Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:44, 20 April 2013

Lille has been very environment friendly in each aspect of their work. To start with, she did very detailed calculations concerning the buying and selling process. She obviously is aware of her work very nicely as she additionally highlighted and smoothed out quite a lot of issues that I am not even aware of as a seller.

Mere hours after being adopted by an Ohio family, a Saint Bernard named Hercules chased away an alleged burglar from his new commercial property launch in singapore [sell] home, in keeping with the Hillsboro Occasions-GazetteThe suspect had reportedly lower telephone and cable wires within the neighborhood, and was trying to enter the family's basement from the bottom of the house when Hercules started growling after which chased the person out of the yard. Read the full story right here You should utilize this listing to plan for future new launches, in addition to preserve observe of all existing outstanding launches in Singapore (new and outdated). Low-income families might be getting $four million in assist from the government and public transport operators in Singapore to cope with an upcoming fare hike Forestville EC @ Woodlands

A person needs a license to stroll around nude in his/her property. It's required that one should pay a property tax on their canine, in Rocky Mount. Nobody might set hearth to a different individual's property with out prior permission. Canine will need to have a allow signed by the mayor to be able to congregate in groups of three or extra on private property. GEYLANG Phoenix Land (Singapore) Pte Ltd 62 1 98.4 Feb-12 173 WATERTOWN PUNGGOL CENTRAL Emerald Star Pte Ltd / FC Retail Trustee Pte Ltd 992 8 99.2 18-Jan-12 174 THE NAUTICAL JALAN SENDUDOK Hao Yuan Investment Pte Ltd 435 5 98.9 17-Dec-11 one hundred seventy five IDYLLIC SUITES LORONG 30 Properties Pte Ltd fifty six 33 41.1 Aug-08 268 NATHAN RESIDENCES NATHAN ROAD Tat Aik Property A lady may not purchase a hat without her husband's permission in Owensboro.

blocks of 18-storey residential flats with complete 260 units, 1 Blk ofLow-rise reidential flat with total of 6 items with commercial at 1ststorey complete of 28 unit store models and 3 basement carpark lots. Totalof 337 models in 5 blocks of 18 storey condominium featuring sleekmodern design with sky garden by award successful architect Arc Studio& Urbanism. June 1st, 2013 Jewel @ Buangkok by CDL, 3mins from Buangkok MRT.Models promoting fast! Hurry safe your selection unit, Guide your showflatappointment Now. Qbay Residences guarantees an enviable Bayfront conceptlifestyle for the 630 items condominium in 8 blocks of 16 storey toweron a 99 12 months-leasehold website and fronting the event are two vastbeautiful waterscape - the Tampines Quarry Lake and BedokReservoir.

He'll then officially launch the development on the market, often with publicity and advertisements in the main newspapers. A large growth may even benefit a media marketing campaign. There is also often a showroom, with models and showflats, the place the preview takes place. Normally attended by savy traders & experienced property consumers, as this is the place the most worth-for-cash choicest picks are to be had. The "early bird will get the worm". TheMidtown is a combined growth close to Hougang MRT. It is ex-Hougang Plazaand will comprise of flats built above commercial shops, duplexrestaurants and a supermarket. VVIP Preview Soon! Register Now. Here's the start to how we will start our journey as investors utilizing property ownership to create a source of passive income.

The Peak @ Cairnhill - is the following upcoming Residential condominium in Singapore District 9. It's a Uncommon Freehold Growth that will outshine the Learn Extra b) Singapore Everlasting Residents (SPR) who already personal # 1 or extra residential properties would have to pay ABSD of three% on the acquisition or acquisition of another residential property. SGDeveloper.com showcase unique developer new properties launches in Singapore or overseas. Our workforce of skilled real estate consultants from numerous companies will assist you in securing your new dream home or in your property funding wants. N ew Apartment City Vista Tanah Merah Launch 2013 Wishing you the very best in your search for that preferrred new launch property in Singapore! Click on here to learn property market information

BuyRentSingaporeProperty.com is dedicated in providing the newest residential launches, Developer's sales, new launches, resale, HIGH projects and rental of properties in Singapore. Then there are new launch property condos within the mid-tier range. These are sometimes in the neighborhood of the town fringe, in areas comparable to Newton and Novena Tanjong Rhu. These new launch projects are fashionable because of their proximity to the town center, where the business and entertainment facilities and all of the facilities they provide, yet they are often cheaper than the Metropolis core region initiatives. Why submit cheques to register for brand new property launches in Singapore? Riversails Apartment @ Higher Serangoon LakeVille @ Jurong Lakeside Apartment by MCL Ferra Condo @ Leonie Hill

The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) is a measure of the effectiveness of a substance in inhibiting a specific biological or biochemical function. This quantitative measure indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance (inhibitor) is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. According to the FDA, IC₅₀ represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro.^[1] It is comparable to an EC₅₀ for agonist drugs. EC₅₀ also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect in vivo.^[1]

Determining the IC₅₀ of a drug

Functional antagonist assay

The IC₅₀ of a drug can be determined by constructing a dose-response curve and examining the effect of different concentrations of antagonist on reversing agonist activity. IC₅₀ values can be calculated for a given antagonist by determining the concentration needed to inhibit half of the maximum biological response of the agonist.^[2]

IC₅₀ values are very dependent on conditions under which they are measured. In general, the higher the concentration of inhibitor, the more agonist activity will be lowered. IC₅₀ value increases as agonist concentration increases. Furthermore depending on the type of inhibition other factors may influence IC₅₀ value; for ATP dependent enzymes IC₅₀ value has an interdependency with concentration of ATP, especially so if inhibition is all of it competitive. IC₅₀ values can be used to compare the potency of two antagonists.

Competition binding assays

In this type of assay, a single concentration of radioligand (usually an agonist) is used in every assay tube. The ligand is used at a low concentration, usually at or below its K_d value. The level of specific binding of the radioligand is then determined in the presence of a range of concentrations of other competing non-radioactive compounds (usually antagonists), in order to measure the potency with which they compete for the binding of the radioligand. Competition curves may also be computer-fitted to a logistic function as described under direct fit.

In this situation the IC₅₀ is the concentration of competing ligand which displaces 50% of the specific binding of the radioligand. The IC₅₀ value is converted to an absolute inhibition constant K_i using the Cheng-Prusoff equation (see K_i).^[2]^[3]

IC₅₀ and affinity

IC₅₀ is not a direct indicator of affinity although the two can be related at least for competitive agonists and antagonists by the Cheng-Prusoff equation.^[4] For enzymatic reactions, this equation is:

$K_{i} = \frac{I C_{50}}{1 + \frac{[S]}{K_{m}}}$

where K_i is the binding affinity of the inhibitor, IC₅₀ is the functional strength of the inhibitor, [S] is fixed substrate concentration and K_m is the concentration of substrate at which enzyme activity is at half maximal (but is frequently confused with substrate affinity for the enzyme, which it is not).

Alternatively, for inhibition constants at cellular receptors:^[5]

$K_{i} = \frac{I C_{50}}{\frac{[A]}{E C_{50}} + 1}$

where [A] is the fixed concentration of agonist and EC₅₀ is the concentration of agonist that results in half maximal activation of the receptor. Whereas the IC₅₀ value for a compound may vary between experiments depending on experimental conditions, the K_i is an absolute value. K_i is the inhibition constant for a drug; the concentration of competing ligand in a competition assay which would occupy 50% of the receptors if no ligand were present.^[3]

The Cheng-Prusoff equation produces good estimates at high agonist concentrations, but over- or under-estimates K_i at low agonist concentrations. In these conditions, other analyses have been recommended.^[5]

pIC₅₀

Sometimes, IC₅₀ values are converted to the pIC₅₀ scale.

$p I C_{50} = - l o g_{10} (I C_{50})$

Note the minus sign, which means that higher values of pIC₅₀ indicate exponentially greater potency.

pIC₅₀ is usually given in terms of molar concentration (mol/L, or M). Therefore to obtain a pIC₅₀, an IC₅₀ should be specified in units of M. When IC₅₀ is expressed in μM or nM, it will need to be converted to M before conversion to pIC₅₀.^[6]

Behavioral Assays

The IC₅₀ terminology is also used for some behavioral measures in vivo, such as a two bottle fluid consumption test. When animals decrease consumption from the drug-laced water bottle, the concentration of the drug that results in a 50% decrease in consumption is considered the IC₅₀ for fluid consumption of that drug.^[7]

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 IC50 versus EC50
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 NIH Chemical Genomics Center // Assay Guidance // Assay Guidance Manual // Assay Operations for SAR Support
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Glaxo Wellcome and Science - Global
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Template:Cite pmid
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[fda-1] 1.0 ^1.1 IC50 versus EC50

[web-2] 2.0 ^2.1 NIH Chemical Genomics Center // Assay Guidance // Assay Guidance Manual // Assay Operations for SAR Support

[Glaxo-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Glaxo Wellcome and Science - Global

[cheng-4] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[Lazareno-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Template:Cite pmid

[stewart-6] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[7] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

