Audio bit depth
A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil engineering) to assess the particle size distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material.
The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the material performs in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of non-organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock, clays, granite, feldspars, coal, soil, a wide range of manufactured powders, grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method. Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most common.[1]
Procedure
A gradation test is performed on a sample of aggregate in a laboratory. A typical sieve analysis involves a nested column of sieves with wire mesh cloth (screen). See the separate Mesh (scale) page for details of sieve sizing.
A representative weighed sample is poured into the top sieve which has the largest screen openings. Each lower sieve in the column has smaller openings than the one above. At the base is a round pan, called the receiver.
The column is typically placed in a mechanical shaker. The shaker shakes the column, usually for some fixed amount of time. After the shaking is complete the material on each sieve is weighed. The weight of the sample of each sieve is then divided by the total weight to give a percentage retained on each sieve.
The size of the average particle on each sieve is then analysed to get a cut-off point or specific size range, which is then captured on a screen.
The results of this test are used to describe the properties of the aggregate and to see if it is appropriate for various civil engineering purposes such as selecting the appropriate aggregate for concrete mixes and asphalt mixes as well as sizing of water production well screens.
The results of this test are provided in graphical form to identify the type of gradation of the aggregate. The complete procedure for this test is outlined in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C 136[2] and the American Association and State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T 27[3]
A suitable sieve size for the aggregate should be selected and placed in order of decreasing size, from top to bottom, in a mechanical sieve shaker. A pan should be placed underneath the nest of sieves to collect the aggregate that passes through the smallest. The entire nest is then agitated, and the material whose diameter is smaller than the mesh opening pass through the sieves. After the aggregate reaches the pan, the amount of material retained in each sieve is then weighed.[4]
Preparation
In order to perform the test, a sample of the aggregate must be obtained from the source. To prepare the sample, the aggregate should be mixed thoroughly and be reduced to a suitable size for testing. The total weight of the sample is also required.[4]
Results
The results are presented in a graph of percent passing versus the sieve size. On the graph the sieve size scale is logarithmic. To find the percent of aggregate passing through each sieve, first find the percent retained in each sieve. To do so, the following equation is used,
where WSieve is the weight of aggregate in the sieve and WTotal is the total weight of the aggregate. The next step is to find the cumulative percent of aggregate retained in each sieve. To do so, add up the total amount of aggregate that is retained in each sieve and the amount in the previous sieves. The cumulative percent passing of the aggregate is found by subtracting the percent retained from 100%.
%Cumulative Passing = 100% - %Cumulative Retained.
The values are then plotted on a graph with cumulative percent passing on the y axis and logarithmic sieve size on the x axis.[4]
There are two versions of the %Passing equations. the .45 power formula is presented on .45 power gradation chart, whereas the more simple %Passing is presented on a semi-log gradation chart. version of the percent passing graph is shown on .45 power chart and by using the .45 passing formula.
- .45 power percent passing formula
Where:
SieveLargest - Largest diameter sieve used in (mm).
Aggregatemax_size - Largest piece of aggregate in the sample in (mm).
- Percent passing formula
Where:
WBelow - The total mass of the aggregate within the sieves below the current sieve, not including the current sieve's aggregate.
WTotal - The total mass of all of the aggregate in the sample.
Methods
There are different methods for carrying out sieve analyses, depending on the material to be measured.
Throw-action sieving
Here a throwing motion acts on the sample. The vertical throwing motion is overlaid with a slight circular motion which results in distribution of the sample amount over the whole sieving surface. The particles are accelerated in the vertical direction (are thrown upwards). In the air they carry out free rotations and interact with the openings in the mesh of the sieve when they fall back. If the particles are smaller than the openings, they pass through the sieve. If they are larger, they are thrown upwards again. The rotating motion while suspended increases the probability that the particles present a different orientation to the mesh when they fall back again, and thus might eventually pass through the mesh.
