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[[Image:Hailwood-Horrobin EMC graph.svg|thumb|300px|Equilibrium moisture content of wood versus humidity and temperature, according to the Hailwood-Horrobin equation.]] | |||
The [[moisture]] content of wood below the [[fibre saturation point]] is a function of both [[relative humidity]] and [[temperature]] of surrounding air. The '''equilibrium moisture content (EMC)''' is the [[moisture content]] at which the wood is neither gaining or losing moisture; this however, is a dynamic equilibrium and changes with relative humidity and temperature. | |||
The moisture content (''M'') of wood is defined as: | |||
:<math>M = \frac{m-m_{od}}{m_{od}}</math> | |||
where ''m'' is the mass of the wood (with moisture) and <math>m_{od}</math> is the oven-dry mass of wood (i.e. no moisture). If the wood is placed in an environment at a particular temperature and relative humidity, its moisture content will generally begin to change in time, until it is finally in equilibrium with its surroundings, and the moisture content no longer changes in time. This moisture content is the EMC of the wood for that temperature and relative humidity. | |||
The '''Hailwood-Horrobin equation''' for two hydrates is often used to approximate the relationship between EMC, temperature (''T''), and relative humidity (''h''):<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hailwood |first= A.J.|coauthors=S. Horrobin |year=1946 |title=Absorption of water by polymers: analysis in terms of a simple model |journal=Trans. Faraday Soc. |volume=42B |issue= |pages=84–102 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Rasmussen | first = E.F. | editor = Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture. | title = Dry Kiln Operators Manual | publisher = Hardwood Research Council | year = 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Eleotério |first=Jackson Roberto |coauthors=Clóvis Roberto Haselein, Nestor Pedro Giacomini |title = A Program to Estimate the Equilibrium Moisture Content of Wood |journal=Ciência Florestal |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=13–22 | url = http://www.ufsm.br/cienciaflorestal/artigos/v8n1/art2v8n1.pdf |ISSN = 0103-9954|accessdate=2008-11-14 }}</ref> | |||
:<math>M_{\mathrm{eq}}=\frac{1800}{W}\left[\frac{kh}{1-kh}\,+\,\frac{k_1kh+2k_1k_2k^2h^2}{1+k_1kh+k_1k_2k^2h^2}\right]</math> | |||
where ''M''<sub>eq</sub> is the equilibrium moisture content (percent), ''T'' is the temperature (degrees Fahrenheit), h is the relative humidity (fractional) and: | |||
:<math>W = 330 + 0.452\,T + 0.00415\,T^2 </math> | |||
:<math>k = 0.791 + 4.63\times 10^{-4}\,T - 8.44\times 10^{-7}\,T^2 </math> | |||
:<math>k_1= 6.34 + 7.75\times 10^{-4}\,T - 9.35\times 10^{-5}\,T^2 </math> | |||
:<math>k_2= 1.09 + 2.84\times 10^{-2}\,T - 9.04\times 10^{-5}\,T^2 </math> | |||
This equation does not account for the slight variations with wood species, state of mechanical stress, and/or [[hysteresis]]. It is an empirical fit to tabulated data provided in the same reference, and closely agrees with the tabulated data. For example, at T=140 deg F, h=0.55, EMC=8.4% from the above equation, while EMC=8.0% from the tabulated data. | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
==External links== | |||
* {{cite web |url=https://www.imagepermanenceinstitute.org/resources/newsletter-archive/v4/moisture-equilibration |title=The Who, Why, When and How of Moisture Equilibration |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=Image Permanence Institute |publisher=Rochester Institute of Technology |accessdate=7 October 2013}} | |||
[[Category:Timber seasoning]] | |||
[[Category:Wood]] | |||
{{ecology-stub}} | |||
Revision as of 19:17, 25 March 2013
The moisture content of wood below the fibre saturation point is a function of both relative humidity and temperature of surrounding air. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) is the moisture content at which the wood is neither gaining or losing moisture; this however, is a dynamic equilibrium and changes with relative humidity and temperature.
The moisture content (M) of wood is defined as:
where m is the mass of the wood (with moisture) and is the oven-dry mass of wood (i.e. no moisture). If the wood is placed in an environment at a particular temperature and relative humidity, its moisture content will generally begin to change in time, until it is finally in equilibrium with its surroundings, and the moisture content no longer changes in time. This moisture content is the EMC of the wood for that temperature and relative humidity.
The Hailwood-Horrobin equation for two hydrates is often used to approximate the relationship between EMC, temperature (T), and relative humidity (h):[1][2][3]
![{\displaystyle M_{\mathrm {eq} }={\frac {1800}{W}}\left[{\frac {kh}{1-kh}}\,+\,{\frac {k_{1}kh+2k_{1}k_{2}k^{2}h^{2}}{1+k_{1}kh+k_{1}k_{2}k^{2}h^{2}}}\right]}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/605c9c6773b6ac83a1c16321dae2b90876daea60)
where Meq is the equilibrium moisture content (percent), T is the temperature (degrees Fahrenheit), h is the relative humidity (fractional) and:
This equation does not account for the slight variations with wood species, state of mechanical stress, and/or hysteresis. It is an empirical fit to tabulated data provided in the same reference, and closely agrees with the tabulated data. For example, at T=140 deg F, h=0.55, EMC=8.4% from the above equation, while EMC=8.0% from the tabulated data.
References
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Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang