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== | {{Infobox scientist | ||
|name = John Pell | |||
|image = John_Pell.jpg | |||
|image_size = 300px | |||
|caption = John Pell (1611-1685). | |||
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1611|03|01|df=y}} | |||
|birth_place = [[Southwick, West Sussex|Southwick]], [[Sussex]], [[England]] | |||
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1685|12|12|1611|03|01|df=y}} | |||
|death_place = [[Westminster]], [[London]], [[England]] | |||
|residence = [[England]] | |||
|citizenship = | |||
|nationality = English | |||
|ethnicity = | |||
|field = [[Mathematician]] and [[linguist]] | |||
|work_institutions = [[University of Amsterdam]] | |||
|alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] | |||
|doctoral_advisor = | |||
|doctoral_students = [[William Brereton (mathematician)|William Brereton]] | |||
|known_for = [[Pell's equation]]<br>[[Pell number]] | |||
|author_abbrev_bot = | |||
|author_abbrev_zoo = | |||
|influences = [[Henry Briggs (mathematician)|Henry Briggs]] | |||
|influenced = | |||
|prizes = | |||
|religion = [[Anglican]] | |||
|footnotes = He was the brother of [[Thomas Pell]] | |||
|signature = | |||
}} | |||
'''John Pell''' (1 March 1611 – 12 December 1685) was an [[England|English]] [[mathematician]]. | |||
==Early life== | |||
He was born at [[Southwick, West Sussex|Southwick]] in [[Sussex]]. He was educated at [[Steyning Grammar School]], and entered [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], at the age of thirteen.<ref>{{acad|id=PL624J|name=Pell, John}}</ref> During his university career he became an accomplished linguist, and even before he took his B.A. degree (in 1629) corresponded with [[Henry Briggs (mathematician)|Henry Briggs]] and other mathematicians. In 1630 he was teaching in the short-lived Chichester Academy, set up by [[Samuel Hartlib]].<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, p. 29.</ref><ref name = MacTutor>http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pell.html</ref> Shortly afterwards he married Ithamaria Reginald (also rendered variously as Ithamara or Ithumaria, with the surname Reginolles), sister of [[Bathsua Makin]].<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, p. 69.</ref> | |||
== .. | Pell spent much of the 1630s working under Hartlib's influence, on a variety of topics in the area of pedagogy, encyclopedism and [[pansophy]], combinatorics and the legacy of [[Trithemius]]. By 1638 he had formulated a proposal for a [[universal language]].<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, p. 55.</ref> In mathematics, he concentrated on expanding the scope of algebra in the [[theory of equations]], and on [[mathematical table]]s.<ref name="Malcolm and Stedall, p. 57">Malcolm and Stedall, p. 57.</ref> As part of a joint lobbying effort with Hartlib to find himself support to continue as a researcher, he had his short ''Idea of Mathematics'' printed in October 1638.<ref name="Malcolm and Stedall, p. 57"/> The campaign brought interested responses from [[Johann Moriaen]] and [[Marin Mersenne]].<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, pp. 73-4.</ref> | ||
==Academic and diplomat== | |||
His reputation and the influence of Sir [[William Boswell]], the English resident, with the States-General procured his election in 1644 to the chair of mathematics in [[Amsterdam]], after an earlier attempt immediately after [[Martin van den Hove]] left for Leiden had failed.<ref>Malcolm and Stedall, pp. 77.</ref> From 1644 he worked on a polemical work, against [[Longomontanus]]. For this he put in a large effort soliciting help and testimonials: from [[Bonaventura Cavalieri]], his patron [[Sir Charles Cavendish]], [[René Descartes]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], Mersenne, [[Claude Mydorge]], and [[Gilles de Roberval]]. It finally appeared as ''Controversy with Longomontanus concerning the Quadrature of the Circle'' (1647).<ref>Aloysius Martinich, ''Hobbes: A Biography'' (1999), p. 278.</ref><ref name = Pyle>[[Andrew Pyle (philosopher)|Andrew Pyle]] (editor), ''Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers'' (2000), article ''Pell, John'', pp. 638-641.</ref> | |||
Pell moved in 1646, on the invitation of [[Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange]], to [[Breda (Netherlands)|Breda]], and remained there until 1652. | |||