Modern sieve shakers work with an electro-magnetic drive which moves a spring-mass system and transfers the resulting oscillation to the sieve stack. Amplitude and sieving time are set digitally and are continuously observed by an integrated control-unit. Therefore sieving results are reproducible and precise (an important precondition for a significant analysis). Adjustment of parameters like amplitude and sieving time serves to optimize the sieving for different types of material. This method is the most common in the laboratory sector.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.Singapore was ranked 11 th out of sixty six cities in a 2012 International Cities Index rating on leaders in globalisation URA). In contrast, when adjusted for inflation, the property value index really fell by round 1.1% over the identical interval. In 2011, consumers from China had been the most important group of foreign property patrons in Singapore. (Yahoo! file photograph) Welcome to Singapore Property For Sale! That includes Singapore, JB Iskandar, London, Australia, Philipiines, Cambodia Property!
David Drabek has me concerned. he replied to considered one of my postings that included a bit of furnishings on the market. We first talked by way of electronic mail. He informed me approx the place he lives which would be approx 12 miles from my home. Then we were tlking over the telephone a number of instances as to what day he could come. He gave me an approx date. Supposedly because of his work schedule. Since the day we mentioned a day I have not heard any response. I have left messages on each telephone and email. If he modified his thoughts why not just reply the telephone or e-mail and tell me. Now I am attempting to determine the e-mail tackle he was utilizing. I discovered the companyand can contact them to see what they could or could not know.
One other major development concerning concurrent HDB ownership concerns private property owners who are actually successfully banned from buying HDB resale flats for investment purposes. HDB has carried out a new rule requiring non-public property owners who purchase a HDB flat to dispose of their non-public property inside six months. Similarly, buyers of HDB flats who didn't obtain any subsidies may not purchase personal property throughout the minimum occupation interval (MOP), which has now been extended from three to 5 years. Other than prolonging the "upgrading" cycle, these new restrictions will considerably impression funding demand, significantly in the non-public housing sector. Extension of Holding Interval on Seller's Stamp Duty
An exquisite assortment of particular person type flats which have just lately been refurbished to a really excessive normal, offering very spacious lodging. Nicely geared up full kitchen, together with a washer - dryer. -Conveniently Located-Each day Cleaning To start with, I did not realise that they are scammers as I would like a room so bad, but when I received their replies with comparable data that every one of them are at present in London, I suspect there was one thing unsuitable here. Particularly when I negotiated, they directly accredited it. Lastly I searched the addresses of the residences they offered and I discovered the images and the costs are completely totally different from the Area.com.au. LOCATION OF THE CONDOMINIUM Utilizing my accounts you'll be able to submit in multiple cities.
How are you doing at this time? I have enclosed pictures of my condo within the attached under and do get again to me asap if you're nonetheless concerned about renting residence or not. Wanting ahead to hear from you. Apartments is Situated in the course of the city. Reverse Rundell Mall tram cease, and opposite Rundell Mall itself. quarter-hour stroll to UniSA Metropolis West and Metropolis East campus, Uni Adelaide, UNITECH and Chinatown. At first, thanks for your interest within the residence. I'm out there to indicate the home this week if that matches your schedule. Just to give you a little more information about the house, the water, trash and rubbish are paid by us. The security deposit might be paid in 2 installments if cash is tight. (I understand how that can be).
One factor we've got on this country is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very different ways through which they predict Boomers will influence housing markets over the next decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how each can change the way in which real property buyers method their markets. Quiet Enjoyment 19. The Landlord covenants that on paying the Hire and performing the covenants contained in this Settlement, the Tenant will peacefully and quietly have, hold, and benefit from the Property for the agreed time period. Register now for VIP preview quickly this Might and be the 1st toselect your selection unit at particular Preview Worth. No overseas income tax
The place you might be shopping for property which is underneath building, the Singapore Academyof Law will hold a portion of the acquisition monies as stakeholders until the expiryof the defects legal responsibility interval offered in the Agreement/Contract. GST just isn't payable on residential property at present. However, as some residentialproperties (e.g. shophouse with a flat above) might contain a industrial componentyou should seek advice from your lawyer on this. Your Lawyer's Role in a Property Sale Singapore residents shopping for their second homes will likely be hit with an ABSD of seven% whereas people with permanent residency status will pay an additional stamp duty of 5% on their first dwelling purchase. For extra information and analysis on Singapore Price range 2013, click on here for ST's Massive Story coverage.