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-The burning sensation during urination is a sign mostly exhibited by the women. As everything in this guide is all-natural, there's no need for you to worry about suffering from any side-effects as a result of following through this treatment plan - This is unlike many of the treatment plans that your doctor has prescribed for you. The resource of blood in abdominal hemorrhages is from an organ inside the abdomen. An alkaline diet program is one particular that is centered close to fruit, greens, tubers, roots and nuts. In order to know for certain then have a laparoscopy performed. <br><br>Which means fortunately most ovarian cyst are completely harmless. Treating the root cause so that the cyst will not develop is the very best way to prevent a ruptured cyst. Ovarian cyst can result from several reasons and it is important to understand these causes in order to get the best result by using the correct ovarian cyst remedies. We've got the endometriomas which begin the endometriosis on the ovary. Doctors may ask you to go for the test of pregnancy. <br><br>Click here for more information on ruptured ovarian cysts. The occurrence of a ruptured ovarian in menstruating women is quite frequent and in multiple cases goes unnoticed as it recedes on its own. I like to write about health, especially being able to help those who have ovarian cysts, as I suffered for years with ovarian cysts. The main active compound in the seeds of the milk thistle is silymarin. With the body as the communication system, it is useful to find the deeper, unconscious wounding that has led to the dis-ease. <br><br>Mostly cysts occur during the reproductive phase of a woman's life. They are most often linked to the menstrual cycle, and disappear on their own in one or two months. Although it is not harmful, some conditions can be dangerous to health. One of the things that you can do is to take a quality multi-vitamin. While good health practices may not prevent any type of cancer, it will make you stronger if you ever do have it. <br><br>This interferes with ovulation and decreases probability of pregnancy. But before the surgery is possible, other diseases that the woman suffers from needs to be controlled because otherwise this may lead to unnecessary complications. For the best part of two and a half years following my diagnosis, I had flare ups at various intervals. These tips and methods may help you to treat your ovarian cysts naturally, however if you really want treat your ovarian cysts permanently I will recommend following a step-by-step program that will give you all the information you need to know to treat your ovarian cysts without any surgery. A heating pack or ice pack may relieve the discomfort and will stimulate circulation.<br><br>Should you have virtually any concerns relating to where by as well as how to work with how to treat ovarian cysts, [http://www.math-labo.info/ www.math-labo.info],, you possibly can email us on our site.
+{{merge-from|Pic50|date=January 2013}}
+[[File:Example IC50 curve demonstrating visually how IC50 is derived.png|thumb|Visual demonstration of how to derive IC50 value: Arrange data with inhibition on vertical axis and log(concentration) on horizontal axis; then identify max and min inhibition; then the IC50 is the concentration at which the curve passes through the 50% inhibition level.]]
+The '''half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>)''' is a measure of the effectiveness of a substance in inhibiting a specific biological or biochemical function.  This quantitative measure indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance ([[Enzyme inhibitor|inhibitor]]) is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an [[enzyme]], [[cell (biology)|cell]], [[cell receptor]] or [[microorganism]]) by half. It is commonly used as a measure of [[Receptor antagonists|antagonist drug]] [[potency (pharmacology)|potency]] in pharmacological research. According to the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]], IC<sub>50</sub> represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition ''[[in vitro]]''.<ref name=fda>[http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/00/slides/3621s1d/sld036.htm IC50 versus EC50<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+It is comparable to an [[half maximal effective concentration|EC<sub>50</sub>]] for [[agonist|agonist drugs]]. EC<sub>50</sub> also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect ''[[in vivo]]''.<ref name=fda/>
+==Determining the IC<sub>50</sub> of a drug==
+===Functional antagonist assay===
+The IC<sub>50</sub> of a drug can be determined by constructing a [[Dose-response relationship|dose-response curve]] and examining the effect of different concentrations of antagonist on reversing agonist activity. IC<sub>50</sub> values can be calculated for a given antagonist by determining the concentration needed to inhibit half of the maximum biological response of the agonist.<ref name=web>[http://www.ncgc.nih.gov/guidance/section3.html NIH Chemical Genomics Center // Assay Guidance // Assay Guidance Manual // Assay Operations for SAR Support<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+IC<sub>50</sub> values are very dependent on conditions under which they are measured. In general, the higher the concentration of inhibitor, the more agonist activity will be lowered. IC<sub>50</sub> value increases as agonist concentration increases. Furthermore depending on the type of inhibition other factors may influence IC<sub>50</sub> value; for [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] dependent enzymes IC<sub>50</sub> value has an interdependency with concentration of ATP, especially so if inhibition is all of it [[Competitive inhibition|competitive]]. IC<sub>50</sub> values can be used to compare the potency of two antagonists.