From 1654 to 1658 Pell acted as [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s political agent to the [[Protestant]] [[cantons of Switzerland|canton]]s of [[Switzerland]]; he co-operated with [[Samuel Morland]] at [[Geneva]].<ref>http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/smorland.html</ref> A mathematical pupil and disciple there, from 1657, was [[Johann Heinrich Rahn]], known as Rhonius.<ref>Malcolm and Stedall p. 77.</ref> Rahn is credited with the invention of the [[division sign]] ÷ (''obelus''); it has also been attributed to Pell, who taught Rahn a three-column spreadsheet-style technique of tabulation of calculations, and acted as editor for Rahn's 1659 book ''Teutsche Algebra'' in which it appeared. This book by Rahn also contained what would become known as the "Pell equation".<ref>[[Florian Cajori]], ''A History of Mathematical Notations: Two Volumes Bound as One'' (1993 edition), p. 271.</ref><ref>http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Rahn.html</ref> [[Diophantine equation]]s was a favorite subject with Pell; he lectured on them at Amsterdam. He is now best remembered, if perhaps erroneously, for the indeterminate equation | |||
= | :<math>ax^2+1=y^2,</math> | ||
which is known as ''[[Pell's equation]]''. This problem was in fact proposed by [[Pierre de Fermat]] first to [[Bernard Frénicle de Bessy]], and in 1657 to all mathematicians. Pell's connection with the problem is through Rahn. It consisted of the publication of the solutions of [[John Wallis]] and [[Lord Brouncker]], in his edition of [[Thomas Branker]]'s ''Translation of Rhonius's Algebra'' (1668); added to his earlier editorial contributions, whatever they were, to the 1659 algebra book written by Rahn (i.e. Rhonius).<ref name=pell>{{citation | last1 = O'Connor | first1 = J. J. | last2 = Robertson | first2 = E. F. | title=John Pell | url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pell.html| year=2005}}</ref> This new edition of what was essentially Rahn's work, by Pell, included a great deal of additional material on [[number theory]], amounting to a reply to the 1657 book ''Exercitationes mathematicae'' by [[Frans van Schooten]]. It is also notable for its inclusion of a ''Table of Incomposits'', an early large [[factor table]].<ref>http://www.kuttaka.org/FactorTables.pdf</ref> | |||
==After the Restoration== | |||
After his return to England he took orders, in 1661, when he became rector of [[Fobbing]] in [[Essex]]. In 1663 he was given an honorary D.D. ([[Lambeth degree]]), and was also elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]]. At the same time he was presented by Bishop [[Gilbert Sheldon]] to the rectory of [[Laindon]], Essex; Sheldon expected him to treat the positions as sinecures.<ref name = Pyle/><ref>''Concise Dictionary of National Biography''</ref><ref>http://www.panorama.org.uk/st_nicholas_laindon.html</ref> He spent time as mathematics teacher to [[William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton]], at [[Brereton Hall]].<ref name = MacTutor/> | |||
In 1673 he met [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] in London, and was able to inform him that some of his mathematical work had been anticipated by [[François Regnaud]] and [[Gabriel Mouton]].<ref>http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/Honors02/leibniz.html</ref><ref>Nicholas Jolley, ''Leibniz'' (2005), p. 17.</ref> His devotion to mathematics seems to have interfered with his advancement in the Church and with his private life. For a time he was confined as a [[debtor]] in the [[King's Bench Prison]]. He lived, on the invitation of Dr [[Daniel Whistler]], for a short time in 1682 at the [[College of Physicians]], but died at the house of Mr Cothorne, reader of the church of [[St Giles in the Fields|St Giles-in-the Fields]]. | |||
==Works== | |||
Many of Pell's manuscripts fell into the hands of [[Richard Busby]], master of [[Westminster School]], and afterwards came into the possession of the [[Royal Society]]; they are still preserved in nearly forty folio volumes in the [[British Library]], which contain, not only Pell's own memoirs, but much of his correspondence with the mathematicians of his time. | |||
His chief works are: | |||
*''Astronomical History of Observations of Heavenly Motions and Appearances'' (1634) | |||
*''Ecliptica prognostica'' (1634) | |||
*''An Idea of Mathematicks'' (1638) | |||
*''Controversy with Longomontanus concerning the Quadrature of the Circle'' (1646?) | |||
*''A Table of Ten Thousand Square Numbers'' (fol.; 1672). | |||
The ''Idea'' was a short manifesto. It made three suggestions: a mathematical encyclopedia and bibliography; a complete mathematics research library and collection of instruments, with state sponsorship; and a three-volume comprehensive set of mathematical textbooks, able to convey the state of the art to any scholar.<ref>John T. Young (1998), ''Faith, Alchemy and Natural Philosophy: Johann Moriaen, Reformed Intelligencer, and the Hartlib Circle.'' Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 1-84014-282-0, p. 115.</ref> | |||