It is because the variety of new properties in singapore; additional resources, cluster-housing launches appears to be like set to fall after this yr, following a current change in Authorities regulations, say property specialists. Analysts noted that cluster homes are widespread among larger families, preferring the bigger constructed-up space typical of landed homes however want to have apartment amenities as well. Merely simply name me or fill up my Promoting / Leasing Enquiry type when you're able to put up your property in the marketplace.Your property will obtain its own internet page which includes full property data and pictures, hyperlinks to maps, community info. Deborah Legislation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental flats and houses at the moment available to lease Student's boarding house or hostel
Horizontal sieving
In a horizontal sieve shaker the sieve stack moves in horizontal circles in a plane. Horizontal sieve shakers are preferably used for needle-shaped, flat, long or fibrous samples, as their horizontal orientation means that only a few disoriented particles enter the mesh and the sieve is not blocked so quickly. The large sieving area enables the sieving of large amounts of sample, for example as encountered in the particle-size analysis of construction materials and aggregates.Singapore was ranked 11 th out of sixty six cities in a 2012 International Cities Index rating on leaders in globalisation URA). In contrast, when adjusted for inflation, the property value index really fell by round 1.1% over the identical interval. In 2011, consumers from China had been the most important group of foreign property patrons in Singapore. (Yahoo! file photograph) Welcome to Singapore Property For Sale! That includes Singapore, JB Iskandar, London, Australia, Philipiines, Cambodia Property!
David Drabek has me concerned. he replied to considered one of my postings that included a bit of furnishings on the market. We first talked by way of electronic mail. He informed me approx the place he lives which would be approx 12 miles from my home. Then we were tlking over the telephone a number of instances as to what day he could come. He gave me an approx date. Supposedly because of his work schedule. Since the day we mentioned a day I have not heard any response. I have left messages on each telephone and email. If he modified his thoughts why not just reply the telephone or e-mail and tell me. Now I am attempting to determine the e-mail tackle he was utilizing. I discovered the companyand can contact them to see what they could or could not know.
One other major development concerning concurrent HDB ownership concerns private property owners who are actually successfully banned from buying HDB resale flats for investment purposes. HDB has carried out a new rule requiring non-public property owners who purchase a HDB flat to dispose of their non-public property inside six months. Similarly, buyers of HDB flats who didn't obtain any subsidies may not purchase personal property throughout the minimum occupation interval (MOP), which has now been extended from three to 5 years. Other than prolonging the "upgrading" cycle, these new restrictions will considerably impression funding demand, significantly in the non-public housing sector. Extension of Holding Interval on Seller's Stamp Duty
An exquisite assortment of particular person type flats which have just lately been refurbished to a really excessive normal, offering very spacious lodging. Nicely geared up full kitchen, together with a washer - dryer. -Conveniently Located-Each day Cleaning To start with, I did not realise that they are scammers as I would like a room so bad, but when I received their replies with comparable data that every one of them are at present in London, I suspect there was one thing unsuitable here. Particularly when I negotiated, they directly accredited it. Lastly I searched the addresses of the residences they offered and I discovered the images and the costs are completely totally different from the Area.com.au. LOCATION OF THE CONDOMINIUM Utilizing my accounts you'll be able to submit in multiple cities.
How are you doing at this time? I have enclosed pictures of my condo within the attached under and do get again to me asap if you're nonetheless concerned about renting residence or not. Wanting ahead to hear from you. Apartments is Situated in the course of the city. Reverse Rundell Mall tram cease, and opposite Rundell Mall itself. quarter-hour stroll to UniSA Metropolis West and Metropolis East campus, Uni Adelaide, UNITECH and Chinatown. At first, thanks for your interest within the residence. I'm out there to indicate the home this week if that matches your schedule. Just to give you a little more information about the house, the water, trash and rubbish are paid by us. The security deposit might be paid in 2 installments if cash is tight. (I understand how that can be).
