated one seat, the largest value of A₁ corresponds to the largest state, California, which is allocated seat 51. After being allocated its 2nd seat, its priority value decreases to its A₂ value, which is reordered to a position back in line. The 52nd seat goes to Texas, the 2nd largest state, because its A₁ priority value is larger than the A_n of any other state. However, the 53rd seat goes back to California because its A₂ priority value is larger than the A_n of any other state. The 54th seat goes to New York because its A₁ priority value is larger than the A_n of any other state at this point. This process continues until all remaining seats are assigned. Each time a state is assigned a seat, n is incremented by 1, causing its priority value to be reduced and reordered among the states, whereupon another state normally rises to the top of the list.

The Census 2010 Ranking of Priority Values shows the order in which seats 51–435 were apportioned after the 2010 Census, with additional listings for the next five priorities. Minnesota was allocated the final (435th) seat. North Carolina, which gained the 435th seat in the 2000 census, missed its 14th seat by 15,754 residents as the 436th seat to be allocated.

Past apportionments

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Census, Year	Effected	Size	AL	AK	AZ	AR	CA		CO	CT	DE	FL	GA		HI	ID	IL	IN	IA		KS	KY	LA	ME	MD		MA	MI	MN	MS	MO		MT	NE	NV	NH	NJ		NM	NY	NC	ND	OH		OK	OR	PA	RI	SC		SD	TN	TX	UT	VT		VA	WA	WV	WI	WY
Const.	1789	65	–	–	–	–	–		–	5	1	–	3		–	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	6		8	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	3	4		–	6	5	–	–		–	–	8	1	5		–	–	–	–	–		10	–	–	–	–
1st, 1790	1793	105	–	–	–	–	–		–	7	1	–	2		–	–	–	–	–		–	2	–	–	8		14	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	4	5		–	10	10	–	–		–	–	13	2	6		–	–	–	–	2		19	–	–	–	–
2nd, 1800	1803	142	–	–	–	–	–		–	7	1	–	4		–	–	–	–	–		–	6	–	–	9		17	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	5	6		–	17	12	–	1		–	–	18	2	8		–	3	–	–	4		22	–	–	–	–
3rd, 1810	1813	182	–	–	–	–	–		–	7	2	–	6		–	–	–	–	–		–	10	1	–	9		20	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	6	6		–	27	13	–	6		–	–	23	2	9		–	6	–	–	6		23	–	–	–	–
4th, 1820	1823	213	3	–	–	–	–		–	6	1	–	7		–	–	1	3	–		–	12	3	7	9		13	–	–	1	1		–	–	–	6	6		–	34	13	–	14		–	–	26	2	9		–	9	–	–	5		22	–	–	–	–
5th, 1830	1833	240	5	–	–	–	–		–	6	1	–	9		–	–	3	7	–		–	13	3	8	8		12	–	–	2	2		–	–	–	5	6		–	40	13	–	19		–	–	28	2	9		–	13	–	–	5		21	–	–	–	–
6th, 1840	1843	223	7	–	–	1	–		–	4	1	–	8		–	–	7	10	–		–	10	4	7	6		10	3	–	4	5		–	–	–	4	5		–	34	9	–	21		–	–	24	2	7		–	11	–	–	4		15	–	–	–	–
7th, 1850	1853	234	7	–	–	2	2		–	4	1	1	8		–	–	9	11	2		–	10	4	6	6		11	4	–	5	7		–	–	–	3	5		–	33	8	–	21		–	–	25	2	6		–	10	2	–	3		13	–	–	3	–