==Family== | |||
Upon the death of John Pell's brother, [[Thomas Pell]], in 1670, the mathematician's son, [[Sir John Pell]] inherited lands in New York, where he lived as the first [[Lord of the Manor]] of [[Pelham (village), New York|Pelham]]. His descendants have continued to be prominent in the American polity, including Ambassador and U.S. Representative [[Herbert Pell]] and U.S. Senator [[Claiborne Pell]]. Another descendant, Stephen HP Pell, restored Fort Ticonderoga, NY, beginning in 1908. | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Obelus]] | |||
* [[Claiborne Pell]] | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==References== | |||
*{{1911}} | |||
* The most recent study of Pell is by [[Noel Malcolm]] and Jacqueline Stedall, ''John Pell (1611-1685) and His Correspondence with Sir Charles Cavendish: The Mental World of an Early Modern Mathematician'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). ISBN 0-19-856484-8 | |||
==External links== | |||
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Pell}} | |||
*[http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/pell.html Galileo Project page] | |||
* http://www.townofpelham.com/townhistorian/index.html | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}} | |||
{{Authority control|VIAF=5190555}} | |||
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | |||
| NAME = Pell, John | |||
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | |||
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British mathematician | |||
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1 March 1611 | |||
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Southwick, West Sussex|Southwick]], [[Sussex]], [[England]] | |||
| DATE OF DEATH = 12 December 1685 | |||
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Westminster]], [[London]], England | |||
}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pell, John}} | |||
[[Category:1611 births]] | |||
[[Category:1685 deaths]] | |||
[[Category:17th-century English mathematicians]] | |||
[[Category:British mathematicians]] | |||
[[Category:17th-century English people]] | |||
[[Category:Original Fellows of the Royal Society]] | |||
[[Category:Number theorists]] | |||
[[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]] | |||
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]] | |||
[[Category:People from Fobbing]] | |||
[[Category:People from Southwick, West Sussex]] | |||
[[Category:People imprisoned for debt]] | |||
Revision as of 00:33, 27 August 2013
Template:Infobox scientist John Pell (1 March 1611 – 12 December 1685) was an English mathematician.
Early life
He was born at Southwick in Sussex. He was educated at Steyning Grammar School, and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age of thirteen.[1] During his university career he became an accomplished linguist, and even before he took his B.A. degree (in 1629) corresponded with Henry Briggs and other mathematicians. In 1630 he was teaching in the short-lived Chichester Academy, set up by Samuel Hartlib.[2][3] Shortly afterwards he married Ithamaria Reginald (also rendered variously as Ithamara or Ithumaria, with the surname Reginolles), sister of Bathsua Makin.[4]
Pell spent much of the 1630s working under Hartlib's influence, on a variety of topics in the area of pedagogy, encyclopedism and pansophy, combinatorics and the legacy of Trithemius. By 1638 he had formulated a proposal for a universal language.[5] In mathematics, he concentrated on expanding the scope of algebra in the theory of equations, and on mathematical tables.[6] As part of a joint lobbying effort with Hartlib to find himself support to continue as a researcher, he had his short Idea of Mathematics printed in October 1638.[6] The campaign brought interested responses from Johann Moriaen and Marin Mersenne.[7]
Academic and diplomat
His reputation and the influence of Sir William Boswell, the English resident, with the States-General procured his election in 1644 to the chair of mathematics in Amsterdam, after an earlier attempt immediately after Martin van den Hove left for Leiden had failed.[8] From 1644 he worked on a polemical work, against Longomontanus. For this he put in a large effort soliciting help and testimonials: from Bonaventura Cavalieri, his patron Sir Charles Cavendish, René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Mersenne, Claude Mydorge, and Gilles de Roberval. It finally appeared as Controversy with Longomontanus concerning the Quadrature of the Circle (1647).[9][10]
Pell moved in 1646, on the invitation of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, to Breda, and remained there until 1652.