One factor we've got on this country is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very different ways through which they predict Boomers will influence housing markets over the next decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how each can change the way in which real property buyers method their markets. Quiet Enjoyment 19. The Landlord covenants that on paying the Hire and performing the covenants contained in this Settlement, the Tenant will peacefully and quietly have, hold, and benefit from the Property for the agreed time period. Register now for VIP preview quickly this Might and be the 1st toselect your selection unit at particular Preview Worth. No overseas income tax
The place you might be shopping for property which is underneath building, the Singapore Academyof Law will hold a portion of the acquisition monies as stakeholders until the expiryof the defects legal responsibility interval offered in the Agreement/Contract. GST just isn't payable on residential property at present. However, as some residentialproperties (e.g. shophouse with a flat above) might contain a industrial componentyou should seek advice from your lawyer on this. Your Lawyer's Role in a Property Sale Singapore residents shopping for their second homes will likely be hit with an ABSD of seven% whereas people with permanent residency status will pay an additional stamp duty of 5% on their first dwelling purchase. For extra information and analysis on Singapore Price range 2013, click on here for ST's Massive Story coverage.
It is because the variety of new properties in singapore; additional resources, cluster-housing launches appears to be like set to fall after this yr, following a current change in Authorities regulations, say property specialists. Analysts noted that cluster homes are widespread among larger families, preferring the bigger constructed-up space typical of landed homes however want to have apartment amenities as well. Merely simply name me or fill up my Promoting / Leasing Enquiry type when you're able to put up your property in the marketplace.Your property will obtain its own internet page which includes full property data and pictures, hyperlinks to maps, community info. Deborah Legislation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental flats and houses at the moment available to lease Student's boarding house or hostel
Tapping sieving
A horizontal circular motion overlies a vertical motion which is created by a tapping impulse. These motional processes are characteristic of hand sieving and produce a higher degree of sieving for denser particles (e.g. abrasives) than throw-action sieve shakers.Singapore was ranked 11 th out of sixty six cities in a 2012 International Cities Index rating on leaders in globalisation URA). In contrast, when adjusted for inflation, the property value index really fell by round 1.1% over the identical interval. In 2011, consumers from China had been the most important group of foreign property patrons in Singapore. (Yahoo! file photograph) Welcome to Singapore Property For Sale! That includes Singapore, JB Iskandar, London, Australia, Philipiines, Cambodia Property!
David Drabek has me concerned. he replied to considered one of my postings that included a bit of furnishings on the market. We first talked by way of electronic mail. He informed me approx the place he lives which would be approx 12 miles from my home. Then we were tlking over the telephone a number of instances as to what day he could come. He gave me an approx date. Supposedly because of his work schedule. Since the day we mentioned a day I have not heard any response. I have left messages on each telephone and email. If he modified his thoughts why not just reply the telephone or e-mail and tell me. Now I am attempting to determine the e-mail tackle he was utilizing. I discovered the companyand can contact them to see what they could or could not know.
One other major development concerning concurrent HDB ownership concerns private property owners who are actually successfully banned from buying HDB resale flats for investment purposes. HDB has carried out a new rule requiring non-public property owners who purchase a HDB flat to dispose of their non-public property inside six months. Similarly, buyers of HDB flats who didn't obtain any subsidies may not purchase personal property throughout the minimum occupation interval (MOP), which has now been extended from three to 5 years. Other than prolonging the "upgrading" cycle, these new restrictions will considerably impression funding demand, significantly in the non-public housing sector. Extension of Holding Interval on Seller's Stamp Duty
An exquisite assortment of particular person type flats which have just lately been refurbished to a really excessive normal, offering very spacious lodging. Nicely geared up full kitchen, together with a washer - dryer. -Conveniently Located-Each day Cleaning To start with, I did not realise that they are scammers as I would like a room so bad, but when I received their replies with comparable data that every one of them are at present in London, I suspect there was one thing unsuitable here. Particularly when I negotiated, they directly accredited it. Lastly I searched the addresses of the residences they offered and I discovered the images and the costs are completely totally different from the Area.com.au. LOCATION OF THE CONDOMINIUM Utilizing my accounts you'll be able to submit in multiple cities.