8th, 1860	1863	241	6	–	–	3	3		–	4	1	1	7		–	–	14	11	6		1	9	5	5	5		10	6	2	5	9		–	–	–	3	5		–	31	7	–	19		–	1	24	2	4		–	8	4	–	3		11	–	–	6	–
9th, 1870	1873	292	8	–	–	4	4		–	4	1	2	9		–	–	19	13	9		3	10	6	5	6		11	9	3	6	13		–	1	1	3	7		–	33	8	–	20		–	1	27	2	5		–	10	6	–	3		9	–	3	8	–
10th, 1880	1883	325	8	–	–	5	6		1	4	1	2	10		–	–	20	13	11		7	11	6	4	6		12	11	5	7	14		–	3	1	2	7		–	34	9	–	21		–	1	28	2	7		–	10	11	–	2		10	–	4	9	–
11th, 1890	1893	356	9	–	–	6	7		2	4	1	2	11		–	1	22	13	11		8	11	6	4	6		13	12	7	7	15		1	6	1	2	8		–	34	9	1	21		–	2	30	2	7		2	10	13	–	2		10	2	4	10	1
Census	Effected	Size	AL	AK	AZ	AR	CA		CO	CT	DE	FL	GA		HI	ID	IL	IN	IA		KS	KY	LA	ME	MD		MA	MI	MN	MS	MO		MT	NE	NV	NH	NJ		NM	NY	NC	ND	OH		OK	OR	PA	RI	SC		SD	TN	TX	UT	VT		VA	WA	WV	WI	WY
12th, 1900	1903	386	9	–	–	7	8		3	5	1	3	11		–	1	25	13	11		8	11	7	4	6		14	12	9	8	16		1	6	1	2	10		–	37	10	2	21		–	2	32	2	7		2	10	16	1	2		10	3	5	11	1
13th, 1910	1913	435	10	–	1	7	11		4	5	1	4	12		–	2	27	13	11		8	11	8	4	6		16	13	10	8	16		2	6	1	2	12		1	43	10	3	22		8	3	36	3	7		3	10	18	2	2		10	5	6	11	1
14th, 1920	Congress failed to pass any reapportionment act. Distribution of seats from 1913 remained in effect, despite population shifts.
15th, 1930	1933	435	9	–	1	7	20		4	6	1	5	10		–	2	27	12	9		7	9	8	3	6		15	17	9	7	13		2	5	1	2	14		1	45	11	2	24		9	3	34	2	6		2	9	21	2	1		9	6	6	10	1
16th, 1940	1943	435	9	–	2	7	23		4	6	1	6	10		–	2	26	11	8		6	9	8	3	6		14	17	9	7	13		2	4	1	2	14		2	45	12	2	23		8	4	33	2	6		2	10	21	2	1		9	6	6	10	1
17th, 1950	1953	435	9	–	2	6	30		4	6	1	8	10		–	2	25	11	8		6	8	8	3	7		14	18	9	6	11		2	4	1	2	14		2	43	12	2	23		6	4	30	2	6		2	9	22	2	1		10	7	6	10	1
18th, 1960	1963	435	8	1	3	4	38		4	6	1	12	10		2	2	24	11	7		5	7	8	2	8		12	19	8	5	10		2	3	1	2	15		2	41	11	2	24		6	4	27	2	6		2	9	23	2	1		10	7	5	10	1
19th, 1970	1973	435	7	1	4	4	43		5	6	1	15	10		2	2	24	11	6		5	7	8	2	8		12	19	8	5	10		2	3	1	2	15		2	39	11	1	23		6	4	25	2	6		2	8	24	2	1		10	7	4	9	1
20th, 1980	1983	435	7	1	5	4	45		6	6	1	19	10		2	2	22	10	6		5	7	8	2	8		11	18	8	5	9		2	3	2	2	14		3	34	11	1	21		6	5	23	2	6		1	9	27	3	1		10	8	4	9	1
21st, 1990	1993	435	7	1	6	4	52		6	6	1	23	11		2	2	20	10	5		4	6	7	2	8		10	16	8	5	9		1	3	2	2	13		3	31	12	1	19		6	5	21	2	6		1	9	30	3	1		11	9	3	9	1
22nd, 2000	2003	435	7	1	8	4	53		7	5	1	25	13		2	2	19	9	5		4	6	7	2	8		10	15	8	4	9		1	3	3	2	13		3	29	13	1	18		5	5	19	2	6		1	9	32	3	1		11	9	3	8	1
23rd, 2010	2013	435	7	1	9	4	53		7	5	1	27	14		2	2	18	9	4		4	6	6	2	8		9	14	8	4	8		1	3	4	2	12		3	27	13	1	16		5	5	18	2	7		1	9	36	4	1		11	10	3	8	1
Census, Year	Effected	Size	AL	AK	AZ	AR	CA		CO	CT	DE	FL	GA		HI	ID	IL	IN	IA		KS	KY	LA	ME	MD		MA	MI	MN	MS	MO		MT	NE	NV	NH	NJ		NM	NY	NC	ND	OH		OK	OR	PA	RI	SC		SD	TN	TX	UT	VT		VA	WA	WV	WI	WY