From 1654 to 1658 Pell acted as Oliver Cromwell's political agent to the Protestant cantons of Switzerland; he co-operated with Samuel Morland at Geneva.[11] A mathematical pupil and disciple there, from 1657, was Johann Heinrich Rahn, known as Rhonius.[12] Rahn is credited with the invention of the division sign ÷ (obelus); it has also been attributed to Pell, who taught Rahn a three-column spreadsheet-style technique of tabulation of calculations, and acted as editor for Rahn's 1659 book Teutsche Algebra in which it appeared. This book by Rahn also contained what would become known as the "Pell equation".[13][14] Diophantine equations was a favorite subject with Pell; he lectured on them at Amsterdam. He is now best remembered, if perhaps erroneously, for the indeterminate equation
which is known as Pell's equation. This problem was in fact proposed by Pierre de Fermat first to Bernard Frénicle de Bessy, and in 1657 to all mathematicians. Pell's connection with the problem is through Rahn. It consisted of the publication of the solutions of John Wallis and Lord Brouncker, in his edition of Thomas Branker's Translation of Rhonius's Algebra (1668); added to his earlier editorial contributions, whatever they were, to the 1659 algebra book written by Rahn (i.e. Rhonius).[15] This new edition of what was essentially Rahn's work, by Pell, included a great deal of additional material on number theory, amounting to a reply to the 1657 book Exercitationes mathematicae by Frans van Schooten. It is also notable for its inclusion of a Table of Incomposits, an early large factor table.[16]
After the Restoration
After his return to England he took orders, in 1661, when he became rector of Fobbing in Essex. In 1663 he was given an honorary D.D. (Lambeth degree), and was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. At the same time he was presented by Bishop Gilbert Sheldon to the rectory of Laindon, Essex; Sheldon expected him to treat the positions as sinecures.[10][17][18] He spent time as mathematics teacher to William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton, at Brereton Hall.[3]
In 1673 he met Leibniz in London, and was able to inform him that some of his mathematical work had been anticipated by François Regnaud and Gabriel Mouton.[19][20] His devotion to mathematics seems to have interfered with his advancement in the Church and with his private life. For a time he was confined as a debtor in the King's Bench Prison. He lived, on the invitation of Dr Daniel Whistler, for a short time in 1682 at the College of Physicians, but died at the house of Mr Cothorne, reader of the church of St Giles-in-the Fields.
Works
Many of Pell's manuscripts fell into the hands of Richard Busby, master of Westminster School, and afterwards came into the possession of the Royal Society; they are still preserved in nearly forty folio volumes in the British Library, which contain, not only Pell's own memoirs, but much of his correspondence with the mathematicians of his time.
His chief works are:
- Astronomical History of Observations of Heavenly Motions and Appearances (1634)
- Ecliptica prognostica (1634)
- An Idea of Mathematicks (1638)
- Controversy with Longomontanus concerning the Quadrature of the Circle (1646?)
- A Table of Ten Thousand Square Numbers (fol.; 1672).
The Idea was a short manifesto. It made three suggestions: a mathematical encyclopedia and bibliography; a complete mathematics research library and collection of instruments, with state sponsorship; and a three-volume comprehensive set of mathematical textbooks, able to convey the state of the art to any scholar.[21]
Family
Upon the death of John Pell's brother, Thomas Pell, in 1670, the mathematician's son, Sir John Pell inherited lands in New York, where he lived as the first Lord of the Manor of Pelham. His descendants have continued to be prominent in the American polity, including Ambassador and U.S. Representative Herbert Pell and U.S. Senator Claiborne Pell. Another descendant, Stephen HP Pell, restored Fort Ticonderoga, NY, beginning in 1908.
See also
Notes
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References
- Template:1911
- The most recent study of Pell is by Noel Malcolm and Jacqueline Stedall, John Pell (1611-1685) and His Correspondence with Sir Charles Cavendish: The Mental World of an Early Modern Mathematician (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). ISBN 0-19-856484-8
External links
- Template:MacTutor Biography
- Galileo Project page
- http://www.townofpelham.com/townhistorian/index.html
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- ↑ Template:Acad
- ↑ Malcolm and Stedall, p. 29.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Pell.html
- ↑ Malcolm and Stedall, p. 69.
- ↑ Malcolm and Stedall, p. 55.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Malcolm and Stedall, p. 57.
- ↑ Malcolm and Stedall, pp. 73-4.
- ↑ Malcolm and Stedall, pp. 77.
- ↑ Aloysius Martinich, Hobbes: A Biography (1999), p. 278.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Andrew Pyle (editor), Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century British Philosophers (2000), article Pell, John, pp. 638-641.
- ↑ http://www.berkshirehistory.com/bios/smorland.html
- ↑ Malcolm and Stedall p. 77.
- ↑ Florian Cajori, A History of Mathematical Notations: Two Volumes Bound as One (1993 edition), p. 271.
- ↑ http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Rahn.html
- ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
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- ↑ Concise Dictionary of National Biography
- ↑ http://www.panorama.org.uk/st_nicholas_laindon.html
- ↑ http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/Honors02/leibniz.html
- ↑ Nicholas Jolley, Leibniz (2005), p. 17.
- ↑ John T. Young (1998), Faith, Alchemy and Natural Philosophy: Johann Moriaen, Reformed Intelligencer, and the Hartlib Circle. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 1-84014-282-0, p. 115.
- 1611 births
- 1685 deaths
- 17th-century English mathematicians
- British mathematicians
- 17th-century English people
- Original Fellows of the Royal Society
- Number theorists
- People educated at Westminster School, London
- Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
- People from Fobbing
- People from Southwick, West Sussex
- People imprisoned for debt