Unit propagation
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The Davis–Putnam algorithm was developed by Martin Davis and Hilary Putnam for checking the validity of a first-order logic formula using a resolution-based decision procedure for propositional logic. Since the set of valid first-order formulas is recursively enumerable but not recursive, there exists no general algorithm to solve this problem. Therefore, the Davis–Putnam algorithm only terminates on valid formulas. Today, the term "Davis-Putnam algorithm" is often used synonymously with the resolution-based propositional decision procedure that is actually only one of the steps of the original algorithm.
The procedure is based on Herbrand's theorem, which implies that an unsatisfiable formula has an unsatisfiable ground instance, and on the fact that a formula is valid if and only if its negation is unsatisfiable. Taken together, these facts imply that to prove the validity of φ it is enough to prove that a ground instance of ¬φ is unsatisfiable. If φ is not valid, then the search for an unsatisfiable ground instance will not terminate.
The procedure roughly consists of these three parts:
- put the formula in prenex form and eliminate quantifiers
- generate all propositional ground instances, one by one
- check if each instance is satisfiable
The last part is probably the most innovative one, and works as follows:
- for every variable in the formula
- for every clause containing the variable and every clause containing the negation of the variable
- resolve c and n and add the resolvent to the formula
- remove all original clauses containing the variable or its negation
- for every clause containing the variable and every clause containing the negation of the variable
At each step, the intermediate formula generated is equisatisfiable to the original formula, but it does not retain equivalence. The resolution step leads to a worst-case exponential blow-up in the size of the formula. The DPLL algorithm is a refinement of the propositional satisfiability step of the Davis–Putnam procedure, that requires only a linear amount of memory in the worst case.
See also
References
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A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
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