GJMS operator

28 year-old Painting Investments Worker Truman from Regina, usually spends time with pastimes for instance interior design, property developers in new launch ec Singapore and writing. Last month just traveled to City of the Renaissance. The MacMahon Master theorem (MMT) is a result in enumerative combinatorics and linear algebra, both branches of mathematics. It was discovered by Percy MacMahon and proved in his monograph Combinatory analysis (1916). It is often used to derive binomial identities, most notably Dixon's identity.

Background

In the monograph, MacMahon found so many applications of his result, he called it "a master theorem in the Theory of Permutations." The result was re-derived (with attribution) a number of times, most notably by I. J. Good who derived it from his mulilinear generalization of the Lagrange inversion theorem. MMT was also popularized by Carlitz who found an exponential power series version. In 1962, Good found a short proof of Dixon's identity from MMT. In 1969, Cartier and Foata found a new proof of MMT by combining algebraic and bijective ideas (built on Foata's thesis) and further applications to combinatorics on words, introducing the concept of traces. Since then, MMT has become a standard tool in enumerative combinatorics.

Although various q-Dixon identities have been known for decades, except for a Krattenthaler–Schlosser extension (1999), the proper q-analog of MMT remained elusive. After Garoufalidis–Lê–Zeilberger's quantum extension (2006), a number of noncommutative extensions were developed by Foata–Han, Konvalinka–Pak, and Etingof–Pak. Further connections to Koszul algebra and quasideterminants were also found by Hai–Lorentz, Hai–Kriegk–Lorenz, Konvalinka–Pak, and others.

Finally, according to J. D. Louck, theoretical physicist Julian Schwinger re-discovered the MMT in the context of his generating function approach to the angular momentum theory of many-particle systems. Louck writes:

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Precise statement

Let $A=(a_{ij})_{m\times m}$ be a complex matrix, and let $x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}$ be formal variables. Consider a coefficient

$G(k_{1},\dots ,k_{m})\,=\,{\bigl [}x_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdots x_{m}^{k_{m}}{\bigr ]}\,\prod _{i=1}^{m}{\bigl (}a_{i1}x_{1}+\dots +a_{im}x_{m}{\bigl )}^{k_{i}}.$

Let $t_{1},\ldots ,t_{m}$ be another set of formal variables, and let $T=(\delta _{ij}t_{i})_{m\times m}$ be a diagonal matrix. Then

$\sum _{(k_{1},\dots ,k_{m})}G(k_{1},\dots ,k_{m})\,t_{1}^{k_{1}}\cdots t_{m}^{k_{m}}\,=\,{\frac {1}{\det(I_{m}-TA)}},$

where the sum runs over all nonnegative integer vectors $(k_{1},\dots ,k_{m})$, and $I_{m}$ denotes the identity matrix of size $m$.

Derivation of Dixon's identity

Consider a matrix

$A={\begin{pmatrix}0&1&-1\\-1&0&1\\1&-1&0\end{pmatrix}}.$

Compute the coefficients G(2n, 2n, 2n) directly from the definition:

$G(2n,2n,2n)={\bigl [}x_{1}^{2n}x_{2}^{2n}x_{3}^{2n}{\bigl ]}(x_{2}-x_{3})^{2n}(x_{3}-x_{1})^{2n}(x_{1}-x_{2})^{2n}\,=\,\sum _{k=0}^{2n}(-1)^{k}{\binom {2n}{k}}^{3},$

where the last equality follows from the fact that on the r.h.s. we have the product of the following coefficients:

$[x_{2}^{k}x_{3}^{2n-k}](x_{2}-x_{3})^{2n},\ \ [x_{3}^{k}x_{1}^{2n-k}](x_{3}-x_{1})^{2n},\ \ [x_{1}^{k}x_{2}^{2n-k}](x_{1}-x_{2})^{2n},$

which are computed from the binomial theorem. On the other hand, we can compute the determinant explicitly:

$\det(I-TA)\,=\,\det {\begin{pmatrix}1&-t_{1}&t_{1}\\t_{2}&1&-t_{2}\\-t_{3}&t_{3}&1\end{pmatrix}}\,=\,1+{\bigl (}t_{1}t_{2}+t_{1}t_{3}+t_{2}t_{3}{\bigr )}.$

Therefore, by the MMT, we have new formula for the same coefficients:

$G(2n,2n,2n)\,=\,{\bigl [}t_{1}^{2n}t_{2}^{2n}t_{3}^{2n}{\bigl ]}(-1)^{3n}{\bigl (}t_{1}t_{2}+t_{1}t_{3}+t_{2}t_{3}{\bigr )}^{3n}\,=\,(-1)^{n}{\binom {3n}{n,n,n}},$

where the last equality follows from the fact that we need use an equal number of times the all three terms in the power. Now equating two formulas for coefficients G(2n, 2n, 2n) we obtain an equivalent version of Dixon's identity:

$\sum _{k=0}^{2n}(-1)^{k}{\binom {2n}{k}}^{3}\,=\,(-1)^{n}{\binom {3n}{n,n,n}}.$

References

• P.A. MacMahon, Combinatory analysis, vols 1 and 2, Cambridge University Press, 1915–16.
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  A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
  
  The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
  
  There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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