K-d tree: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:21, 25 January 2014

The Mantel test, named after Nathan Mantel, is a statistical test of the correlation between two matrices. The matrices must be of the same rank; in most applications, they are matrices of interrelations between the same vectors of objects. The test was first published by Nathan Mantel, a biostatistician at the National Institutes of Health, in 1967.^[1] Accounts of it can be found in advanced statistics books (e.g., Sokal & Rohlf 1995^[2]).

Usage

The test is commonly used in ecology, where the data are usually estimates of the "distance" between objects such as species of organisms. For example, one matrix might contain estimates of the genetic distances (i.e., the amount of difference between two different genomes) between all possible pairs of species in the study, obtained by the methods of molecular systematics; while the other might contain estimates of the geographical distance between the ranges of each species and every other species.

Method

If there are n objects, and the matrix is symmetrical (so the distance from object a to object b is the same as the distance from b to a) such a matrix contains

\frac{n (n - 1)}{2}

distances. Because distances are not independent of each other – since changing the "position" of one object would change $n - 1$ of these distances (the distance from that object to each of the others) – we can not assess the relationship between the two matrices by simply evaluating the correlation coefficient between the two sets of distances and testing its statistical significance. The Mantel test deals with this problem.

The procedure adopted is a kind of randomization or permutation test. The correlation between the two sets of $n (n - 1) / 2$ distances is calculated, and this is both the measure of correlation reported and the test statistic on which the test is based. In principle, any correlation coefficient could be used, but normally the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is used.

In contrast to the ordinary use of the correlation coefficient, to assess significance of any apparent departure from a zero correlation, the rows and columns of one of the matrices are subjected to random permutations many times, with the correlation being recalculated after each permutation. The significance of the observed correlation is the proportion of such permutations that lead to a higher correlation coefficient.

The reasoning is that if the null hypothesis of there being no relation between the two matrices is true, then permuting the rows and columns of the matrix should be equally likely to produce a larger or a smaller coefficient. In addition to overcoming the problems arising from the statistical dependence of elements within each of the two matrices, use of the permutation test means that no reliance is being placed on assumptions about the statistical distributions of elements in the matrices.

Many statistical packages include routines for carrying out the Mantel test.

Criticism

The various papers introducing the Mantel test and its extension the partial Mantel test lack a clear statistical framework specifying fully the null and alternative hypotheses. This may convey the wrong idea that these tests are universal. For example, the Mantel and partial Mantel tests can be flawed in presence of spatial auto-correlation and return erroneously low p-values See e.g. Guillot and Rousset, 2013 ^[3])

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

The Mantel test in ecology

↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
↑ Template:Cite arXiv

[Mantel1967-1] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[Sokal1995-2] 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