How are you doing at this time? I have enclosed pictures of my condo within the attached under and do get again to me asap if you're nonetheless concerned about renting residence or not. Wanting ahead to hear from you. Apartments is Situated in the course of the city. Reverse Rundell Mall tram cease, and opposite Rundell Mall itself. quarter-hour stroll to UniSA Metropolis West and Metropolis East campus, Uni Adelaide, UNITECH and Chinatown. At first, thanks for your interest within the residence. I'm out there to indicate the home this week if that matches your schedule. Just to give you a little more information about the house, the water, trash and rubbish are paid by us. The security deposit might be paid in 2 installments if cash is tight. (I understand how that can be).
One factor we've got on this country is a big group of "economists," and "market analysts." What's interesting about this group of real property market-watchers is that there are two very different ways through which they predict Boomers will influence housing markets over the next decade. Let's check out those two opposites and see how each can change the way in which real property buyers method their markets. Quiet Enjoyment 19. The Landlord covenants that on paying the Hire and performing the covenants contained in this Settlement, the Tenant will peacefully and quietly have, hold, and benefit from the Property for the agreed time period. Register now for VIP preview quickly this Might and be the 1st toselect your selection unit at particular Preview Worth. No overseas income tax
The place you might be shopping for property which is underneath building, the Singapore Academyof Law will hold a portion of the acquisition monies as stakeholders until the expiryof the defects legal responsibility interval offered in the Agreement/Contract. GST just isn't payable on residential property at present. However, as some residentialproperties (e.g. shophouse with a flat above) might contain a industrial componentyou should seek advice from your lawyer on this. Your Lawyer's Role in a Property Sale Singapore residents shopping for their second homes will likely be hit with an ABSD of seven% whereas people with permanent residency status will pay an additional stamp duty of 5% on their first dwelling purchase. For extra information and analysis on Singapore Price range 2013, click on here for ST's Massive Story coverage.
It is because the variety of new properties in singapore; additional resources, cluster-housing launches appears to be like set to fall after this yr, following a current change in Authorities regulations, say property specialists. Analysts noted that cluster homes are widespread among larger families, preferring the bigger constructed-up space typical of landed homes however want to have apartment amenities as well. Merely simply name me or fill up my Promoting / Leasing Enquiry type when you're able to put up your property in the marketplace.Your property will obtain its own internet page which includes full property data and pictures, hyperlinks to maps, community info. Deborah Legislation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental flats and houses at the moment available to lease Student's boarding house or hostel
Sonic sieving
The particles are lifted and forcibly dropped in a column of oscillating air at a frequency of thousands of cycles per minute. Sonic sievers are able to handle much finer dry powders than woven mesh screens.
Wet sieving
Most sieve analyses are carried out dry. But there are some applications which can only be carried out by wet sieving. This is the case when the sample which has to be analysed is e.g. a suspension which must not be dried; or when the sample is a very fine powder which tends to agglomerate (mostly < 45 µm) – in a dry sieving process this tendency would lead to a clogging of the sieve meshes and this would make a further sieving process impossible. A wet sieving process is set up like a dry process: the sieve stack is clamped onto the sieve shaker and the sample is placed on the top sieve. Above the top sieve a water-spray nozzle is placed which supports the sieving process additionally to the sieving motion. The rinsing is carried out until the liquid which is discharged through the receiver is clear. Sample residues on the sieves have to be dried and weighed. When it comes to wet sieving it is very important not to change to sample in its volume (no swelling, dissolving or reaction with the liquid).
Air Jet Sieving
Air jet sieving machines are ideally suited for very fine powders which tend to agglomerate and cannot be separated by vibrational sieving. The reason for the effectiveness of this sieving method is based on two components: A rotating slotted nozzle inside the sieving chamber and a powerful industrial vacuum cleaner which is connected to the chamber. The vacuum cleaner generates a vacuum inside the sieving chamber and sucks in fresh air through the slotted nozzle. When passing the narrow slit of the nozzle the air stream is accelerated and blown against the sieve mesh, dispersing the particles. Above the mesh, the air jet is distributed over the complete sieve surface and is sucked in with low speed through the sieve mesh. Thus the finer particles are transported through the mesh openings into the vacuum cleaner.