Changes following the 2010 census

On December 21, 2010 the U.S. Census Bureau released its official apportionment results for congressional representation. The changes were in effect for the U.S. elections in 2012.

Gain four	Gain two	Gain one	Lose one	Lose two
Texas	Florida	Arizona Georgia Nevada South Carolina Utah Washington	Illinois Iowa Louisiana Massachusetts Michigan Missouri New Jersey Pennsylvania	New York Ohio

Past increases

The size of the U.S. House has increased as follows:

1789–1800

Date	Size	Change	Citation	Comments
March 4, 1789	59	n/a	Const. Art. I, § 2, cl. 3	Seats apportioned by the Constitution
November 21, 1789	64	Template:Increase 5		North Carolina ratified the Constitution with the seats apportioned by the Constitution
May 29, 1790	65	Template:Increase 1		Rhode Island ratified the Constitution with the seats apportioned by the Constitution
March 4, 1791	67	Template:Increase 2	Template:USStat	Vermont admitted
June 1, 1792	69	Template:Increase 2		Kentucky admitted
March 4, 1793	105	Template:Increase 36	Template:USStat	Apportionment of the First Census
June 1, 1796	106	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Tennessee admitted

1801–1820

Date	Size	Change	Citation	Comments
March 1, 1803	107	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Ohio admitted.
March 4, 1803	142	Template:Increase 35	Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Second Census.
April 30, 1812	143	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Louisiana admitted.
March 4, 1813	182	Template:Increase 39	Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Third Census.
December 11, 1816	183	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Indiana admitted.
December 10, 1817	184	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Mississippi admitted.
December 3, 1818	185	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Illinois admitted.
December 14, 1819	186	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Alabama admitted.
March 15, 1820		Template:Steady	Template:USStat	Maine admitted, 7 seats transferred from Massachusetts

1821–1840

Date	Size	Change	Citation	Comments
August 10, 1821	187	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Missouri admitted
March 4, 1823	213	Template:Increase 26	Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Fourth Census
March 4, 1833	240	Template:Increase 27	Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Fifth Census
June 15, 1836	241	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Arkansas admitted
January 26, 1837	242	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Michigan admitted

1841–1853

Date	Size	Change	Citation	Comments
March 4, 1843	223	Template:Decrease 19	Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Sixth Census, the only time the size of the House was reduced, except for the minor readjustment in 1963.
March 3, 1845	224	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Florida admitted.
December 29, 1845	226	Template:Increase 2	Template:USStat	Texas annexed and admitted.
December 28, 1846	228	Template:Increase 2	Template:USStat Template:USStat	Iowa admitted.
May 29, 1848	230	Template:Increase 2	Template:USStat Template:USStat	Wisconsin admitted.
March 4, 1849	231	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Wisconsin given another seat.
September 9, 1850	233	Template:Increase 2	Template:USStat	California admitted.
March 4, 1853		Template:Steady	Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Seventh Census.
	234	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Additional seat apportioned to California

The 1850 Apportionment bill provided a method to be used in future reapportionments, as well as establishing the then-current 233 as the number of seats to be apportioned after future censuses. Due to census returns being incomplete in California, an additional act provided that California retain the same representation it had when admitted, until a new census could be taken. California would otherwise have lost one seat, and so the total number of seats was increased by one to 234.