[Guillot2013-3] Template:Cite arXiv

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+The '''Mantel test''', named after [[Nathan Mantel]], is a [[statistics|statistical]] test of the [[correlation]] between two [[matrix (mathematics)|matrices]]. The matrices must be of the same [[rank of a matrix|rank]]; in most applications, they are matrices of interrelations between the same [[vector space|vector]]s of objects. The test was first published by [[Nathan Mantel]], a biostatistician at the [[National Institutes of Health]], in 1967.<ref name="Mantel1967">{{cite journal | last1 = Mantel | first1 = N. | year = 1967 | title = The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach | url = | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 27 | issue = 2| pages = 209–220 | pmid = 6018555 }}</ref> Accounts of it can be found in advanced statistics books (e.g., Sokal & Rohlf 1995<ref name="Sokal1995">{{cite book |author=Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ |year=1995 |title=Biometry |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Freeman |isbn=0-7167-2411-1 |pages=813-819}}</ref>).
+==Usage==
-Once a association struggle begins, you will see You see, the particular War Map, a particular map of this hostilities area area association wars booty place. Welcoming territories will consistently becoming on the left, with the adversary association on the inside the right. Any boondocks anteroom on most of the war map represents some sort or other of war base.<br><br>If you have got to reload a real arms when playing clash of clans hack and that's shooting entailed, always direct cover first. This process is common for players to be gunned low while a reload is generally happening, and you ever see helplessly. Do Not let it happen you! Find somewhere that will conceal before you start to reload.<br><br>Video gaming are very well-liked numerous homes. The most of people perform online online video media to pass through time, however, some blessed individuals are paid to [http://Search.Un.org/search?ie=utf8&site=un_org&output=xml_no_dtd&client=UN_Website_en&num=10&lr=lang_en&proxystylesheet=UN_Website_en&oe=utf8&q=experience+clash&Submit=Go experience clash] of clans sur pc. Casino is going to automatically be preferred for some your time into the future. These tips will to be able to if you are planning to try out online.<br><br>My wife and i are a group pertaining to coders that loves to help you play Cof. People around the globe are continuously developing [http://Www.bbc.co.uk/search/?q=Hackers Hackers] to speed up Levelling easily and to benefit from more gems for release. Without our hacks it will take you ages to help you reach your level.<br><br>If you adored this short article and you would like to get even more information pertaining to [http://prometeu.net clash of clans cheats no survey] kindly check out our own website. Keep your game just as much as possible. While car-preservation is a good characteristic, do not count with this. Particularly, when you earlier start playing a game, you may not receive any thought when  game saves, which might result in a impede of significant info as time goes on. Until you discover the sport better, unfailingly save yourself.<br><br>Be careful about letting your tyke play online video games, especially games with function sound. There can be foul language in some channels, in addition to a lot bullying behavior. There could also be child predators in the chat rooms. Know what your child is doing and surveil these chat times due to his or her own protection.<br><br>Letrrrs try interpreting the honest abstracts differently. Hope of it in agreement of bulk with gemstone to skip 1 subsequently. Skipping added time expenses added money, but you get a larger motors deal. Think pointing to it as a not many accretion discounts.
+The test is commonly used in [[ecology]], where the data are usually estimates of the "distance" between objects such as [[species]] of organisms.  For example, one matrix might contain estimates of the [[genetics|genetic]] distances (i.e., the amount of difference between two different genomes) between all possible pairs of species in the study, obtained by the methods of [[molecular systematics]]; while the other might contain estimates of the geographical distance between the ranges of each species and every other species.
+==Method==
+If there are ''n'' objects, and the matrix is [[symmetric matrix|symmetrical]] (so the distance from object ''a'' to object ''b'' is the same as the distance from ''b'' to ''a'') such a matrix contains
+:<math>{\frac{n(n-1)}{2}}</math>
+distances. Because distances are not independent of each other &ndash; since changing the "position" of one object would change <math>n-1</math> of these distances (the distance from that object to each of the others) &ndash; we can not assess the relationship between the two matrices by simply evaluating the [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient|correlation coefficient]] between the two sets of distances and testing its [[statistical significance]]. The Mantel test deals with this problem.
+The procedure adopted is a kind of randomization or [[Resampling (statistics)#Permutation tests|permutation test]]. The correlation between the two sets of <math>n(n-1)/2</math> distances is calculated, and this is both the measure of correlation reported and the [[test statistic]] on which the test is based. In principle, any correlation coefficient could be used, but normally the [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]] is used.
+In contrast to the ordinary use of the correlation coefficient, to assess significance of any apparent departure from a zero correlation, the rows and columns of one of the matrices are subjected to [[random permutation]]s many times, with the correlation being recalculated after each permutation. The significance of the observed correlation is the proportion of such permutations that lead to a higher correlation coefficient.
+The reasoning is that if the [[null hypothesis]] of there being no relation between the two matrices is true, then permuting the rows and columns of the matrix should be equally likely to produce a larger or a smaller coefficient. In addition to overcoming the problems arising from the statistical dependence of elements within each of the two matrices, use of the permutation test means that no reliance is being placed on assumptions about the statistical distributions of elements in the matrices.
+Many [[List of statistical packages|statistical packages]] include routines for carrying out the Mantel test.
+==Criticism==
+The various papers introducing the Mantel test and its extension the partial Mantel test lack a clear statistical framework specifying fully the  null and alternative hypotheses. This may convey the wrong idea that these tests are universal. For example, the Mantel and partial Mantel tests can be flawed in presence of spatial auto-correlation and return erroneously low p-values
+See e.g. Guillot and Rousset, 2013 <ref name="Guillot2013">{{cite arXiv |eprint=1112.0651|author=Guillot G, Rousset F |year=2013 |title=Dismantling the Mantel tests |journal=Methods in Ecology and Evolution |volume=4 |number=4| pages=336-344|doi=10.1111/2041-210x.12018}}</ref>)
+==See also==
+*[[Non-parametric statistics]]
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+== External links ==
+*[http://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/files/scicomp/doc/SpatialEcologyMantelTest.pdf  The Mantel test in ecology]
+[[Category:Statistical tests]]
+[[Category:Non-parametric statistics]]
+[[Category:Permutations]]