Types of gradation
- Dense gradation
- A dense gradation refers to a sample that is approximately of equal amounts of various sizes of aggregate. By having a dense gradation, most of the air voids between the material are filled with particles. A dense gradation will result in an even curve on the gradation graph.[5]
- Narrow gradation
- Also known as uniform gradation, a narrow gradation is a sample that has aggregate of approximately the same size. The curve on the gradation graph is very steep, and occupies a small range of the aggregate.[4]
- Gap gradation
- A gap gradation refers to a sample with very little aggregate in the medium size range. This results in only coarse and fine aggregate. The curve is horizontal in the medium size range on the gradation graph.[4]
- Open gradation
- An open gradation refers an aggregate sample with very little fine aggregate particles. This results in many air voids, because there are no fine particles to fill them. On the gradation graph, it appears as a curve that is horizontal in the small size range.[4]
- Rich gradation
- A rich gradation refers to a sample of aggregate with a high proportion of particles of small sizes.[5]
Limitations of sieve analysis
Sieve analysis has, in general, been used for decades to monitor material quality based on particle size. For coarse material, sizes that range down to #100 mesh (150μm), a sieve analysis and particle size distribution is accurate and consistent.
However, for material that is finer than 100 mesh, dry sieving can be significantly less accurate. This is because the mechanical energy required to make particles pass through an opening and the surface attraction effects between the particles themselves and between particles and the screen increase as the particle size decreases. Wet sieve analysis can be utilized where the material analyzed is not affected by the liquid - except to disperse it. Suspending the particles in a suitable liquid transports fine material through the sieve much more efficiently than shaking the dry material.
Sieve analysis assumes that all particle will be round (spherical) or nearly so and will pass through the square openings when the particle diameter is less than the size of the square opening in the screen. For elongated and flat particles a sieve analysis will not yield reliable mass-based results, as the particle size reported will assume that the particles are spherical, where in fact an elongated particle might pass through the screen end-on, but would be prevented from doing so if it presented itself side-on.
Properties
Gradation affects many properties of an aggregate. It affects bulk density, physical stability and permeability. With careful selection of the gradation, it is possible to achieve high bulk density, high physical stability, and low permeability. This is important because in pavement design, a workable, stable mix with resistance to water is important. With an open gradation, the bulk density is relatively low, due to the lack of fine particles, the physical stability is moderate, and the permeability is quite high. With a rich gradation, the bulk density will also be low, the physical stability is low, and the permeability is also low. The gradation can be affected to achieve the desired properties for the particular engineering application.[5]
Engineering applications
Gradation is usually specified for each engineering application it is used for. For example, foundations might only call for coarse aggregates, and therefore an open gradation is needed.
Forecast
Within the last yearsTemplate:When some methods for particle size distribution measurement were developed which work by means of laser diffraction or digital image processing.
"Sieving" with digital image processing
The scope of information conveyed by sieve analysis is relatively small. It does not allow for a clear statement concerning the exact size of a single particle; it is just classified within a size range which is determined by two sieve sizes ("a particle is smaller than sieve size x and greater than sieve size y"). And there is no additional information concerning other relevant properties like opacity or shape available.
Devices which work with digital image processing enable to recall even this information and a lot more (surface analysis, etc.). The results can be fitted to sieve analysis so that a comparison between measurement results obtained with different methods is possible.
See also
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
External links
Template:Geotechnical engineering
- ↑ p231 in "Characterisation of bulk solids" by Donald Mcglinchey, CRC Press, 2005.
- ↑ ASTM International - Standards Worldwide. (2006). ASTM C136-06. http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/DATABASE.CART/REDLINE_PAGES/C136.htm?E+mystore
- ↑ AASHTO The Voice of Transportation. T0 27. (2006). http://bookstore.transportation.org/item_details.aspx?ID=659
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Pavement Interactive. Gradation Test. (2007). http://pavementinteractive.org/index.php?title=Gradation_Test
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 M.S. Mamlouk and J.P. Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park CA, 1999