+===Competition binding assays===
+In this type of assay, a single concentration of radioligand (usually an agonist) is used in every assay tube. The ligand is used at a low concentration, usually at or below its [[dissociation constant|K<sub>d</sub>]] value. The level of specific binding of the radioligand is then determined in the presence of a range of concentrations of other competing non-radioactive compounds (usually antagonists), in order to measure the potency with which they compete for the binding of the radioligand. Competition curves may also be computer-fitted to a logistic function as described under direct fit.
+In this situation the IC<sub>50</sub> is the concentration of competing ligand which displaces 50% of the specific binding of the radioligand. The IC<sub>50</sub> value is converted to an absolute inhibition constant K<sub>i</sub> using the Cheng-Prusoff equation (see K<sub>i</sub>).<ref name=web/><ref name=Glaxo>[http://www.pdg.cnb.uam.es/cursos/Barcelona2002/pages/Farmac/Comput_Lab/Guia_Glaxo/chap3c.html Glaxo Wellcome and Science - Global<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+====IC<sub>50</sub> and affinity====
+IC<sub>50</sub> is not a direct indicator of affinity although the two can be related at least for competitive agonists and antagonists by the Cheng-Prusoff equation.<ref name="cheng">{{cite journal
+|author=Cheng Y, Prusoff WH
+|title=Relationship between the inhibition constant (''K<SUB>I</SUB>'') and the concentration of inhibitor which causes 50 per cent inhibition (''I''<SUB>50</SUB>) of an enzymatic reaction
+|journal=Biochem Pharmacol
+|volume=22
+|issue=23
+|pages=3099–108
+|date=December 1973
+|pmid=4202581
+|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(73)90196-2
+}}</ref> For enzymatic reactions, this equation is:
+<math> K_i = \frac{IC_{50}}{1+\frac{[S]}{K_m}} </math>
+where K<sub>i</sub> is the binding affinity of the inhibitor, IC<sub>50</sub> is the functional strength of the inhibitor, [S] is fixed substrate concentration and K<sub>m</sub> is the concentration of substrate at which enzyme activity is at half maximal (but is frequently confused with substrate affinity for the enzyme, which it is not).
+Alternatively, for inhibition constants at cellular receptors:<ref name='Lazareno'>{{cite pmid|8401922}}</ref>
+<math> K_i = \frac{IC_{50}}{\frac{[A]}{EC_{50}}+1} </math>
+where [A] is the fixed concentration of agonist and EC<sub>50</sub> is the concentration of agonist that results in half maximal activation of the receptor. Whereas the IC<sub>50</sub> value for a compound may vary between experiments depending on experimental conditions, the K<sub>i</sub> is an absolute value. K<sub>i</sub> is the inhibition constant for a drug; the concentration of competing ligand in a competition assay which would occupy 50% of the receptors if no ligand were present.<ref name=Glaxo/>
+The Cheng-Prusoff equation produces good estimates at high agonist concentrations, but over- or under-estimates K<sub>i</sub> at low agonist concentrations. In these conditions, other analyses have been recommended.<ref name='Lazareno' />
+===pIC<sub>50</sub>===
+Sometimes, IC<sub>50</sub> values are converted to the '''pIC<sub>50</sub>''' scale.
+<math>pIC_{50} = -log_{10} (IC_{50}) </math>
+Note the minus sign, which means that higher values of pIC<sub>50</sub> indicate exponentially greater potency.
+pIC<sub>50</sub> is usually given in terms of  [[molar concentration]] (mol/L, or M). Therefore to obtain a pIC<sub>50</sub>, an IC<sub>50</sub> should be specified in units of M. When IC<sub>50</sub> is expressed in μM or nM, it will need to be converted to M before conversion to pIC<sub>50</sub>.<ref name="stewart">{{cite journal
+|author=Stewart MJ, Watson ID
+|title=Standard units for expressing drug concentrations in biological fluids
+|journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
+|volume=16
+|issue=1
+|pages=3–7
+|year=1983
+|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02136.x
+}}</ref>
+===Behavioral Assays===
+The IC<sub>50</sub> terminology is also used for some behavioral measures in vivo, such as a two bottle fluid consumption test. When animals decrease consumption from the drug-laced water bottle, the concentration of the drug that results in a 50% decrease in consumption is considered the IC<sub>50</sub> for fluid consumption of that drug.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=8739548|year=1996|last1=Robinson|first1=SF|last2=Marks|first2=MJ|last3=Collins|first3=AC|title=Inbred mouse strains vary in oral self-selection of nicotine|volume=124|issue=4|pages=332–9|journal=Psychopharmacology}}</ref>
+== See also ==
+* [[Certain safety factor]]
+* [[Dose-response relationship]]
+* [[EC50|EC<sub>50</sub>]] (half maximal effective concentration)
+* [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] (median lethal dose)
+== References ==
+{{Reflist}}
+== External links ==
+* [http://www.ReaderFit.com ELISA IC50/EC50 Online Tool]
+* [http://www.sanjeevslab.org/tools.html IC50 to pIC50 calculator]
+* [http://www.antimalarial-icestimator.net/ Online tool for analysis of in vitro resistance to antimalarial drugs]
+* [http://botdb.abcc.ncifcrf.gov/toxin/kiConverter.jsp IC50-to-Ki converter]
+[[Category:Pharmacodynamics]]

Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:44, 20 April 2013

Contents

Determining the IC₅₀ of a drug

Functional antagonist assay

Competition binding assays

IC₅₀ and affinity

pIC₅₀

Behavioral Assays

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Cramer–Shoup cryptosystem: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 10:44, 20 April 2013

Determining the IC50 of a drug

Functional antagonist assay

Competition binding assays

IC50 and affinity

pIC50

Behavioral Assays

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Search

Determining the IC₅₀ of a drug

IC₅₀ and affinity

pIC₅₀