Shapiro delay

In mathematics and quantum mechanics, a Dirac operator is a differential operator that is a formal square root, or half-iterate, of a second-order operator such as a Laplacian. The original case which concerned Paul Dirac was to factorise formally an operator for Minkowski space, to get a form of quantum theory compatible with special relativity; to get the relevant Laplacian as a product of first-order operators he introduced spinors.

In general, let D be a first-order differential operator acting on a vector bundle V over a Riemannian manifold M. If

$D^2=\mathrm{\Delta },$

where ∆ is the Laplacian of V, then D is called a Dirac operator.

In high-energy physics, this requirement is often relaxed: only the second-order part of D² must equal the Laplacian.

Examples

Example 1: D=-i ∂_x is a Dirac operator on the tangent bundle over a line.

Example 2: We now consider a simple bundle of importance in physics: The configuration space of a particle with spin ½ confined to a plane, which is also the base manifold. It's represented by a wavefunction ψ: R² → C²

$\psi (x,y)=\left[\begin{array}{c}\chi (x,y)\\ \eta (x,y)\end{array}\right]$

where x and y are the usual coordinate functions on R². χ specifies the probability amplitude for the particle to be in the spin-up state, and similarly for η. The so-called spin-Dirac operator can then be written

$D=-i{\sigma }_x{\partial }_x-i{\sigma }_y{\partial }_y,$

where σ_i are the Pauli matrices. Note that the anticommutation relations for the Pauli matrices make the proof of the above defining property trivial. Those relations define the notion of a Clifford algebra.

Solutions to the Dirac equation for spinor fields are often called harmonic spinors[1].

Example 3: The most famous Dirac operator describes the propagation of a free fermion in three dimensions and is elegantly written

$D={\gamma }^{\mu }{\partial }_{\mu }\equiv \partial /,$

using the Feynman slash notation.

Example 4: There is also the Dirac operator arising in Clifford analysis. In euclidean n-space this is

$D=\sum _{j=1}^n{e}_j\frac{\partial }{\partial x_j}$

where {e_j: j = 1, ..., n} is an orthonormal basis for euclidean n-space, and Rⁿ is considered to be embedded in a Clifford algebra.

This is a special case of the Atiyah-Singer-Dirac operator acting on sections of a spinor bundle.

Example 5: For a spin manifold, M, the Atiyah-Singer-Dirac operator is locally defined as follows: For x ∈ M and e₁(x), ..., e_j(x) a local orthonormal basis for the tangent space of M at x, the Atiyah-Singer-Dirac operator is

$\sum _{j=1}^n{e}_j(x){\tilde{\mathrm{\Gamma }}}_{e_j(x)}$,

where $\tilde{\mathrm{\Gamma }}$ is a lifting of the Levi-Civita connection on M to the spinor bundle over M.

Generalisations

In Clifford analysis, the operator D: C^∞(R^k ⊗ Rⁿ, S) → C^∞(R^k ⊗ Rⁿ, C^k ⊗ S) acting on spinor valued functions defined by

$f(x_1,\dots ,x_k)\mapsto \left(\begin{array}{c}{\partial }_{\underset{\_}{x_1}}f\\ {\partial }_{\underset{\_}{x_2}}f\\ \dots \\ {\partial }_{\underset{\_}{x_k}}f\\ \end{array}\right)$

is sometimes called Dirac operator in k Clifford variables. In the notation, S is the space of spinors, $x_i=(x_{i1},x_{i2},\dots ,x_{in})$ are n-dimensional variables and ${\partial }_{\underset{\_}{x_i}}=\sum _j{e}_j\cdot {\partial }_{x_{ij}}$ is the Dirac operator in the i-th variable. This is a common generalization of the Dirac operator (k=1) and the Dolbeault operator (n=2, k arbitrary). It is an invariant differential operator, invariant under the action of the group SL(k) × Spin(n). The resolution of D is known only in some special cases.

See also

• Dirac equation
• Clifford algebra
• Clifford analysis
• Connection
• Dolbeault operator
• Heat kernel
• Spinor bundle

References

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