1854–1880

Date	Size	Change	Citation	Comments
May 11, 1858	236	Template:Increase 2	Template:USStat	Minnesota admitted.
February 14, 1859	237	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Oregon admitted.
January 29, 1861	238	Template:Increase 1	Template:USStat	Kansas admitted
June 2, 1862	239	Template:Increase 1	Template:Usstat	California apportioned an extra seat
March 4, 1863	233	Template:Decrease 6	Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Eighth Census, in accordance with the 1850 act, which provided for an apportionment of 233 seats
	241	Template:Increase 8	Template:Usstat	Supplemental apportionment of 8 seats, for an overall increase of 2 seats in the 38th Congress
June 20, 1863		Template:Steady	Template:Usstat	West Virginia admitted, three seats transferred from Virginia
October 31, 1864	242	Template:Increase 1	Template:Usstat	Nevada admitted
March 1, 1867	243	Template:Increase 1	Template:Usstat	Nebraska admitted
March 4, 1873	283	Template:Increase 40	Template:Usstat	Apportionment of the Ninth Census, replacing the 1850 act
	292	Template:Increase 9	Template:Usstat	Supplemental apportionment added one seat each for nine states
August 1, 1876	293	Template:Increase 1	Template:Usstat	Colorado admitted

1881–1900

Date	Size	Change	Citation	Comments
March 4, 1883	325	Template:Increase 32	47th Congress, ch. 20, Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Tenth Census.
November 2, 1889	328	Template:Increase 3		North Dakota and South Dakota admitted. One seat goes to the former, two to the latter.
November 8, 1889	329	Template:Increase 1		Montana admitted.
November 11, 1889	330	Template:Increase 1		Washington admitted.
July 3, 1890	331	Template:Increase 1		Idaho admitted.
July 10, 1890	332	Template:Increase 1		Wyoming admitted.
March 4, 1893	356	Template:Increase 24	Apportionment Act of 1891	Apportionment of the Eleventh Census.
January 4, 1896	357	Template:Increase 1		Utah admitted.

1901–present

Date	Size	Change	Citation	Comments
March 4, 1903	386	Template:Increase 29	Apportionment Act of 1901, Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Twelfth Census
November 16, 1907	391	Template:Increase 5	Oklahoma Enabling Act	Oklahoma admitted
January 6, 1912	393	Template:Increase 2	Apportionment Act of 1911, Sec. 2; New Mexico Enabling Act	New Mexico admitted
February 14, 1912	394	Template:Increase 1	Apportionment Act of 1911, Sec. 2	Arizona admitted
March 4, 1913	435	Template:Increase 41	Apportionment Act of 1911, Template:USPL, Template:USStat	Apportionment of the Thirteenth Census
January 3, 1959	436	Template:Increase 1	Alaska Statehood Act	Alaska admitted
August 21, 1959	437	Template:Increase 1	Hawaii Admission Act	Hawaii admitted
January 3, 1963	435	Template:Decrease 2	Reapportionment Act of 1929, ch. 28, Template:USStat, Template:USC	Apportionment of the Eighteenth Census Note: The Reapportionment Act of 1929 stated that the "then existing number of Representatives" would be apportioned after each census, which would have dictated an apportionment of 437 seats, but the Alaska Statehood Act and Hawaii Admission Act explicitly stated that the new seats were temporary increases

See also

• Apportionment paradox
• Article the First
• Gerrymandering
• List of U.S. states by population
• List of U.S. states by historical population (tables of state populations since 1790)
• Redistricting
• United States Congress

Notes

• Delegate counts in italics represent temporary counts assigned by Congress until the next decennial census or by the U.S. Constitution in 1789 until the first U.S. Census.
• Elections held in the year of a census use the apportionment determined by the previous census.

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

References

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

Further reading

• One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
  
  In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
  
  Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
  
  Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
  
  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

External links

• Congressional Apportionment by the U.S. Census Bureau
• Cut-the-knot.org:The Constitution and Paradoxes
• Thirty-thousand.org
• Commentaries and More Information on Increasing U.S. House Size.